辅酶Q10补充对青少年运动员肝线粒体功能和有氧运动能力的影响

目的：观察CoQ10补充对青少年运动员肝线粒体功能和有氧运动能力的影响。方法：18名进行耐力训练的男性青少年游泳运动员单盲随机分为Q组及P组,分别补充CoQ10 100mg／d或安慰剂28d。结果：①补充后Q组血浆CoQ10浓度显著增高,且显著高于P组;②补充后Q组安静状态的血浆MDA水平无显著改变,且显著低于P组;③首次恒定负荷运动后总体血浆CoQ10浓度较安静状态显著降低;④总体血浆CoQ10基础浓度与首次递增负荷运动中测定的VO2max显著正相关;⑤补充前后在1h耐力运动中动脉血酮体比的改变程度Q组与P组无组间差异;⑥Q组与P组VO2 max、个体乳酸阈和运动节省化的改变程度无组间差异。结论：尽管急性耐力运动中机体对CoQ10的需求增加,CoQ10补充也可降低血浆脂质过氧化水平,外源性CoQ10不能改善青少年运动员的肝线粒体功能和有氧运动能力。     

自愿转轮运动对长爪沙鼠身体组成的影响

为研究自愿转轮运动对长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus)体重的影响,在以前工作的基础上,分析了自愿转轮运动及8周后体重、胴体重和体水,以及心、肝、脾、肺、肾、性腺(睾丸或卵巢)、消化道、腓肠肌、比目鱼肌、肾周脂肪垫和肠系膜脂肪垫等器官及组织的重量变化。结果发现,自愿转轮运动条件下长爪沙鼠胴体湿重、体水和心、肝、脾、肾、腓肠肌、消化道等器官重量增加。自愿转轮运动对比目鱼肌和器官脂肪垫重量的影响存在性别差异。自愿转轮运动使雄性长爪沙鼠器官的脂肪垫重量增加,但雌性降低;对雄性长爪沙鼠比目鱼肌重量没有影响,但雌性增加。以上结果表明,自愿转轮运动促进了长爪沙鼠的体重增长,改变了长爪沙鼠的身体组成。内脏器官和体水重量的增加是体重增加的主要原因。     

糖尿病大鼠的SOD活性与抗氧化剂治疗对机体抗氧化状态的影响

目的探究糖尿病大鼠主要脏器SOD活性及蛋白表达水平的变化,并观察抗氧化剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)短期治疗(4周)后对机体抗氧化状态的影响。方法 STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠(D组,n=8)每天给予NAC 1.5 g/kg灌胃治疗(D+N组,n=8),正常对照组(C组,n=8)同时给予同体积生理盐水。4周后,获取心、肺、肝、肾组织,试剂盒检测血浆总SOD、总抗氧化物浓度、脂质过氧化特异性标志物15-F2t-isoprostane及各组织总超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性,Western blotting分析SOD亚型Cu/Zn-SOD及MnSOD蛋白表达水平。结果与C组相比,D组大鼠血浆15-F2t-isoprostane与总抗氧化物浓度及心肌组织中总SOD活性显著升高,而血浆、肺、肝、肾组织总SOD活性显著降低;心、肺组织中Cu/Zn-SOD蛋白表达水平明显升高,而肝、肾组织中明显降低;肺、肾组织中Mn-SOD蛋白表达水平明显降低,而肝组织明显升高,但心肌组织变化不明显。NAC干预能不同程度逆转上述改变,但进一步降低肾组织Mn-SOD表达。结论糖尿病大鼠各组织中总SOD活性、Cu/Zn-SOD及Mn-SOD蛋白表达水平具有组织差异性,抗氧化剂NAC能不同程度恢复糖尿病大鼠各组织抗氧化水平,从而起到阻止或延缓糖尿病相关的靶器官功能损害的作用。     

