Revisionary notes on the genus Metopolophium Mordvilko, 1914, with keys to European species and descriptions of two new taxa (Homoptera: Aphidoidea)

New and extensively revised keys are given to help identification of the European species of Metopolophium Mordvilko, 1914. The morphs keyed are (1) the apterous viviparous females from Gramineac, (2) the alate viviparous females and (3) the males and oviparous females of those species that overwinter as eggs on Rosa spp. Taxonomic notes are given on some individual species. Two new taxa, M. fasciatum sp. nov., and M. festucae (Theobald) cerealium subsp. nov. are described. Metopolophium myrmecophilum (Theobald) becomes a new synonym of M. festucae (Theobald), sensu stricto , and the resulting question of the possible conservation of the latter, which is the junior subjective synonym, is discussed. A revised checklist of the European species of Metopolophium is given.     

Short-term effects of two aphid species on plant growth and root respiration of three leguminous species

The short-term effects of cowpea aphids ( Aphis craccivora Koch) and pea aphids ( Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris), both Homoptera: Aphididae, on plant growth and respiration of excised, intact roots of cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. Caloona], broadbean ( Vicia faba L. cv. Aquadulce) and garden pea ( Pisum sativum L. cv. Victory Freezer) seedlings were investigated, but not all plant-aphid combinations were used. Plant and root mean relative growth rates were significantly reduced within 10 days in the infested plants. Rates of total root respiration were was also significantly reduced in all infested plants within 10 days, presumably because of the reduced availability of translocate to the roots. The contribution of the cytochrome pathway to root respiration was significantly greater in control than in infested plants. The activity and engagement of the alternative respiratory pathway was also greater in control plants, and was absent in infested plants after 10 days infestation in all cases but one. These data indicate that the roots of aphid-infested plants were more efficient, in terms of energy conversion, than their respective controls.     

Key to the Middle Eastern species of Uroleucon Mordvilko (Aphididae: Homoptera)

Abstract. Keys are provided to distinguish the winged and wingless viviparous morphs of the thirteen species of Uroleucon (=Dactynotus) known from the Middle East. The host range and geographical distribution of each species is indicated.     

Juvenile hormone and photoperiodically controlled polymorphism in Aphis fabae: Prenatal effects on presumptive oviparae

All three naturally occurring juvenile hormones (JH's) were shown to have effects on the parthenogenetic/gamic polymorphism of Aphis fabae; they mimicked long day conditions by inducing parthenogenetic forms. When topically applied to fourth instar gynoparae, JH caused the appearance of oviparous/viviparous intermediate morphs in the progeny. JH induced both wing development and embryogenesis in embryonic, presumptive oviparae. Embryogenesis was induced by lower doses of JH. Adult, embryo-containing alatae produced by treatment with high JH doses were capable of flight, and whilst reluctant to reproduce, their few viable progeny were oviparae. They did, however, differ from normal gynoparae in size, occasional presence of scent plaques on the metathoracic tibiae, numbers of secondary rhinaria on the antennae and morphogenetic response to postnatal rearing in long day conditions. The presumptive, oviparous embryos most sensitive to JH treatment were shown to be ca 323 μm in length, close to the stage where their germaria differentiate as parthenogenetic or gamic. Similar effects were observed in the progeny of JH-treated, teneral adult gynoparae but there was no effect on the morph of progeny of long day, alate virginoparae. The JH's differed in potency in the order JH I > JH II > JH III. The treatment of fourth instar gynoparae also induced a terminal batch of apparently normal viviparous progeny in a number of aphids. This result was obtained even at JH doses below threshold for the appearance of oviparous/viviparous intermorphs.     

