Nitric oxide modulates the responses of osteoclast formation to static magnetic fields

Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in osteoclast differentiation. Our previous studies showed that static magnetic fields (SMFs) could affect osteoclast differentiation. The inhibitory effects of 16 T of high SMF (HiMF) on osteoclast differentiation was correlated with increased production of NO. We raised the hypothesis that NO mediated the regulatory role of SMFs on osteoclast formation. In this study, 500 nT of hypomagnetic field (HyMF), 0.2 T of moderate SMF (MMF) and 16 T of high SMF (HiMF) were utilized as SMF treatment. Under 16 T, osteoclast formation was markedly decreased with enhanced NO synthase (NOS) activity, thus producing a high level of NO. When treated with NOS inhibitor N-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME), NO production could be inhibited, and osteoclast formation was restored to control group level in a concentration-dependent manner. However, 500 nT and 0.2 T increased osteoclast formation with decreased NOS activity and NO production. When treated with NOS substrate L-Arginine (L-Arg) or NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), the NO level in the culture medium was obviously elevated, thus inhibiting osteoclast differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner under 500 nT or 0.2 T. Therefore, these findings indicate that NO mediates the regulatory role of SMF on osteoclast formation.     

Extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields disrupt rhythmic slow activity in rat hippocampal slices

Several studies have indicated that weak, extremely-low-frequency (ELF; 1–100 Hz) magnetic fields affect brain electrical activity and memory processes in man and laboratory animals. Our studies sought to determine whether ELF magnetic fields could couple directly with brain tissue and affect neuronal activity in vitro. We used rat hippocampal slices to study field effects on a specific brain activity known as rhythmic slow activity (RSA), or theta rhythm, which occurs in 7–15 s bursts in the hippocampus during memory functions. RSA, which, in vivo, is a cholinergic activity, is induced in hippocampal slices by perfusion of the tissue with carbachol, a stable analog of acetylcholine. We previously demonstrated that the free radical nitric oxide (NO), synthesized in carbachol-treated hippocampal slices, lengthened and destabilized the intervals between successive RSA episodes. Here, we investigate the possibility that sinusoidal ELF magnetic fields could trigger the NO-dependent perturbation of the rate of occurrence of the RSA episodes. Carbachol-treated slices were exposed for 10 min epochs to 1 or 60 Hz magnetic fields with field intensities of 5.6, 56, or 560 μT (rms), or they were sham exposed. All exposures took place in the presence of an ambient DC field of 45 μT, with an angle of -66° from the horizontal plane. Sinusoidal 1 Hz fields at 56 and 560 μT, but not at 5.6 μT, triggered the irreversible destabilization of RSA intervals. Fields at 60 Hz resulted in similar, but not statistically significant, trends. Fields had no effects on RSA when NO synthesis was pharmacologically inhibited. However, field effects could take place when extracellular NO, diffusing from its cell of origin to the extracellular space, was chelated by hemoglobin. These results suggest that ELF magnetic fields exert a strong influence on NO systems in the brain; therefore, they could modulate the functional state of a variety of neuronal ensembles. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

一氧化氮及去内皮对颈动脉窦压力感受器活动的影响

本实验应用自制的颈动脉窦窦内劝灌流－窥上表面灌流的双重灌流装置,研究了外源性一氧化氮及内皮对家名义离体ＣＳ压力感受器活动的影响,并进一步探讨其作用机制。     

Zero Magnetic Field Effect Observed in Human Cognitive Processes

In our previous works, we reported that compensation of the geomagnetic field to a level less than 0.4?μT (“zero magnetic field,” or ZMF) affected human cognitive processes. ZMF exposure increased the number of errors and the task processing time by 2.4% in average. However, in the array of the magnetic effects calculated from the experimental data, some readings have been found to deviate from the mean magnetic effect by more than three standard deviations. This finding could give rise to doubt as to whether the magnetic effect observed was a mere sequence of the presence of such unlikely data values. In the present work we examine the results of the unlikely data elimination and show that the corrected magnetic effect in tested humans remains statistically significant, though at a reduced magnitude 1.5%.     

一氧化氮对家兔压力感受器活动的影响

本实验旨在研究外源性一氧化氮对家兔离体颈动脉窦压力感受器活动的影响,进一步探讨这种影响是否由ｃＧＭＰ所介导。实验中发现：（１）窦神经传入纤维基础放电大致可分为高幅值和低幅值两种,其中高幅值放电对经典的化学感受性刺激无反应并呈现显著的灌流速度依赖性。这些放电特征证明其不是来自于颈动脉体化学感受器而是来自ＣＳ－ＢＲ。（２）ＮＯ的前体Ｌ－精氨酸（４．６￣５．７ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ）和供体硝酸甘油（０．０７￣０．     

Rapporteur report: implications for exposure guidelines

There is a paucity of information regarding the long-term health effects associated with exposure to static magnetic fields. Perceptual and other acute effects have been demonstrated above a threshold of about 2 T, and these form the basis for human exposure standards at present. Exposures well above this threshold are increasingly becoming more common as the technology associated with magnetic resonance imaging advances. Therefore, priority should be given to assessing the health risks associated with exposures to such fields. Studies should include a prospective cohort study investigating cancer risks of workers and patients exposed to fields in excess of 2 T, a study investigating effects on human cognitive performance from repeated exposures, and a molecular biology study investigating acute changes in genomic responses in volunteers exposed to fields of up to 8 T. Studies investigating the effects of long-term exposure on cancer, and on neurobehavioural development are also recommended using animals, where the use of transgenic models is encouraged. In addition, dosimetric studies should be conducted using high-resolution male, female and pregnant voxel phantoms, as should theoretical studies investigating the local currents induced in the eye and in the heart by movement during exposure. Finally, studies are recommended to investigate further the ability of static magnetic fields to significantly affect radical pair reactions in biological systems.     