氟比洛芬酯术前预处理对患者术中应激反应的影响

目的：探讨氟比洛芬酯术前预处理对患者术中应激反应的影响。方法：选择我院行全麻下腹式子宫全切术患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。两组均采用相同的麻醉诱导和维持方案,观察组于手术开始前10min缓慢静注氟比洛芬酯脂微球注射液1mg·Kg。记录诱导前、切皮时、探查时和术毕的平均动脉压和心率;放射免疫分析法测定患者血浆中血浆肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇的浓度变化。结果：观察组心率、平均动脉压在切皮时、探查时、术毕时均较对照组低,但无显著性差异（p〉0．05）;观察组切皮时、探查时、术毕时血浆肾素、血管肾张素Ⅱ、醛固酮、皮质醇浓度均较对照组低,且差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组术中的四种麻药用量均有不同,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：氟比洛芬酯术前预处理能降低腹式子宫全切术中机体的应激反应,值得推广应用。     

筋骨草提取物抗运动疲劳的作用

目的：探讨筋骨草的抗运动性疲劳作用。方法：将120只雄性昆明种小鼠随机平均分成安静组、运动组、阳性对照组和筋骨草低、中、高剂量组（n=10）。其中低、中、高剂量组小鼠分别按100 mg/kg、200 mg/kg、400 mg/kg体重连续灌胃筋骨草提取物30 d,阳性对照组小鼠按200 mg/kg体重灌胃西洋参胶囊颗粒,安静组和运动组小鼠以等体积生理盐水灌胃。动物试验结束后,分析各组小鼠运动力竭时间、血清生理生化指标（包括血乳酸、血尿素氮、血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯含量）、肝糖原与肌糖原含量,以及股四头肌、肝脏和心脏组织的抗氧化指标（包括谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和丙二醛）。结果：中、高剂量组小鼠的运动力竭时间、红细胞数量、血红蛋白含量、血糖浓度、肝糖原与肌糖原含量,以及器官组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力均明显高于运动对照组,而血清乳酸含量、血清尿素氮、血清甘油三酯与总胆固醇含量,以及器官组织中丙二醛含量明显低于运动对照组,中剂量的筋骨草提取物的作用效果优于同剂量的西洋参胶囊颗粒。结论：筋骨草通过提高机体的抗氧化功能而达到抗运动性疲劳作用。     

有氧运动同时补充玉米肽对肥胖大鼠脂肪分解关键酶的影响

目的：研究有氧运动同时补充玉米肽对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖大鼠减脂的作用及其与脂肪分解关键酶甘油三酯脂肪酶（ATGL）和脂蛋白酯酶（LPL）关系。方法：4周龄健康雄性SD大鼠150只,体重160~180 g,随机选取15只作为普通膳食不运动组,给予普通饲料喂养。剩余135只大鼠进行8周的高脂饲料喂养建立肥胖大鼠模型,以体重超过普通膳食不运动组大鼠平均体重的20%作为肥胖大鼠建模成功的标准。将建模成功的肥胖大鼠40只随机分为5组（n=8）：肥胖对照组、酪蛋白组、玉米肽组、运动组和运动+玉米肽组。除酪蛋白组、玉米肽组喂养自制饲料外,其余各组均用普通饲料喂养,运动组每天进行15 m/min,持续时间60 min的跑台运动,每周6天。4周运动和玉米肽干预后取血,检测大鼠血浆中TG、TC、HDL、LDL的含量;取大鼠肾周、附睾脂肪和肝,检测肾周和附睾脂肪的重量,Western blot检测大鼠肝ATGL、脂肪LPL的蛋白表达水平。结果：与肥胖对照组大鼠相比：①运动组、运动+玉米肽组大鼠的体重、附睾和肾周脂肪含量明显降低（P<0.05）,且运动+玉米肽组比运动组下降得更明显（P<0.05）,而其它组大鼠无显著差异。②运动组大鼠血浆TG显著降低,运动+玉米肽组的血浆TG、TC显著降低（P<0.05）,其它组大鼠的TG、TC无显著差异;血浆HDL和LDL各组间均无显著性差异。③运动组和运动+玉米肽组大鼠的肝ATGL、脂肪组织LPL的蛋白水平明显增加（P<0.01）,且运动+玉米肽组比运动组的更显著（P<0.05）;其他两组无显著差异。结论：有氧运动、有氧运动同时补充玉米肽都可以明显降低大鼠的体脂和血脂水平,且后者的作用更强,这可能与其更显著地增加肥胖大鼠肝ATGL和脂肪LPL的蛋白水平有关。而仅仅补充玉米肽不能降低大鼠的体脂和血脂水平。     

