中国亚热带东部藤本植物的多样性

藤本植物是一类生物型特殊的非自然分类群,笔者从藤本植物的来源、类型、数量、性质等角度探讨了中国亚热带东部藤本植物的多样性特征。结果如下：①本区计有藤本植物５８科、１６４属、６１１种（不包括蕨类藤本）,分别占总被子植物科、属和种的２９．１％、１０．３％和９．６％,在种的丰富度上略高于温带森林区域（７％）,而低于热带区域（１９％）;木质藤本占绝对优势,为７２．３％,草质藤本占２７．７％。②主要由含少量     

安徽大别山野生藤本植物区系与生活型分析

大别山野生藤本植物共175种,隶属30科67属,其基本特点是:双子叶植物科属种最多,其中又以小型科属和单种科属较多,大科属较少。区系成分分析表明,热带成分居首位(22.4%),其次是东亚成分(19.4%)、东亚北美洲成分(13.4%);生活型以高芽位藤本106种(60.6%)占优,其后依次为地下芽藤本44种(25.1%)、地面芽藤本13种(7.4%)、一年生藤本8种(4.6%)和地上芽藤本4种(2.3%)。     

植物生活型分类系统的修订及中国暖温带森林植物生活型谱分析

根据中国暖温带森林植物习性,修订了Ｒａｕｎｋｉｅａｒ的生活型分类系统。通过对暖温带森林植物生活型谱的分析,证明暖温带森林群落植物生活型谱以地面芽为主,其次是地下芽。受水、热不足和人为活动频繁等条件的限制,暖温带地区缺乏或极少有高于２５ｍ的大高位芽植物;中高位芽、小高位芽和矮高位芽植物所占的比重与地面芽植物近似,其中落叶阔叶高位芽植物占有绝对的优势。主要由上述生活型所构成的暖温带森林植物生活型谱,基本反映了我国暖温带森林区夏季温暖多雨、冬季寒冷干旱的中纬度气候特征。     

湖南新宁野生藤本植物组成及多样性分析

采用实地调查、标本采集和查证相结合的方法,对湖南新宁野生藤本植物组成及多样性进行了研究。结果表明：新宁共有野生藤本植物49科111属354种,分别占该区域植物科、属和种数的20．50％、10．72％和11．21％,包含蕨类植物2科2属2种、裸子植物1科1属1种、被子植物46科108属351种;其中,双子叶藤本种类具有明显优势,木质藤本数量多于草质藤本,优势科明显但单种属和寡种属数量较多。在生活型上以高位芽藤本种类为主,占总种数的80．80％,地下芽、一年生、地上芽和地面芽藤本种类较少,分别占总种数的6．21％、5．08％、4．52％和3．39％。在攀援方式上缠绕藤本具有明显优势,占总种数的46．61％;卷曲类、搭靠类和吸固类藤本种类较少,分别占总种数的24．58％、19．49％和9．32％。大部分藤本植物都具有2种以上的观赏特性,其中以观叶植物最多,占总种数的90．68％。繁育系统以两性花为主,单性花中雌雄异株种数多于雌雄同株,两性花、单性花和杂性花种类数分别占总种数的70．90％、27．69％和1．41％。分布区类型以热带成分为主,温带成分也占较大比例,说明该区域的藤本植物分布具有从热带成分向温带成分渗透和过渡的特性。调查结果表明：新宁野生藤本植物组成复杂、多样性特征明显,与该区域植物区系在中亚热带季风湿润气候条件下受山丘地貌区复杂生境长期作用有关。     

