笋材两用毛竹林林分结构数量关系研究

作为在闽中尤溪县 6年试验研究结果的一部分 ,采用 PCA方法分析笋材两用毛竹林 (Phyllostachyspubescens)林分结构因素。结果表明 ,新成竹数量、竹林密度、年龄结构和新竹平均胸围 (GBH)是影响笋材两用毛竹林林分结构的主导因素。对各类林分进行系统聚类分析 ,笋材两用毛竹林可分为 3类 ,大致相当于竹林密度 2 5 0 0株· hm- 2 以下、2 80 0～ 40 0 0株· hm- 2 和 40 0 0株· hm- 2 以上 3种情形。用正态分布拟合新成竹胸围 (GBH )分布效果较好。新成竹胸围与竹林密度相关不显著。     

黄脊竹蝗生物学特性及防治试验

黄脊竹蝗 ( Ceracris kiangsu Tsai)是危害毛竹林的最主要害虫 ,在南方毛竹主产区常暴发成灾 ,仅闽西武平县近年来黄脊竹蝗的危害面积就达 1 0 0 0 hm2以上 ,受害严重的林分竹叶被食光 ,如火烧状 ,导致成片竹林被毁。黄脊竹蝗三龄后的跳蝻迁移性和成虫迁飞性极强 ,并受竹林郁闭度大小、气候因子和药械性能等因素的影响 ,这二个时期采用施放烟剂或常规喷雾(喷粉 )方法进行防治 ,都很难将竹蝗虫口控制下来 ,常造成年年暴发成灾的被动局面。笔者通过 1 993- 1 994两年的防治试验 ,得出较佳的防治方法 - -虫源区防治法和跳蝻三龄前施烟剂法 ,现…     

Weibull分布参数辨识改进及对浙江毛竹林胸径年龄分布的测度

非线性模型迭代参数初始值的选取及拟合的结果能否可用非常重要且一直是一个难题.传统的方法只是凭感觉偿试不进行定量评估,对于用阻尼最小二乘进行拟合只注重精度高低,没有从理论上研究和分析评价得出的结果能否可用.为了克服这一不足,使参数选取较好,阻尼最小二乘得出结果可用.利用非线性回归原理在这两方面做了探讨,提出了二个判别指标：β^T＜1,β^N＜1,分析了每一指标在参数不同状态的控制作用,并在Weibull分布函数参数辨识中做了应用.针对目前毛竹林林分结构规律研究的不足,利用浙江省230个毛竹林样地资料研究了省域尺度的毛竹林胸径分布规律,经SPSS软件中的P-P图检验与柯尔莫哥洛夫检验,表明毛竹林胸径结构服从Weibull分布;再经对Weibull分布模型拟合求解与作图对比,结果显示Weibull分布能很好地描述毛竹林胸径分布规律.利用Weibull分布三参数与林分特征因子间的相关关系,经分析研究,导出了一个改进的二元分布模型,用该二元分布模型很好地测度了浙江省毛竹林胸径和年龄分布规律,最后得到了浙江省毛竹林株数按胸径年龄分布的理论频数.     

基于Hegyi改进模型的毛竹林空间结构和竞争分析

以浙江省天目山国家级自然保护区内少受干扰的毛竹林为研究对象,设置100m×100m的固定标准地,进行连续5a的每竹调查,用全站仪精确测定每竹坐标(X,Y,Z)。提出新的竞争指数——竞争势(CP)。利用CP对2009—2013年毛竹林分竞争动态进行定量分析,并分别研究各年份毛竹林竞争强度与对象竹胸径、年龄之间的动态关系。结果表明:毛竹大小年现象明显,毛竹大年(2010、2012)的林分竞争强度明显大于小年(2009、2011、2013),且大小年之间竞争强度存在显著性差异(P0.01),毛竹大年之间林分竞争强度无显著性差异(P0.05),毛竹小年(2011、2013)之间林分竞争强度无显著性差异(P0.05),2009年毛竹林受雪灾和新竹株数影响,与其它年份林分竞争强度存在显著性差异(P0.01);毛竹林竞争强度随对象竹径阶的增大而减小,且服从幂函数关系;毛竹林竞争强度随对象竹龄级的增大而增大,且服从线性函数关系。CP在Hegyi模型的基础上,增加考虑毛竹生理特性,使对毛竹竞争关系的分析有了进一步拓展,从而更加全面有效地描述毛竹林分的竞争关系,应用CP分析毛竹林竞争动态规律,可为毛竹林经营提供参考依据。     