有氧和抗阻运动对SAMP8小鼠免疫机能的影响

目的 探讨有氧运动和抗阻运动两种运动方式对快速衰老小鼠(SAMP8小鼠)免疫机能的影响。方法 24只28周龄雄性SAMP8小鼠分为模型组、有氧运动组、抗阻运动组，每组8只；另设8只同龄正常老化SAMR1小鼠作对照组。有氧运动组经匀速水平运动跑台训练8周，有氧运动组经递增负重爬梯运动训练8周。每两周测定相对抓力、转棒测试时间。测定免疫器官指数，观察免疫器官组织形态学，ELISA法检测血清IL2浓度，免疫组织化学观测脾IL2Rα蛋白表达，RT-qPCR法检测脾IL2、IL2Rα、IL2Rβ、IL2Rγ基因表达水平。结果 与对照组相比，模型组相对抓力、转棒测试时间均显著下降(P<0.0001);胸腺指数、脾指数均显著下降(P<0.001);免疫器官衰老明显；血清IL2浓度显著降低(P<0.0001);脾IL2Rα蛋白阳性率显著降低(P<0.001);脾IL2、IL2Rα、IL2Rβ、IL2Rγ基因表达显著下降(P<0.01)。经8周有氧运动和抗阻运动干预后，与模型组相比，有氧运动组和抗阻运动组相对抓力、转棒测试时间均显著升高(P<0.05),抗阻运动组相对...     

热应激对小鼠器官指数、小肠损伤及胃HSP70 mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨热应激对小鼠器官指数、小肠形态、胃黏膜HSP70 mRNA表达量及糖代谢相关激素的影响。方法采用单因子实验设计,将年龄和体重相近的18只KM小鼠随机分为对照组和热应激组,分别测定心、肝、脾、肺、肾重量,小鼠胃黏膜HSP70 mRNA表达量、血浆中胰岛素和胰高血糖素浓度以及十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度、隐窝深度,并对肝脏、十二指肠和空肠进行病理组织学检查。结果与结论热应激对小鼠器官指数无影响,可显著提高小鼠胃黏膜HSP70 mRNA表达量,降低血浆中胰岛素的含量,并造成小鼠肝脏、十二指肠和空肠严重损伤。     

重组人甲状旁腺素（1-34）在大鼠体内的组织分布和排泄

目的：研究重组人甲状旁腺素（1-34）[rhPTH（1—34）]在大鼠体内的组织分布和排泄情况,为进一步的临床实验提供参考。方法：用^125I-同位素示踪法结合TCA酸沉淀法测定各主要器官组织的总放射性浓度和酸沉淀部分放射性浓度,获得rhPTH（1-34）的尿粪排泄和胆汁排泄数据。结果：各主要器官组织的总放射性浓度排序由高到低依次为：尿、肾、膀胱、肠内容物、肌肉、血清、肾上腺、空肠、肝、肺脏、卵巢、肠淋巴结、脾、胸腺、心脏、脂肪、睾丸和脑;大鼠皮下注射。^125I-rhPTH（1-34）后,骨骼组织中放射性分布低于血浆,但消除缓慢,血浆浓度4h较15min降低了78％,而骨骼浓度多数仅降低了50％以下;注射后72h,尿、粪分别排出注入放射性量的73．6％±10．9％和3．2％±1．3％,尿、粪合计排出注入放射性量的76．8％±11,4％;注射后12h,胆汁中累积排出注入放射性的6．64％±1．04％。经分子筛排阻HPLC证实,^125I-rhPTH（1-34）不与大鼠的血浆蛋白发生结合。结论：rhPTH（1-34）在泌尿系统中的分布较高,在脂肪和脑中最低,提示药物不易透过血脑屏障;就全身放射性分布而言,在骨骼中分布较高,提示药物具有一定的靶向性;rhPTH（1-34）主要经尿的形式排泄。     