崀山丹霞地貌区野生藤本植物区系与生长特性分析

采用线路与样方相结合的调查方法,对崀山丹霞地貌区野生藤本植物区系的种类组成及重要类群进行了调查,并根据调查结果对该藤本植物区系的分布区类型、生活型、叶质和叶级及生长特性和群落形成因素进行了分析.结果显示,崀山丹霞地貌区有野生藤本植物41科75属131种,其中蕨类植物和裸子植物各有1科1属1种,被子植物有39科73属129种;在被子植物中,双子叶植物有34科68属121种,具有明显优势.比较重要的科有蝶形花科(Papilionaceae)、葡萄科(Vitaceae)、茜草科(Rubiaceae)、防己科(Menispermaceae)和卫矛科(Celastraceae), 重要属有铁线莲属(Clematis L. )、蔷薇属(Rosa L. )、猕猴桃属(Actinidia Lindl. )、南蛇藤属(Celastrus L. )、葡萄属(Vitis L. )、蛇葡萄属(Ampelopsis Michaux)和地锦属(Parthenocissus Planch. ).该藤本植物区系含有12个分布区类型,具有明显的热带属性, 热带分布属占总属数的66.19%, 东亚分布和东亚-北美间断分布类型在该藤本植物区系中也有重要作用.在该藤本植物区系中,高位芽、地上芽、地面芽、地下芽和1年生草本植物的比例分别为78.63%、 8.40%、 5.34%、 6.87%和0.76%, 并且以缠绕类的数量占优势, 缠绕类、卷曲类、吸固类和搭靠类藤本植物的比例分别为51.91%、 21.37%、 15.27%和11.45%;叶质以纸质叶为主,占83.21%;叶级谱为中型叶35.88%、小型叶55.72%、微型叶7.63%、鳞型叶0.76%.调查结果表明,崀山丹霞地貌区野生藤本植物类型十分复杂,具有完整的生活型谱,区系组成具有地带性植被--亚热带常绿阔叶林的特征;在崀山丹霞赤壁上由藤本植物和苔藓、矮小草本植物组成的盖度较大的藤本植物组合已经成为一个生态功能单位,形成了一个新的藤本植物植被类型.     

中国东部海岛植物功能性状及其影响因子

研究海岛植物功能性状及其影响因子,有助于理解植物在海岛环境中的适应策略。以中国东部近海7个海岛典型植物群落为研究对象,测定群落内每种植物的6个功能性状(胸径、株高、平均单叶面积、比叶面积、小枝密度和小枝含水率),比较植物功能性状在不同气候带间的差异,探讨功能性状对气候因子(年均温、年降水和年平均风速)和土壤因子(土壤含水率、土壤总碳、土壤总氮和土壤总磷)的响应关系,并分析影响这些性状的主要驱动因子。研究结果表明:(1)所测功能性状中除比叶面积外,其他性状在不同气候带间差异显著,但常绿和落叶植物的功能性状在不同气候带间的差异不同,表明不同生活型植物对环境的响应程度和适应能力不同。(2)海岛植物功能性状对气候和土壤因子均有不同程度的响应,气候因子是影响中国东部海岛植物功能性状的重要因子,其中水热条件(年均温和年降水)是主导因子,在水热资源丰富的南方海岛,植物具有较大的胸径和小枝含水率、较小的叶片和小枝密度,北方海岛反之。此外,海岛植物的小枝性状(小枝密度和小枝含水率)受年平均风速的影响显著。该研究结果可为海岛植被恢复重建中物种的选择及植被布局规划提供一定的参考。     

中国外来入侵植物生活型与性系统多样性北大核心CSCD

通过查阅相关文献资料,深入分析了中国外来入侵植物的生活型,繁殖方式,果实类型,花大小、颜色和花期等特征。结果表明:中国分布的137种外来入侵植物,隶属于30科94属,其中菊科(46种)、禾本科(26种)、豆科(11种)、苋科(10种)和十字花科(6种)的植物占了中国入侵植物的72.3%。对其生活型分析的结果表明,外来入侵植物中,草本植物最多,有130种,占总种数的94.8%;灌木有3种;乔木有2种;和藤本有2种;分别占了2.2%、1.5%、1.5%。与全球部分地区相比,中国入侵植物中,木本植物(乔木和灌木)入侵比例较低。从繁殖方式来看,有88个种的主要繁殖方式是种子繁殖,占了64.2%;43个种的繁殖方式兼有克隆繁殖和种子繁殖,占31.4%。从花大小和颜色看,大部分的物种花比较小,产生小花的物种占了63.5%;而且其颜色鲜艳,有利于吸引昆虫传粉,花期也不长,花期短于5个月的占了66.4%。这些特征都有助于植物入侵。另外,果实的类型中干果占优势,占总入侵植物总数的95.6%,其中瘦果有62种;肉果占4.4%。结果表明,草本、可种子繁殖、花小、花期短的物种更容易入侵成功。     

广东东部不同生活型植物热带植物区系属性的比较研究

通过对粤东种子植物生活型的调查和统计分析,将粤东2226种种子植物划分为6类生活型。各种木本生活型共有1198种,占53.8%;各种草本类型共有1028种植物,占46.2%。从各生活型的种的区系成分分析来看,该地各生活型热带性成分比例强弱的顺序是：乔木种〉木质藤本种〉灌木种〉陆生草本〉草质藤本〉水生草本。     