New Essential Aphid Prey for Anatis ocellata and Calvia quatuordecimguttata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Seven aphid species (Eucalipterus tiliae, Tuberculatus annulatus, Euceraphis betulae, Cavariella konoi, Acyrthosiphon ignotum, A. pisum, Macrosiphoniella artemisiae) were tested as prey for larvae of Anatis ocellata and all were essential prey. Nine aphid species (Chaitophorus tremulae, Cavariella konoi, Aphis farinosa, Eucalipterus tiliae, Euceraphis betulae, Macrosiphoniella artemisiae, Acyrthosiphon ignotum, Aphis spiraephaga, Aphis fabae) were tested as prey for Calvia quatuordecimguttata. The former six species were 'essential' food, while the latter three aphid species were unsuitable food for C. quatuordecimguttata. The experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions with no choice of prey. Some of the checked 'essential' prey apparently do not represent food in the field as they occur in other habitats than the studied coccinellid species that are common on trees.     

宁夏危害枸杞的蚜虫种类为棉蚜、桃蚜和豆蚜

宁夏是我国最重要的枸杞Lycium chinense Miller生产基地,蚜虫是危害枸杞的重要害虫。多年来枸杞蚜虫一直作为一个未定名物种使用Aphis sp.。2015年作者对宁夏危害枸杞的蚜虫进行了标本采集,经中国科学院动物研究所乔格侠研究员鉴定确认是常见的3种蚜虫,分别是棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover、桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)和豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch。本文提供了它们的鉴定检索表和简要形态特征描述、寄主植物和分布情况。     

On the Spiders Collected during the Swedish Expeditions to Novaya Zemlya and Yenisey in 1875 and 1876

The material collected in 1875 and determined by L. Koch has been revised. The material from 1876 has been determined and a list of 197 species from Russia, Novaya Zemlya and Siberia represented in the two collections is given and in addition 14 species collected by the 1875 expedition in Northern Norway. Hybauchenidium gen.n. of the fam. Erigonidae is established with Erigone aquilonaris L. Koch, 1879, as type species. Eboria sibirica sp.n. (Erigonidae), and Diplocephalus cristatus angustieeps subsp.n. (Erigonidae) are described. A list of the species described and recorded by L. Koch in 1879 with the actual names is given.     

Lysiphlebus testaceipes,an introduced aphid parasitoid in portugal [Hym.: Aphidiidae]

Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), an exotic parasitoid species introduced in 1973–74 into southern France and subsequently widespread over the whole mediterranean France, Italy and Spain has become established even in Portugal since 1985. It was found on the southern coast of Portugal parasitizingAphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe. In 1986 it spread towards the North, its host range expanded and now includesAphis chloris Koch,Aphis citricola van der Goot,Aphis fabae Scopoli,Aphis frangulae Kaltenbach,Aphis gossypii Glover,A. nerii, Aphis parietariae Theobald,Aphis sedi Kaltenbach,Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe). The proved complete development and a high parasitization ofL. testaceipes onA. citricola is the 1st case in the whole Mediterranean, from where only incomplete development and a negligible percentage of parasitization (Italy) have been reported. Both the host range composition and development ofL. testaceipes indicate an increase of genetic polymorphism in the established populations. Interspecific relations ofL. testaceipes and the indigenous parasitoid species indicate an increasing dominance of the exotic biocontrol agent.      

The role of selection in the colour polymorphism of Littorina rudis Maton and Littorina arcana Hannaford-Ellis (Prosobranchia: Littorinidae)

Forty-one mixed samples of winkles containing the closely related species, Littorina rudis and L. arcana , were collected from different parts of the British Isles. Littorina rudis was the more ubiquitous species, with L. arcana being more-or-less confined to vertical cliffs and rocks. The frequencies of different shell colour patterns were determined for both species in each sample. Several colour morphs were diagnostic of one or other of the species over large areas, which confirms that these are separate species. The frequencies, in the two species, of the two commonest morphs, brown and fawn, were strongly correlated; in several other morphs their presence and absence in the two species was significantly associated; the levels of phenotypic diversity in the two species were also correlated. These patterns could not have arisen if the variation between shores was the result of genetic drift or founder effects, so some form of selection is implicated. In the brown morph there is some evidence for frequency-dependent selection, and it is suggested that the polymorphism may be maintained by visual predators through apostatic selection.     