黄芪甲苷在正常小鼠与2型糖尿病肾病 db/db小鼠体内分布差异的比较研究

为研究黄芪甲苷(Astragaloside IV,AS-Ⅳ)在正常小鼠(db/m)和2型糖尿病肾病(db/db)小鼠体内的组织分布差异,为AS-Ⅳ抗2型糖尿病肾病的临床运用及新药研发提供实验依据。以尾静脉注射给予2型糖尿病肾病(db/db)和正常小鼠(db/m)小鼠AS-Ⅳ,剂量为8 mg/kg。于15 min、2 h、4 h时处死小鼠,收集心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃、小肠、脑、肌肉组织,采用HPLC-MS/MS法测定各组织中AS-Ⅳ含量,对比AS-Ⅳ在正常及病理状态下,在各组织中的分布差异。在2型糖尿病肾病状态下,AS-Ⅳ在肝、脾、肺、肾组织中浓度分别为349.72±70.72、370.69±45.46、5 830.65±581.75、4 290.63±485.34 ng/mL;正常状态下,AS-Ⅳ在肝、脾、肺、肾组织中浓度分别为202.47±47.96、267.92±41.24、4 725.80±867.51、2 354.55±256.11 ng/mL,在2型糖尿病肾病状态下,AS-Ⅳ在肝、脾、肺、肾组织中浓度显著高于其在正常组织中浓度(P0.05)。静脉注射给药后,肺、肾、心、胃、脾是其主要分布器官,其中在肺、肾组织中浓度最高;病理状态下,AS-Ⅳ组织分布发生了一定改变,为AS-Ⅳ防治2型糖尿病肾病的临床合理应用及开发提供实验依据。     

Changes of Iron Stores and Duodenal Transepithelial Iron Transfer During Regular Exercise in Rats

It is unclear whether regular exercise depletes body iron stores and how exercise regulates iron absorption. In this study, growing female Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a high-iron diet (300 mg iron/kg) and subjected to swimming for 1, 3, or 12 months. Their body weight, liver nonheme iron content (NHI), spleen NHI, blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, hematocrit (Hct), and kinetics of ⁵⁹Fe transfer across isolated duodenal segments were then compared with sedentary controls. The main results were as follows: exercise for 1 month enhanced the transepithelial ⁵⁹Fe transfer and increased liver NHI content and Hb concentration; exercise for 3 months inhibited transepithelial ⁵⁹Fe transfer without affecting the liver and spleen NHI content, Hb concentration, and Hct; exercise for 12 months did not affect these parameters as compared with the corresponding sedentary controls; and the changes in transepithelial iron transfer were not associated with basolateral iron transfer. Our findings demonstrated that chronic, regular exercise in growing rats with a high dietary iron content does not deplete iron stores in the liver and spleen and may possibly enhance or inhibit duodenal iron absorption and even maintain duodenal iron absorption at the sedentary level, at least, in part depending on growth.     

Plasma nitric oxide and iron concentrations in exercised rats are negatively correlated

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of strenuous exercise on plasma nitric oxide and iron (PI) concentrations in rats. The rats were divided into six groups: 3, 6 and 12 months of the exercise (swimming) groups and their corresponding controls. At the end of experimental periods, blood samples were collected to measure plasma NOx (nitrate and nitrite) and iron concentrations and other hematological indices. The correlative analysis of plasma NOx with PI in the exercised and the control rats was performed. The results showed that plasma NOx concentration was significantly greater and PI lower in the 3, 6, and 12 months of the exercise groups compared to their sedentary controls (p < 0.01). However, the duration of strenuous exercise had no significant effect on plasma NOx or PI contents. A negative correlation between plasma NOx and PI levels was found in all three exercise groups (r = -0.750, -0.578, and -0.808 and p < 0.01, 0.05, 0.01 respectively), but not in the sedentary control groups. These results imply that strenuous exercise may lead to an increase in plasma NOx concentration as well as a low iron level. They also suggest the possibility that the increased NO production might be associated with the development of the lower iron status in exercise.     