中国东部亚热带森林土壤呼吸的时空格局

土壤呼吸是陆地碳循环中仅次于全球总初级生产力的第二大碳通量途径, 揭示土壤呼吸的时空格局对整个陆地碳循环具有重要意义。该文在中国东部亚热带季风气候区, 按纬度梯度由南向北选取深圳梧桐山、杨东山十二度水保护区、宁波天童山3个区域作为研究对象, 于2009年8月至2010年10月测定了不同季节各个区域内代表性植被类型的土壤呼吸速率及地下5 cm处土壤温度, 旨在初步了解中国东部亚热带森林地区土壤呼吸的时空格局及其影响因素。结果显示: 3个区域的土壤呼吸速率均存在显著的季节变化, 其变幅为2.64-6.24 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s^-1, 总体趋势和地下5 cm处土壤温度的季节变化一致, 均为夏季最高冬季最低; 土壤温度的变化可以解释不同样地土壤呼吸季节变化的58.3%-90.2%; 各样地全年的Q₁₀值从1.56到3.27; 通过离样地最近的气象站点的日平均气温与试验样地地下5 cm处土壤温度之间的线性正相关关系推算出日土壤温度的变化, 利用土壤呼吸速率和地下5 cm处土壤温度之间的指数关系, 估算出各样地全年的土壤CO₂通量为1 077-2 058 g C·m^-2·a^-1, 在全球所有生态系统类型中处于较高水平。     

内蒙古草原蝗虫个体大小及生活型划分的探讨

根据内蒙古锡林河流域草原蝗虫的形态测量指标,对２３种蝗虫进行了个体大小及生活型量化划分的探讨,结果表明,２３种蝗虫可以划分为大、中、小３个类群,生活型表现为从典型的地栖型到典型的植栖型的渐为特征。个体在小与生活型紧密相关,个体大的种类常为地本型,而个体小的种类多为植栖型。     

The first isolation of a cyanophage-Synechococcus system from the East China Sea

A cyanophage strain and its host Synechococcus were isolated from the East China Sea. The host Synechococcus sp. SJ01 was characterized by its 16S rRNA, ITS, and psbA gene sequences as well as by its morphological appearance and pigmentation. The cyanophage, strain S-SJ2, was able to cause a lytic infection of the coastal Synechococcus. TEM of negative-stained specimens showed that the phage isolate has an isometric head with a diameter of 68 nm and a long tail with a length of 280 nm. The cyanophage-Synechococcus system from the East China Sea shares many properties with other marine cyanophage-Synechococcus systems worldwide.     

华东地区耕作制度对积温变化的响应

根据华东地区1971-2004年农业资料和1961-2004年26个气象站日平均气温资料,应用统计分析方法,研究了作物耕作制度和积温变化的关系.结果表明:1961-2004年华东地区日平均气温稳定通过10℃初日提前、终日推迟,期间的有效积温呈稳步增加;浙江、上海和江苏等省市复种指数随日平均气温稳定通过10℃期间有效积温增加而减小,相关系数分别为-0.605、-0.582、-0.615(n=34),安徽、山东等省复种指数随日平均气温稳定通过10℃期间有效积温增加而增加,相关系数分别为0.655、0.441(n=34);华东地区全年粮食单位面积产量随日平均气温稳定通过10℃期间的有效积温增加而增加,福建、江西、浙江、上海、安徽、江苏、山东等省市日平均气温稳定通过10℃有效积温与全年粮食单位面积产量间的相关系数分别为0.602、0.370、0.454、0.761、0.518、0.621、0.489(n=34);随着热量增加粮食种植面积减少,而蔬菜、西瓜、甜瓜、经济林、油料等作物种植面积增加;农药和化肥施用量随热量增加而增加.     