浙江双栉蝠蛾发生与土壤的关系

土壤是影响浙江双栉蝠蛾发生的重要因子之一,本文通过对浙江双栉蝠蛾发生区土壤分析,明确了影响浙江双栉蝠蛾发生的土壤主要化学性质。发生严重的林分与轻度发生的林分相比,其土壤pH值小,速效K含量低,全N、全P含量高。因此,通过毛竹林地土壤管理及合理施肥可以减轻该虫的危害。     

不同密度退耕雷竹春季林冠截留特性

为研究不同密度退耕雷竹春季林冠截留特性,对8个不同林分密度(10800±400、11600±400、13200±400、14800±400、16400±400、20800±400、22400±400和22800±400株·hm-2)的退耕雷竹林进行水文观测。结果表明:不同林分密度雷竹林外降雨与穿透雨、竹秆径流均具有极显著的抛物线函数关系,与林冠截留具有开口向下的抛物线函数关系;8个林分平均林冠截留率变化范围为1.42%~37.58%,林分密度与其最大截留量、平均林冠截留率呈开口向下的抛物线函数关系;当雷竹林分密度为17209株·hm-2时,其平均林冠截留率达到最大31.15%,最大林冠截留潜力为39.07 mm;可见,合理的林分密度可充分发挥退耕雷竹林的生态水文效益。     

杏毛球坚蚧生物学特性及其防治技术

对杏毛球坚蚧DidesmococcuskoreanusBorchsenius的生活史、生物学特性及防治技术进行了研究。该虫在昆明及滇中地区每年发生 1代 ,雌成虫 3月下旬开始产卵 ,4月中旬卵开始孵化。有效防治措施 ,可用氧化乐果包扎枝干或用铁灭克或呋喃丹埋于根际周围进行防治     

酸雨背景下缙云山典型林分凋落物量和营养元素含量及其释放特征

选取缙云山针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、楠竹林和灌木林作为研究对象,对4种林分的凋落物储量和营养元素释放量等进行观测,并应用室内模拟酸雨实验对4种林分凋落物进行淋溶模拟。结果表明:缙云山各林分现存凋落物厚度为1.4～4.5 cm,具有明显的分层结构;林分未分解U层、半分解S层和分解D层现存凋落物量分别为1.97～8.59、2.84～10.18和3.58～17.43 t·hm-2,林分年凋落物量为2.17～9.86 t·hm-2·a-1,凋落物总储量为14.21～32.42 t·hm-2,凋落物分解常数为0.15～0.31,林下凋落物分解95%时所需时间针阔混交林和楠竹林均在10年以上,凋落物分解速率比较缓慢;林下凋落物层营养元素含量以Ca、N为主,Fe、K、Mg次之;凋落物总的营养元素释放率表现为常绿阔叶林(0.80)>灌木林(0.72)>针阔混交林(0.50)>楠竹林(-0.17);与叶片相比,凋落物中N、K、Mn 3种营养元素含量明显降低;为探明酸雨影响营养元素循环的作用机理,对模拟酸雨的离子含量与凋落物淋滤液盐基离子含量进行了分析,其相关性大小表现为楠竹林(相关系数0.895)>针阔混交林(0.826)>灌木(0.700)>常绿阔叶林(0.699),楠竹林凋落物营养元素的淋滤受酸雨影响最大,常绿阔叶林受其影响最弱;推测在这一过程中以凋落物的吸附作用为主。     

内吸性农药涂竿防治毛竹拟白须盾蚧

拟白须眉蚧Kuwanaspispseudoleucaspis（Kuwana）是危害我县毛竹的一种主要蚧虫,农民称该虫为“竹虱”。1984年我县丁甲桥乡北川村有32．67ha毛竹林受该虫危害,毛竹枯死率为3．9％;1986年槐坎乡仰峰村有20ha毛竹林受危害,毛竹枯死率达20％;1993年小浦林场寺齐有2．67ha毛竹林受到危害,通过及时采取内吸农药涂竿防治,取得了较好的效果,控制了该由的危害。现将防治情况作一小结。通过几年来的观察,拟白须眉价在我县一年发生2代,以受精雌成虫越冬,第一代着由盛期在6月上旬,第二代若虫盛期在8月中下旬。1993年9月3日,我门对小浦林…     