Intraspecific phylogeography of Lacerta vivipara and the evolution of viviparity

The lacertid lizard Lacerta vivipara is one of the few squamate species with two reproductive modes. We present the intraspecific phylogeny obtained from neighbor-joining and maximum-parsimony analyses of the mtDNA cytochrome b sequences for 15 individuals from Slovenian oviparous populations, 34 individuals from western oviparous populations of southern France and northern Spain, 92 specimens from European and Russian viviparous populations, and 3 specimens of the viviparous subspecies L. v. pannonica. The phylogeny indicates that the evolutionary transition from oviparity to viviparity probably occurred once in L. vivipara. The western oviparous group from Spain and southern France is phylogenetically most closely related to the viviparous clade. However, the biarmed W chromosome characterizing the western viviparous populations is an apomorphic character, whereas the uniarmed W chromosome, existing both in the western oviparous populations and in the geographically distant eastern viviparous populations, is a plesiomorphic character. This suggests an eastern origin of viviparity. Various estimates suggest that the oviparous and viviparous clades of L. vivipara split during the Pleistocene. Our results are discussed in the framework of general evolutionary models: the concept of an oviparity-viviparity continuum in squamates, the cold climate model of selection for viviparity in squamates, and the contraction-expansion of ranges in the Pleistocene resulting in allopatric differentiation.     

两种蚜茧蜂及其寄主蚜虫对大豆植株挥发性次生物质的触角电位反应

研究了下列害虫和寄生天敌种类对大豆植株中提取的某些挥发性次生化合物及其不同组合混合相的触角电位反应： 1)豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch和麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae (Fabricius);2)为害大豆植株的大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura和不为害大豆植株的豆蚜二者所共有的寄生天敌豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall; 3)不为害大豆植株的麦长管蚜的寄生天敌燕麦蚜茧蜂Aphidius picipes Nees。结果表明,与大豆植株相关联的大豆蚜和不相关联的豆蚜所共有的天敌——豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂,对大豆植株的挥发性次生化合物及其混合相反应敏感,而与大豆植株不相关联的豆蚜、麦长管蚜及其寄生天敌——燕麦蚜茧蜂,对大豆植株的挥发性次生化合物及其混合相反应不敏感。再次证明,植物挥发性次生化合物在害虫及其寄生天敌搜寻寄主的过程中起到重要的作用。     

The effect of aphid prey quality on searching behaviour of Adalia bipunctata and its susceptibility to insecticides

After consumption of one individual of a suitable prey, such as Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Aphididae), Adalia bipunctata L. (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) adults changed from extensive to intensive searching behaviour. However, after the consumption of one individual of three other aphid species: Aphis fabae Scop., Aphis craccivora Koch or Aphis spiraephaga Müller, which are unsuitable prey, this coccinellid remained immobile for 12–76 min and did not switch to intensive search after moving off. Adult A. bipunctata fed an unsuitable prey, A. fabae, for 2 weeks were 2–4 times more susceptible to pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, esfenvalerate, alfa-cypermethrin and bioresmethrin) and insect growth regulators (diflubenzuron, triflumuron, fenoxycarb, flufenoxuron, teflubenzuron) than those fed a suitable prey, P. humuli.The searching behaviour of coccinellids could thus be another criterion for determining the suitability of aphids as prey. The fact that the nutritional quality of aphids can affect the susceptibility of predatory coccinellids to insecticides should be borne in mind in integrated pest management programs.     

Mitochondrial DNA diversity among four sympatric morphs of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus L., from Thingvallavatn, Iceland

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were examined in progeny of four sympatric morphs of Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus L.) from Thingvallavatn, Iceland. The mtDNA analysis with 46 hexanucleotide restriction enzymes indicates that the Thingvallavatn morphs are very closely related. Sequence divergence was less than 0.2% between any of the five clones detected. Although not significant, the topology of the mtDNA UPGMA dendogram was similar to that from a previous allozyme survey. Icelandic Arctic charr show greater affinity to charr from the British Isles than those from North America supporting their current taxonomic distinction.     