华西雨屏带及其对我国生物多样性保育的意义

华西雨屏带为四川盆地西部边缘独特的自然地理区域。东西宽50-70km,南北长400－450km,总面积约2.5万km^2,仅占我国国土总面积的0.26%左右。本区以自然风景优美、天然植被类型丰富、动植物资源种类多样而享誉中外。迄今为止,尚未将华西雨屏带作为相对独立的自然地理单元来研究其生物多样性。本文从当地剧烈的地形、地貌变化,特殊的气候、植被类型与动物栖息环境以及邻近人类聚居区的特点入手,扼要阐述了本区生态系统与环境的多样性状况。进一步通过对当地动植物种类,尤其是种子植物、兽类、鸟类、鱼类物种多样性与珍、稀、特保护物种的数量比重分析,提出了本带作为我国乃至世界上研究与保护生物多样性的热点区域的立论依据。华西雨屏带是一个大尺度、复合性的生态过渡带（ccotone),是我国西部地区以阴湿为主要特征的罕见的气候地理单元,是我国西部生态保护与建设的一道绿色屏障,是我国生物多样性保护与研究不可替代的关键地区之一。     

东海海樽类生态类群统计分析

依据1997～2000年在东海23°30′～33°00′N、118°30′～128°00′E4个季节的海洋调查资料,采用曲线拟合,构造数学模型和极大值分析等数学方法,研究海樽类最适温度和盐度,籍此进一步分析其生态类群。结果表明,Yield Density模型可以应用于大多数海樽类最适温度和盐度的统计推断。依据物种分布的最适温度和盐度值,并参考其地理和季节分布特征,认为梭形纽鳃樽（Salpa fusiformis）属暖温带外海种;羽环纽鳃樽长柄亚种（Cyclosalpa pinnata polae）和安纽鳃樽（Ritteriella amboinensis）为热带大洋种;双尾纽鳃樽东方亚种（Thalia decocratica orientalis）、小齿海樽（Doliolum denticulatum）和软拟海樽（Dolioetta.gegenbauri）等其余13种为亚热带外海种。海樽类多数物种可以作为水团的指示种。梭形纽鳃樽往往出现在沿岸水和外海水混合水团偏高盐水一侧。羽环纽鳃樽长柄亚种高丰度分布在台湾暖流控制的水域,是台湾暖流的指示种。双尾纽鳃樽东方亚种高丰度水域,能够较为准确地反映黑潮入侵陆架水团和沿岸水交汇的位置。     

Growing-season precipitation since 1872 in the coastal area of subtropical southeast China reconstructed from tree rings and its relationship with the East Asian summer monsoon system

Tree rings from temperate zones of the world have provided abundant palaeo- ecological and paleo-hydroclimatic information. However, tree rings from subtropical to tropical regions remain relatively scarce, which greatly limit our fully understanding about the climate change issues. In the present work, tree-ring-width (TRW) measurements of Masson pine from Fujian province, the coastal area of subtropical southeast China were successfully crossdated and a TRW STD chronology was developed from 1854 to 2012. Significantly positive correlation was identified between the tree rings and April–November total precipitation (r = 0.71, p < 0.01). The reconstructed April–November precipitation exhibited two comparatively wet (1876–1886 and 1957–1962) and one comparatively dry (1986–2004) periods. An evident drying trend since 1959 was seen and it was mitigated after 1993. Most of the extreme low-precipitation years in the reconstruction were supported by the historical records. As revealed by the spatial correlation patterns, our precipitation reconstruction was also consistent with other hydroclimatic records along the coastal areas of southeast China, proving its ability to capture the large-scale hydrological signal in southeast China (mainly refers to the south of the middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River). The reconstructed precipitation showed significant correlation with the East Asian summer Monsoon (EASM) index. Moreover, it also indicated simultaneous variation with the monsoon precipitation in North China on a decadal scale, implying that growing season precipitation variations in both regions were influenced by the EASM strength. This work highlights the potential of using tree-ring width to reconstruct precipitation in subtropical southeast China, while the relevant issues about precipitation variation in this region is far from resolved.     

华东区系鼠尾草属药用植物资源

通过资料查阅和标本查证,对华东区系野生鼠尾草属种类及药用植物资源进行调查研究。结果表明,华东区系现有鼠尾草属植物29种9变种4变型,其中具有药用价值的有15种3变种2变型。同时整理了这些药用鼠尾草植物的地理分布、生境特点,并制定了植物分种检索表。     