不同竹类人工林生态系统生物量空间分配格局

以胸径为单变量, 利用幂函数、指数函数和多项式函数方程模拟麻竹(Dendrocalamus latiflorus)、毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)和粉单竹(Bambusoideae cerosissima)林各类器官的生物量, 研究比较了3 种不同种类竹林的生物量分配特征。结果表明, 所选模型可以很好的估测竹林及各器官生物量。麻竹、毛竹和粉单竹单株平均生物量为18.160、13.736 和4.372 kg, 其林分生物量分别为15.124、28.598 和5.102 t·ha^-1。竹林单株和林分器官分配一致, 均以竹秆最大, 其次为竹根, 再者为竹枝、竹叶, 但麻竹竹叶>竹枝例外。不同竹林生态系统总生物量与灌木层、草本层、凋落物变化规律一致, 粉单竹>毛竹>麻竹; 但各层生物量分配不同, 麻竹和毛竹表现为乔木层>凋落物层>灌木层、草本层, 乔木层占绝对优势; 而粉单竹表现为草本层>凋落物层>灌木层>乔木层, 且各层次优势不明显。根据单株和林分生物量分配特征, 地上部分和地下部分生物量不均, 应适当调整竹林林分密度和制定合理的采伐措施, 提高竹林的生产力水平, 从而增强其碳储存能力。     

不同干扰强度下针阔混交林树种空间格局及种间关联性

为了探究不同干扰程度下针阔混交林树种空间格局变化及树种种间关联性,本研究以关帝山庞泉沟自然保护区不同干扰强度的针阔混交林为对象,选取郁闭度、林分密度、伐桩数量作为划分干扰程度的因子,采用相对影响法,将林分划分为未干扰、中度干扰和严重干扰3个等级.利用空间点格局K2函数分析了林分的空间分布格局及其不同树种的种间关联.结果...     

Endangered stands of thuriferous juniper in the western Mediterranean basin: ecological status, conservation and management

Thuriferous juniper is only found in isolated parts of the western Mediterranean: France (Alps, Pyrenees and Corsican highlands), Spain, Algeria and Morocco. These semi-arid mountain stands, where thuriferous juniper trees grow in low-density open woodland, are seriously endangered: (i) In the Atlas mountains, the thuriferous juniper stands are heavily degraded as a result of the intensive wood removal and livestock activity in these densely populated areas. This situation, which will soon become irreversible unless remedial measures are urgently taken, has produced impoverished soils and hillside instability while contributing to desertification. (ii) In Spain, although livestock activity and cultivation have strongly reduced areas occupied by Juniperus thurifera, stands are still numerous and, in some regions, show a good regeneration due to conservation measures. (iii) In France, the decline in human and livestock activities over recent decades has led to a recolonization of some of the Juniper stands by pines or oak. A forest management system that enables these original stands to survive and regenerate must be undertaken without delay. The dynamics of evolution of these stands is quite different north and south of the Mediterranean. In both cases, conservation measures are urgently required to protect or rehabilitate these original stands with floristic, ecological and socio-economic interest.     

柳蝙蛾生物学特性及发生规律

于１９９７～２０００年在黑龙江和吉林东部地区,对柳蝙蛾的生物学习性和发生规律进行了研究。在该地区柳蝙蛾多数个体２年完成一个世代,分别以卵和幼虫２次越冬。每年６月底、７月上旬,幼虫转移到水曲柳上危害。上树后的幼虫,在室内人工饲养条件下发育了６龄仍未化蛹。在水曲柳人工林中,主要危害２～２０年的水曲柳人工幼林的干基部（２０ｃｍ以下）和干部。水曲柳蝙蝠蛾的发生量与林龄和林分结构密切相关。以水曲柳人工纯林以     

2008年初特大冰雪灾害对粤北地区杉木人工林树木损害的类型及程度

2008年8月, 采用典型取样法, 设置20 m × 30 m (或15 m × 30 m)的方形样地13个, 对广东省天井山林场杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林冰雪灾害进行调查。结果表明: 1)粤北地区杉木人工林受损严重, 样地内受害杉木比例高于80%, 主要集中在海拔500-900 m的地区; 2)杉木人工林受损类型主要划分为3种, 以折断类型为主(65.09%), 其次为倒伏(或翻蔸, 18.37%)和弯曲(3.20%)。其中, 根据不同程度将折断划分为5个级别: 轻微受损, 即断稍(占折断总数的12.28 %); 轻度受损, 即树冠顶端至中部断裂(38.49%); 中度受损, 即树冠中部至下部断裂, 受到较严重损伤(31.15%); 严重受损, 即树冠全部受损(15.97%); 极严重受损, 即树冠近根部断裂或折断后枯死(2.11%), 树冠受损为杉木受灾的主要特征; 3)林分密度过高(> 3 500株·hm^-2)或过低(< 1 500株·hm^-2)都易造成杉木折断, 坡向与坡位对其影响较小, 合理的密度调控至关重要; 4)杉木胸径对受损类型及程度的敏感性较高, 表现为粗壮杉木易发生断稍和较轻微的树冠受损, 细弱杉木虽不易折断, 但一经折断则受损严重。适宜的尖削度对有效预防和减轻杉木受损十分重要。     