Nitric oxide inhibition decreases bleomycin-detectable iron in spleen,bone marrow cells and heart but not in liver in exercise rats

The possible role of nitric oxide on the exercise-induced changes in bleomycin-detectable iron (BDI) in the liver, spleen, bone marrow cells and heart was investigated. Female Sprague—Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: S1 (Sedentary), S2 (Sedentary + L-NAME [N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester]), E1 (Exercise) and E2 (Exercise + L-NAME). Animals in the E1 and E2 swam for 2 h/day for 3 months. L-NAME in the drinking water (1 mg/ml) was administrated to rats in the S2 and E2 groups for the same period. At the end of the 3rd month, nitrite and nitrate (NOx), BDI and non-heme iron (NHI) contents in the liver, spleen, bone marrow cells and heart were measured. The ratio of BDI/NHI was calculated. The exercise induced a significant increase in NOx and BDI contents and/or BDI/NHI ratio in the spleen, bone morrow cells and heart. Treatment with L-NAME, an inhibitor of NOS, led to a significant decrease in NOx and an increase in BDI levels and BDI/NHI ratios in these tissues. The correlative analysis showed that there is significantly positive correlation between NOx levels and BDI contents and/or BDI/NHI ratios in the spleen, bone marrow cells and heart. These results suggest that the increased nitric oxide might be one of the reasons leading to the increased BDI levels in these tissues in the exercised rats. In contrast to the above tissues, in the liver, exercise led to a significant decrease rather than increase in BDI levels and BDI/NHI ratios with a significant increase in NOx contents. Treatment with L-NAME led to a significant increase in BDI levels and BDI/NHI ratios and a decrease in NOx contents in the tissue. These findings plus the results reported by others imply that nitric oxide might have an inhibitory effect on BDI in the liver.     

Increased nitric oxide is one of the causes of changes of iron metabolism in strenuously exercised rats

This study was carried out to investigate the possible role of increased nitric oxide (NO) production in the development of the low iron status in strenuously exercised rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sedentary (S1), sedentary + nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; S2), exercise (E1), and exercise + L-NAME (E2). Animals in the E1 and E2 groups swam for 2 h/day for 3 mo. L-NAME in the drinking water (1 mg/ml) was administrated to rats in the S2 and E2 groups for the same period. At the end of third month, hematological indexes and nitrite and nitrate (NOx) contents in the plasma and non-heme iron and NOx levels in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow cells were measured. Three months of exercise induced a significant increase in NOx content and a decrease in iron level both in plasma and tissues. Treatment with L-NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS), led to a significant decrease in NOx and an increase in iron level both in plasma and tissues in the exercised rats. The E2 group had a significantly lower NOx content as well as a higher iron level both in plasma and tissues than the E1 group. However, the iron contents in the plasma and tissues of the E2 group were still significantly lower than those found in S1. No difference was found in NOx levels between E2 and S1. These findings showed that exercise was associated with elevation in NOx and reduction in iron in plasma and the tissues. Treatment with L-NAME was able to completely inhibit the effect of exercise on NOx as well as partly recover the decreased iron contents in plasma and tissues resulting from exercise. This suggests that the increased production of NO might be one of the causes of the lower iron status in exercised rats.     

Hyperglycemia does not alter state 3 respiration in cardiac mitochondria from type-I diabetic rats

The possible role of nitric oxide on the exercise-induced changes in bleomycin-detectable iron (BDI) in the liver, spleen, bone marrow cells and heart was investigated. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: S1 (Sedentary), S2 (Sedentary + L-NAME [N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester]), E1 (Exercise) and E2 (Exercise + L-NAME). Animals in the E1 and E2 swam for 2 h/day for 3 months. L-NAME in the drinking water (1 mg/ml) was administrated to rats in the S2 and E2 groups for the same period. At the end of the 3rd month, nitrite and nitrate (NOx), BDI and non-heme iron (NHI) contents in the liver, spleen, bone marrow cells and heart were measured. The ratio of BDI/NHI was calculated. The exercise induced a significant increase in NOx and BDI contents and/or BDI/NHI ratio in the spleen, bone morrow cells and heart. Treatment with L-NAME, an inhibitor of NOS, led to a significant decrease in NOx and an increase in BDI levels and BDI/NHI ratios in these tissues. The correlative analysis showed that there is significantly positive correlation between NOx levels and BDI contents and/or BDI/NHI ratios in the spleen, bone marrow cells and heart. These results suggest that the increased nitric oxide might be one of the reasons leading to the increased BDI levels in these tissues in the exercised rats. In contrast to the above tissues, in the liver, exercise led to a significant decrease rather than increase in BDI levels and BDI/NHI ratios with a significant increase in NOx contents. Treatment with L-NAME led to a significant increase in BDI levels and BDI/NHI ratios and a decrease in NOx contents in the tissue. These findings plus the results reported by others imply that nitric oxide might have an inhibitory effect on BDI in the liver.     