Chick embryo development can be irreversibly altered by early exposure to weak extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields

Several reports have shown that weak, extremely-low-frequency (ELF), pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) can adversely affect the early embryonic development of the chick. In this study, freshly fertilized chicken eggs were exposed during the first 48 h of postlaying incubation to PMFs with 100 Hz repetition rate, 1.0 μT peak-to-peak amplitude, and 500 μs pulse duration. Two different pulse waveforms were used, having rise and fall times of 85 μs (PMF-A) or 2.1 μs (PMF-B). It has been reported that, with 2 day exposure, these fields significantly increase the proportion of developmental abnormalities. In the present study, following exposure, the eggs were allowed to incubate for an additional 9 days in the absence of the PMFs. The embryos were taken out of the eggs and studied blind. Each of the two PMF-exposed groups showed an excess in the percentage of developmental anomalies compared with the respective sham-exposed samples. This excess of anomalies was not significant for the PMF-A-treated embryos (P = 0.173), whereas it was significant for the PMF-B-exposed group (P = 0.007), which showed a particularly high rate of early embryonic death. These results reveal that PMFs can induce irreversible developmental alterations and confirm that the pulse waveform can be a determinant factor in the embryonic response to ELF magnetic fields. The data also validate previous work based on the study of PMFs' effects at day 2 of embryonic development under field exposure. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

红细胞抗高血压因子舒血管作用机制的研究

本实验研究了从Ｓｐｒａｇｕｅ－Ｄａｗｌｅｙ大鼠红细胞中提取的抗高血压因子（ａｎｔｉｈｙｐｅｒｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＡＨＦ）对苯肾上腺素引起的Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠胸主动脉螺旋条预收缩的舒张作用。结果表明：ＡＨＦ对主动脉条的舒张呈内皮与剂量依赖性。左旋硝基精氨酸与美蓝均可阻断ＡＨＦ的舒血管作用,而铜锌超氧化物歧化酶对ＡＨＦ的舒血管效应有促进作用。提示ＡＨＦ是通过刺激内皮细胞产生一氧化氨或其类似物,从而激活血管平滑肌细胞内可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶这一途径引起血管舒张的。     

Oviposition and development of Drosophila modified by magnetic fields

Drosophila flies placed in a habitat with two lateral boxes demonstrated sensitivity to magnetic fields: Oviposition decreased by exposure to pulsated extremely low frequency (ELF) (100)Hz, 1.76 miliTesla (mT) and sinusosidal fields (50 Hz, 1 mT), while there was no initial effect of exposure to a static magnetic field (4.5 mT). Drosophila eggs treated for 48 h with the above described fields showed that (1) mortality of eggs was lower in controls than in eggs exposed to all tested magnetic fields; (2) mortality of larvae increased when a permanent magnet was used; (3) mortality of pupae was highest when a permanent magnet was used; and (4) general adult viability was highest in controls (67%) and diminished progressively when eggs were exposed to pulsated (55%), sinusoidal (45%), and static (35%) magnetic fields.     

Effect of long-term 50 Hz magnetic field exposure on the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes of mice

In recent years extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-EMF) have become widely used in human activities, leading to an increased chance of exposure to ELF-EMF. There are few reports on in vivo mammalian genotoxic effects using micronucleus (MN) assays, which generally have been used as a short-term screening system. We analyzed the possible genotoxic effect induced by long-term exposure (7, 14, 21, 28?d) of a 50?Hz ELM-MF to mice by measuring the increase in frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte in their bone marrow (MNPCEs) and we compared it with that induced by 50?cGy of X-rays. Subsequently, we tried to reduce this chromosomal damage by administering four antioxidants substances with radioprotective capacities: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), grape-procyanidins (P) and citrus flavonoids extract (CE). The increase in micronucleated cells was higher in both physical treatments (Control?p?p?>?0.001)); however, the antioxidant substances only showed a genoprotective capacity against the damage induced by ionizing radiation (Ci?>?PTU?=?DMSO (p?P?=?CE (p?相似文献   

Effects of sinusoidal 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields on ATP and oxygen levels in the slime mold, Physarum polycephalum

We have previously reported that exposing the vegetative plasmodia stage of Physarum polycephalum to either individual or simultaneously applied electric and magnetic fields (45-75 Hz, 0.14-2.0 G, and 0.035-0.7 V/m) lengthens their mitotic cycle, depresses their rate of reversible shuttle streaming, and lowers their respiration rate. In this article we report the effects of simultaneously applied electromagnetic fields (60 Hz, 1.0 G, 1.0 V/m), electric fields only (60 Hz, 1.0 V/m), magnetic fields only (60 Hz, 1.0 G) on the haploid amoeba of Physarum exposed for 120-180 days. Statistically significant depressions (about 8-11%) in ATP levels were observed with all field conditions; however, respiration was significantly decreased only when amoebae were subjected to either combined fields or electric fields alone. Magnetic fields alone failed to induce a significant decrease in respiration.