Effects of Hurricane Andrew on stands of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. densa) in the everglades region of south Florida (USA)

Few hurricanes affect intact stands of subtropical pines. We examined effects of winds in the eyewalls of Hurricane Andrew, where wind speeds were >200 km h^–1, on all remaining large mainland stands of Pinus elliottii var. densa (south Florida slash pine) on limestone outcroppings (rocklands) in the everglades region of southern Florida. We measured densities and sizes of trees and assessed damage and mortality in plots in old-growth stands in the Lostman's Pines (LOP) region of Big Cypress National Preserve and in second-growth stands in the Pines West (PIW) and Long Pine Key (LPK) regions of Everglades National Park. We also examined age-size relationships using sections from trees killed by the hurricane in LOP and LPK. We used the data to predict effects of recurrent hurricanes on the structure and dynamics of the old-growth stand and to compare effects of hurricanes on old- and second-growth stands.Slash pine was resistant to hurricane winds. Most trees in stands (68–76%) were not severely damaged; mortality in the three regions averaged 17–25% shortly after the hurricane and 3–7% during the following year. Mortality was positively associated with tree size; mean tree sizes decreased and size-selective thinning occurred in all stands. Nonetheless, local mortality ranged from 3–4% to 50–60% among plots in all stands. Such local variation in mortality resulted from clustering of large trees, especially in old-growth stands, and from microbursts during the hurricane, which affected all stands. Recurrent, intense hurricanes are predicted to kill larger trees, slowly opening new patches and increasing sizes of extant patches, thus resulting in almost continual presence of openings suitable for recruitment in old-growth stands. Age-size relationships also indicated that large trees in old-growth stands may survive 2–3 centuries. The combination of frequent openings and wind resistance of large trees is predicted to result in old-growth stands that are highly uneven aged, with trees locally distributed in similar-aged patches. The extent to which such stands deviate from demographic equilibrium, as well as turnover rates within stands, are likely to increase as the frequency of recurrent, intense hurricanes increases.Damage and mortality differed in old- and second-growth stands. Large trees were more, but small trees less likely to be damaged in old- than second-growth stands. In contrast, mortality was significantly lower in old- (LOP: 16.9% ± 3.1 [mean ± s.e.]) than second-growth stands (PIW: 22.5% ± 2.0; LPK: 25.2% ± 2.7). Total hurricane-related mortality was 30–60% higher in second- than old-growth stands. Size class structure, more uneven in old- than second growth stands prior to the hurricane, diverged even more afterwards. Hurricane Andrew removed     

沙棘对中国亚湿润干旱区杨树人工林生长与生产力的影响(英文)

通过将沙棘（Ｈｉｐｐｏｐｈａｅ ｒｈａｍｎｏｉｄｅｓ Ｌ．）与３种杨树品种（小黑杨（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓ ｃｖ．“Ｘｉａｏｈｅｉ”）昭林６号杨（Ｐ．ｃｖ．“Ｚｈａｏｌｉｎ０６”）和欧美杨６４号（Ｐ．ｅｕｒａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｅ ｃｖ．“Ｎ３０１６”））的人工林分别按株混两种方式进行混交实验,研究了固氮植物沙棘对亚湿润干旱区的杨树人工林生长和生产力的影响。研究结果表明：无论哪一种杨树品种或混交方式,沙棘与杨树     

Sex ratio and sexual dimorphism in mountain dioecious thuriferous juniper (Juniperus thurifera L., Cupressaceae)

Thuriferous juniper ( Juniperus thurifera L), a dioecious bush or tree is only found in isolated parts of the western Mediterranean: France, Spain, Algeria and Morocco. These mountain juniper stands are seriously endangered in Morocco as a result of intensive wood removal, and in Europe as a result of recolonization of stands by pines or oaks. Field studies were conducted to investigate sex ratio and sexual dimorphism, never previously examined, in eight different populations in the Atlas mountains and, for comparison, in one of two populations in the French Pyrenees. The sex ratio was female-biased for six of the eight Moroccan stands and especially for the oldest populations. The Pyrenean population showed a similar female-biased ratio. This particular sex ratio is possibly linked to cost of reproduction, paid by both males and females. Sex ratios can also be linked to population dynamics. Males begin to flower slightly younger than females, which explains their apparent dominance in young populations in Morocco or in a recolonization zone with young trees in the Pyrenees. Studies concerning sexual dimorphism in the western High Atlas sites showed no significant difference in phytomass between males and females. Females appear to be significantly taller but with a lower radial growth. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 138 , 237–244.     