Effect of Resistance Exercise on Iron Status in Moderately Iron-Deficient Rats

Resistance exercise increases heme synthesis in the bone marrow, but it does not improve the hemoglobin status in severe iron-deficient rats on a diet containing less than 5?mg iron/kg. The current study investigated whether resistance exercise could mitigate hemoglobin status via increasing heme synthesis in moderately iron-deficient rats. Male 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an iron-deficient diet containing 12?mg iron/kg for 3?weeks. The rats were divided into two groups: a sedentary (S) group (n?=?7) or an exercise (E) group (n?=?7). The rats in the E group performed a climbing exercise (5?min?×?6?sets/day, 3?days/week). The aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, hematocrit, and hemoglobin tended to be higher in group E than S. The iron content in the flexor hallucis longus muscle was significantly higher in E than S, whereas the content in the liver, spleen, kidney, and heart did not significantly differ between the groups. Therefore, resistance exercise appears to improve hemoglobin via increasing heme synthesis in the bone marrow in moderately iron-deficient rats.     

运动诱导的低铁状态大鼠骨髓细胞铁摄入的变化

本文观察了运动性低铁状态大鼠骨髓细胞转铁蛋白 (Tf)结合铁和非Tf结合铁摄入的变化。大鼠随机分为 6个月的运动组 (EG)和对照组 (SG)。SG平均每个幼红细胞Tf受体数为 890 15 0± 16 4849个 ,而在EG为 2 17536 0± 46 2 737个 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但受体的解离常数不受运动影响。EG中Tf的内吞平台和胞内铁聚积速度显著高于SG ,胞浆和胞内膜性成分中Tf结合铁和Fe(Ⅱ )摄入增加。EG的胞浆内Fe(Ⅱ )摄入的米氏常数值降低 ;细胞膜性成分中Fe(Ⅱ )摄入的最大速度增加。上述结果表明 ,运动不仅通过增加Tf受体的表达促进Tf结合铁的内吞 ,而且增强非Tf结合铁的内吞途径。尽管这些变化的机制尚不清楚 ,但它们有利于运动时血红素的合成     

Changes of transferrin-free iron uptake by bone marrow erythroblasts in strenuously exercised rats

The effects of strenuous exercise on transferrin-free iron (Fe II) uptake by bone marrow erythroblasts in rats were investigated. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of six groups, three of which underwent 3, 6, or 12 months of strenuous exercise (swimming 2 hr/day, 5 days/week) or their corresponding three control groups. At the end of experiments, bone marrow erythroblasts were isolated for Fe II uptake assay in vitro. It was found that the amounts of iron uptake into cytosole and stroma of the cells of rats in the groups undergoing 3 and 12 months of exercise did not differ from those in their corresponding sedentary groups. In addition, analysis of nonspecific and specific Fe II uptake by cytosole and stroma did not display any significant difference between the exercise and corresponding sedentary groups. However, the amount of Fe II uptake into cytosole and stroma was significantly increased in rats that exercised for 6 months compared with the corresponding controls. Nonspecific iron uptake into stroma was significantly higher in the exercise group than in the sedentary group (0.120 +/- 0.018 vs. 0.049 +/- 0.006 pM/10(6) cells, P < 0.01). The V(max) of the specific iron uptake into stroma was significantly higher (0.326 +/- 0.024 vs. 0.238 +/- 0.037 pM/10(6) cells, P < 0.05) and the K(m) of iron uptake into cytosol lower (0.08 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.21 +/- 0.03 microM, P < 0.001) in the exercise groups than in the control groups. These results indicate that 6 months of strenuous exercise could significantly increase Fe II uptake by the cells, probably by affecting the number and/or affinity of the putative iron carrier and the permeability to iron of cell membrane. The increased ability of cell-free iron accumulation in exercise might be a self-protective mechanism for body cells from the free iron-induced free radical reaction in addition to providing more iron for cell heme synthesis.     