Causal analysis of the diversity of medusae in East China Sea

Based on the maritime data collected from 23°30'-33°00' N and 118°30'-128°00' E of the East China Sea (ECS) in four seasons during 1997-2000,the dynamics of medusae diversity and their causes were ana-lyzed.A total of 103 medusae species were identified,and these species mainly distributed in the southern and north-ern offshore areas of the ECS.Species diversity index (H') of medusae was higher in the south than those in the north,higher in summer and winter than in spring and autumn,and higher in offshore than in the nearshore areas.The species number was closely correlated with H' value,whereas the abundance of species had no significant rela-tionship with the diversity index.The lower H' value of the nearshore in spring and autumn resulted from the aggrega-tion of Muggiaea atlantica in the south nearshore and Diphyes chamissonis in the north nearshore.In addition,water temperature,followed by salinity,is the main envir-onmental factor influencing the distribution of species diversity.The H' value was related to the water temperature at the 10 m layer in winter and spring,and it was associated with the surface water temperature in summer and with the 10 m-salinity-layer in autumn.In spring and summer,the isoline distribution of H' value reflected the direction of the Taiwan Warm Current and the variation of the water masses in the ECS.In winter,the isoline of the H' value indicated the incursion of Kuroshio current.In conclusion,the H' isoline is an good indicator for water masses in ECS.     

Causal analysis of the diversity of medusae in East China Sea

Based on the maritime data collected from 23°30′–33°00′ N and 118°30′–128°00′ E of the East China Sea (ECS) in four seasons during 1997–2000, the dynamics of medusae diversity and their causes were analyzed. A total of 103 medusae species were identified, and these species mainly distributed in the southern and northern offshore areas of the ECS. Species diversity index (H′) of medusae was higher in the south than those in the north, higher in summer and winter than in spring and autumn, and higher in offshore than in the nearshore areas. The species number was closely correlated with H′ value, whereas the abundance of species had no significant relationship with the diversity index. The lower H′ value of the nearshore in spring and autumn resulted from the aggregation of Muggiaea atlantica in the south nearshore and Diphyes chamissonis in the north nearshore. In addition, water temperature, followed by salinity, is the main environmental factor influencing the distribution of species diversity. The H′ value was related to the water temperature at the 10 m layer in winter and spring, and it was associated with the surface water temperature in summer and with the 10 m-salinity-layer in autumn. In spring and summer, the isoline distribution of H′ value reflected the direction of the Taiwan Warm Current and the variation of the water masses in the ECS. In winter, the isoline of the H′ value indicated the incursion of Kuroshio current. In conclusion, the H′ isoline is an good indicator for water masses in ECS. __________ Translated from Biodiversity Science, 2006, 14(6): 508–516 [译自:生物多样性]     

东海水母类多样性分布特征

根据1997–2000年东海23°30'–33°00'N、118°30'–128°00'E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,从环境因素与优势种的聚集强度等不同侧面探讨了东海水母类多样性指数(H′)的分布特征及其成因。东海4季共发现水母类103种,主要分布在东海南部和北部外海。大部分水域水母物种多样性较高,且冬夏季高于春秋季,南部高于北部,外海高于近海。分析成因如下:(1)多样性指数与物种数密切相关,但与丰度相关性不显著。优势种的聚集导致个别海区物种多样性降低。春季五角水母(Muggiaeaatlantica)在浙江近海、秋季双生水母(Diphyeschamissonis)在长江口海域聚集,导致春秋季东海近海水母类多样性指数较低。(2)水温是影响多样性指数分布的主要环境因子,盐度是次要因子。冬春季多样性指数值与10m层水温相关,夏季与表层水温相关,秋季与10m层盐度相关。(3)多样性指数的分布还受不同水团的影响。春季、夏季和冬季多样性指数(H′)等值线分布全面反映了东海海流走向和水团的变化,是分析东海水团的良好指标。     

Phylogenetic diversity of Synechococcus strains isolated from the East China Sea and the East Sea

Phylogenetic relationships among 33 Synechococcus strains isolated from the East China Sea (ECS) and the East Sea (ES) were studied based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and 16S–23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Pigment patterns of the culture strains were also examined. Based on 16S rRNA gene and ITS sequence phylogenies, the Synechococcus isolates were clustered into 10 clades, among which eight were previously identified and two were novel. Half of the culture strains belonged to clade V or VI. All strains that clustered into novel clades exhibited both phycoerythrobilin and phycourobilin. Interestingly, the pigment compositions of isolates belonging to clades V and VI differed from those reported for other oceanic regions. None of the isolates in clade V showed phycourobilin, whereas strains in clade VI exhibited both phycourobilin and phycoerythrobilin, which is in contrast to previous studies. The presence of novel lineages and the different pigment patterns in the ECS and the ES suggests the possibility that some Synechococcus lineages are distributed only in geographically restricted areas and have evolved in these regions. Therefore, further elucidation of the physiological, ecological, and genetic characteristics of the diverse Synechococcus strains is required to understand their spatial and geographical distribution.