有机磷杀虫剂T-751对四种害虫的杀虫活性

测定了T-751（O-甲基-O-苯基-S-正丙基硫代磷酸酯）对4种害虫的杀虫活性。结果表明,T-751对东方家蝇、豆蚜和二斑叶螨的LD50分别为0．42、70．5、4．20mg／L。T-751对东方家蝇的杀虫活性要比杀螟硫磷高11倍。在剂量分别为2．95,7．37mg／m2时,该药对东方家蝇和美洲大蠊的KT50分别为13．57和30．83分钟。     

Intraspecific Phylogeography of Lacerta vivipara and the Evolution of Viviparity

The lacertid lizard Lacerta vivipara is one of the few squamate species with two reproductive modes. We present the intraspecific phylogeny obtained from neighbor-joining and maximum-parsimony analyses of the mtDNA cytochrome b sequences for 15 individuals from Slovenian oviparous populations, 34 individuals from western oviparous populations of southern France and northern Spain, 92 specimens from European and Russian viviparous populations, and 3 specimens of the viviparous subspecies L. v. pannonica. The phylogeny indicates that the evolutionary transition from oviparity to viviparity probably occurred once in L. vivipara. The western oviparous group from Spain and southern France is phylogenetically most closely related to the viviparous clade. However, the biarmed W chromosome characterizing the western viviparous populations is an apomorphic character, whereas the uniarmed W chromosome, existing both in the western oviparous populations and in the geographically distant eastern viviparous populations, is a plesiomorphic character. This suggests an eastern origin of viviparity. Various estimates suggest that the oviparous and viviparous clades of L. vivipara split during the Pleistocene. Our results are discussed in the framework of general evolutionary models: the concept of an oviparity–viviparity continuum in squamates, the cold climate model of selection for viviparity in squamates, and the contraction–expansion of ranges in the Pleistocene resulting in allopatric differentiation.     

THE INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF SOME SYNTHETIC ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS

The toxicity of a series of organo-phosphorus compounds to the overwintering eggs of Aphis pomi Deg., Operophtera brumata (L.) and Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch) was examined by a laboratory technique. The eggs of M. ulmi were highly resistant to all the compounds tested, those of Operophtera brumata were most susceptible to P -nitrophenyl diethyl thionphosphate (E 605) and those of Aphis pomi to p-nitro- phenyl diethyl phosphate (E 600). With analogues of the last-mentioned compound there is evidence that their toxicity to A. pomi eggs is associated with the presence of electron-attracting substituents in the benzene nucleus. A number of organo-phosphorus compounds, including hexaethyl tetraphosphate and p -nitrophenyl diethyl thionphosphate, were highly toxic under laboratory conditions to the active summer stages of Metatetranychus ulmi , but the summer eggs of this mite were rather more resistant. Field trials of hexaethyl tetraphosphate and p -nitrophenyl diethyl thionphosphate for the control of the aphids Brachycaudus helichrysi (Kalt.), Phorodon hutnuli (Schr.) and Aphis pomi Deg. showed these substances to be effective substitutes for nicotine.     

The effects of thirteen species of aphids on some life history parameters of the ladybird Coccinella septempunctata

The prediction of impact ofcoccinellids in an aphid infested crop dependson the food specificity of the predator. Theresponse towards thirteen species of aphids(Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) was thereforetested in the most abundant aphidophagouscoccinellid Coccinella septempunctata L.(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). All aphidspecies studied (Eucalipterus tiliae(L.), Tuberculatus annulatus (L.), Euceraphis betulae (L.), Cavariellakonoi Takahashi, Liosomaphis berberidis(Kaltenbach), Acyrthosiphon ignotumMordvilko, Aphis spiraephaga Müller,Aphis fabae Scopoli, Macrosiphoniella artemisiae Boyer de Fonscolombe, Capitophorus hippophaeus(Walk.), Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris),Aphis craccivora Koch, Sitobionavenae (Fabricius) were suitable foodaccording to the rate of larval development,larval mortality and adult fresh weight.Females of C. septempunctata fed with A. pisum and S. avenae laid twice as manyeggs as those fed with A. fabae and A. craccivora. These data are needed foreffective mass rearing of the studiedcoccinellid species.