Hypertrophy of skeletal muscle in diabetic rats in response to chronic resistance exercise.

This study had the following objectives: 1) to determine whether diabetic rats could increase muscle mass due to a physiological manipulation (chronic resistance exercise), 2) to determine whether exercise training status modifies the effect of the last bout of exercise on elevations in rates of protein synthesis, and 3) to determine whether chronic resistance exercise alters basal glycemia. Groups consisted of diabetic or nondiabetic rats that performed progressive resistance exercise for 8 wk, performed acute resistance exercise, or remained sedentary. Arterial plasma insulin in diabetic groups was reduced by about one-half (P < 0.05) compared with nondiabetic groups. Soleus and gastrocnemius-plantaris complex muscle wet weights were lower because of diabetes, but in response to chronic exercise these muscles hypertrophied in diabetic (0.028 +/- 0.003 vs. 0.032 +/- 0.0015 g/cm for sedentary vs. exercised soleus and 0.42 +/- 0.068 vs. 0.53 +/- 0.041 g/cm for sedentary vs. exercised gastrocnemius-plantaris, both P < 0.05) but not in nondiabetic (0.041 +/- 0.0026 vs. 0.042 +/- 0.003 g/cm for sedentary vs. exercised soleus and 0.72 +/- 0.015 vs. 0.69 +/- 0.013 g/cm for sedentary vs. exercised gastrocnemius-plantaris) rats when muscle weight was expressed relative to tibial length or body weight (data not shown). Another group of diabetic rats that lifted heavier weights showed muscle hypertrophy. Rates of protein synthesis were higher in red gastrocnemius in chronically exercised than in sedentary rats: 155 +/- 11 and 170 +/- 7 nmol phenylalanine incorporated x g muscle(-1) x h(-1) in exercised diabetic and nondiabetic rats vs. 110 +/- 14 and 143 +/- 7 nmol phenylalanine incorporated x g muscle(-1) x h(-1) in sedentary diabetic and nondiabetic rats. These elevations, however, were lower than in acutely exercised (but untrained) rats: 176 +/- 15 and 193 +/- 8 nmol phenylalanine incorporated x g muscle(-1) x h(-1) in diabetic and nondiabetic rats. Finally, chronic exercise training in diabetic rats was associated with reductions in basal glycemia, and such reductions did not occur in sedentary diabetic groups. These data demonstrate that, despite lower circulating insulin concentrations, diabetic rats can increase muscle mass in response to a physiological stimulus.     

Exercise-induced HSP-72 elevation and cardioprotection against infarct and apoptosis.

Successive bouts of endurance exercise are associated with both increased cardiac levels of heat shock protein-72 (HSP-72) and improved cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced cardiac cell death. Although overexpression of HSP-72 has been shown to be cardioprotective in transgenic animals, it is unclear whether increased levels of HSP-72 are essential for exercise-induced cardioprotection against I/R-mediated cell death. We tested the hypothesis that exercise-induced increases in myocardial levels of HSP-72 are required to achieve exercise-mediated protection against I/R-induced cardiac cell death. To test this postulate, we investigated the effect of preventing the exercise-induced increase in cardiac HSP-72 on myocardial infarction and apoptosis after 50 min of in vivo ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. Adult male rats remained sedentary or performed successive bouts of endurance exercise in cold (8 degrees C) or warm (22 degrees C) environments. We found that, compared with sedentary control animals, exercise in a warm environment significantly increased myocardial HSP-72 content. In contrast, exercise in the cold environment prevented the exercise-induced increase in myocardial HSP-72 levels. After in vivo myocardial I/R, infarct size was reduced in both exercised groups compared with sedentary animals. Furthermore, compared with sedentary rats, I/R-induced myocardial apoptosis (as indicated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end labeling-positive nuclei and caspase-3 activity) was attenuated in both groups of exercised animals. Therefore, although HSP-72 has cardioprotective properties, our results reveal that increased myocardial levels of HSP-72 (above control) are not essential for exercise-induced protection against I/R-induced myocardial infarction and apoptosis.