沙棘对中国亚湿润干旱区的杨树人工林生长与生产力的影响(英文)

通过将沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L．)与3种杨树品种(小黑杨(Populus cv.“Xiaohei”),昭林6号杨(P．cv．“Zhaolin06”)和欧美杨64号(P．euramericane cv．“N3016”))的人工林分别按株混和行混两种方式进行混交实验,研究了固氮植物沙棘对亚湿润干旱区的杨树人工林生长和生产力的影响。研究结果表明：无论哪一种杨树品种或混交方式,沙棘与杨树混交后能显著地增加杨树人工林的生长量,林分平均胸径增加6％～38％,林分平均高增加8％～23％。在株混方式中,杨树地上部生物量大于杨树纯林的地上部生物量。但是在行混方式中,呈现相反的规律,这是由于行混方式中单位面积的杨树株数少。无论哪一种杨树品种或混交方式,杨树与沙棘混交林的地上部净生产力大于杨树纯林的地上部生产力。在株混和行混两种方式中,沙棘占总地上部净生产力的比例分别为20％和41％,但草本植物所占的比重很小。     

Microsatellite DNA analysis of genetic effects of harvesting in old-growth eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in Ontario, Canada

Microsatellite DNA markers from 13 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were used to compare genetic diversity between preharvest pristine and postharvest residual gene pools of two adjacent virgin, old-growth ( approximately 250 years) stands of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) in Ontario. There was concurrence in genetic diversity changes in the postharvest gene pools of the two stands. The total and mean numbers of alleles detected in each stand were reduced by approximately 26% after tree density reductions of approximately 75%. Approximately 18 and 21% of the low-frequency (0. 25 > P > or = 0.01) alleles and 76 and 92% of the rare (P < 0.01) alleles were lost from residual stands A and B, respectively, after harvesting. Multilocus gametic diversity was reduced by 38 and 85% and genotype additivity by approximately 50% in the residual stands after harvesting. Latent genetic potential of each stand was reduced by approximately 40%. Although heterozygosity was reduced (1-5%) in the postharvest residual stands, the reductions were not substantial and not comparable to those using other genetic diversity measures. The reductions in genetic diversity measures were slightly higher than those theoretically expected in postbottleneck populations according to drift theory. In the absence of substantial gene migration that could ameliorate the genetic losses, the ability of the postharvest white pine gene pools to adapt to changing environmental and disease conditions may have been compromised. The microsatellite DNA results for genetic effects of harvesting in old-growth eastern white pine stands were similar to those that we reported earlier from allozyme analysis (Buchert et al. 1997). The results indicate that silvicultural practices should ensure that the gene pools of remaining pristine old-growth stands are reconstituted in the regenerating stands.     

Can Managers Bank on Seed Banks When Restoring Pinus taeda L. Plantations in Southwest Georgia?

In the southeastern United States, private forestland managers are under increased pressure to provide wildlife habitat and biodiversity in addition to commercial products such as timber. This study used a stand classification scheme based on vegetation biodiversity from Hedman et al. to compare seed bank composition of benchmark (BM) and nonbenchmark (NBM) Loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ) stands. In the Hedman et al. study, BM stands contained species associated with Longleaf pine ( P. palustris )/Wiregrass ( Aristida stricta ) communities, whereas NBM stands contained species associated with disturbed sites. The current vegetation of the BM and NBM stands had an average cover of 7.9%/m² and an average richness of 11 species/m². The intent for this study was to assist in understanding the potential role of the seed bank during stand development and restoration. We collected seed bank samples from six pine plantations in the winter of 2006. Seed bank samples yielded 2,885 germinants representing 56 unique species but only 4 were found in both current herbaceous vegetation plots and seed bank. The seed bank was dominated by native dicots. In BM stands, 76% of species were native, whereas in NBM stands, 69% were native. Seed bank samples from NBM stands had greater species richness ( p = 0.03) and total germinants ( p = 0.03) than BM stands. Although the seed bank in all stands was dominated by native species, our data suggest that the seed bank under P. taeda stands should not be viewed as the sole source of native species for most restoration goals.