Expression and localization of recombinant human B2 receptors in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

The human bradykinin B₂ receptor (B₂R) fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) at the C-terminal has been expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. In the expression vector, B₂R gene was driven under the highly inducible promoter of alcohol oxidase 1 gene of P. pastoris. By fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and Western blot analysis, it was proved that B₂R recombinant receptor proteins were expressed at a high level in the yeast. Furthermore, the transformants of P. pastoris were monitored with confocal microscopy, a strong green fluorescence was checked out. The recombinant B₂R receptor proteins were mainly located on the plasma membrane proved by immunofluorescence microscopy. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Expression of CB2 cannabinoid receptor in Pichia pastoris

To facilitate purification and structural characterization, the CB2 cannabinoid receptor is expressed in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The expression plasmids were constructed in which the CB2 gene is under the control of the highly inducible promoter of P. pastoris alcohol oxidase 1 gene. A c-myc epitope and a hexahistidine tag were introduced at the C-terminal of the CB2 to permit easy detection and purification. In membrane preparations of CB2 gene transformed yeast cells, Western blot analysis detected the expression of CB2 proteins. Radioligand binding assays demonstrated that the CB2 receptors expressed in P. pastoris have a pharmacological profile similar to that of the receptors expressed in mammalian systems. Furthermore, the epitope-tagged receptor was purified by metal chelating chromatography and the purified CB2 preparations were subjected to digestion by trypsin. MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry analysis of the peptides extracted from tryptic digestions detected 14 peptide fragments derived from the CB2 receptor. ESI mass spectrometry was used to sequence one of these peptide fragments, thus, further confirming the identity of the purified receptor. In conclusion, these data demonstrated for the first time that epitope-tagged, functional CB2 cannabinoid receptor can be expressed in P. pastoris for purification.     

Synthesis of the measles virus nucleoprotein in yeast Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The development of a simple, efficient and cost-effective system for generation of measles virus nucleoprotein might help to upgrade reagents for measles serology. The gene encoding measles nucleoprotein was successfully expressed in two different yeast genera, Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively. Both yeast genera synthesized a high level of nucleoprotein, up to 29 and 18% of total cell protein, in P. pastoris and S. cerevisiae, respectively. This protein is one of most abundantly expressed in yeast. After purification nucleocapsid-like particles (NLPs) derived from both yeast genera appeared to be similar to those detected in mammalian cells infected with measles virus. A spontaneous assembly of nucleoprotein into nucleocapsid-like particles in the absence of the viral leader RNA or viral proteins has been shown. Compartmentalisation of recombinant protein into large compact inclusions in the cytoplasm of yeast S. cerevisiae by green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion has been demonstrated. Sera from measles patients reacted with the recombinant protein expressed in both yeast genera and a simple diagnostic assay to detect measles IgM could be designed on this basis.     

快速筛选高效表达重组蛋白毕赤酵母菌株新方法的建立及评价

毕赤酵母是当前应用最为广泛的重组蛋白表达系统之一,文中建立了一种快速筛选高效表达重组蛋白的毕赤酵母菌株的新方法.首先,对内质网转膜蛋白Sec63融合表达增强型绿色荧光蛋白EGFP的改造菌株GS115-E表达重组蛋白的能力进行检测;之后将携带不同拷贝数的植酸酶phy基因或木聚糖酶xyn基因的质粒转化进入GS115-E中,...     

Expression and characterization of human CB1 cannabinoid receptor in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

For the purpose of purification and structural characterization, the CB1 cannabinoid receptors are expressed in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The expression plasmid was constructed in which the CB1 gene is under the control of the highly inducible promoter of P. pastoris alcohol oxidase I gene. To facilitate easy detection and purification, a FLAG tag was introduced at the N-terminal, a c-myc epitope and a hexahistidine tag were introduced at the C-terminal of the CB1. In membrane preparations of CB1 gene transformed yeast cells, Western blot analysis detected the expression of CB1 proteins. Radioligand binding assays demonstrated that the tagged CB1 receptors expressed in P. pastoris have a pharmacological profile similar to that of the untagged CB1 receptors expressed in mammalian systems. Furthermore, the tagged CB1 receptors were purified by anti-FLAG M2 affinity chromatography and the identity of the purified CB1 receptor proteins was confirmed by Western blot analysis. MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry analysis of the peptides extracted from tryptic digestions of purified CB1 preparations detected 17 peptide fragments derived from the CB1, thus further confirming the identity of the purified receptor. In conclusion, these data demonstrated for the first time that epitope tagged, functional CB1 cannabinoid receptors can be expressed in P. pastoris for purification and mass spectrometry characterization.     

来源于Escherichia coli的高比活植酸酶基因的高效表达

高效表达高比活植酸酶是进一步提高植酸酶发酵效价、降低植酸酶生产成本的一个有效途径。对源于Escherichiacoli的高比活植酸酶基因appA ,按照毕赤酵母 (Pichiapastoris)密码子的偏爱进行了密码子优化改造。该改造后的基因appA m按正确的阅读框架融合到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9上的α 因子信号肽编码序列 3′端 ,通过电击转化得到重组转化子。对重组毕赤酵母的Southernblotting分析证实植酸酶基因已整合到酵母基因组中 ,并确定了整合基因的拷贝数。Northernblotting分析证实植酸酶基因得到了正常转录。SDS PAGE分析和表达产物的研究表明 ,植酸酶得到了高效分泌表达 ,在 5L发酵罐中植酸酶蛋白表达量达到 2 5mg mL发酵液 ,酶活性 (发酵效价 )达到 7 5× 10 6 IU mL发酵液以上 ,大大高于目前报道的各种植酸酶基因工程菌株的发酵效价。     

Expression and purification of Dengue virus type 2 envelope protein as a fusion with hepatitis B surface antigen in Pichia pastoris

The methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris, has been used as a host to express the envelope protein (Den2E) of dengue type 2 virus (NGC strain) as a chimera with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg): a protein known to self assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) and to be efficiently expressed in P. pastoris. The Den2E gene used in this study is a truncated version encoding the first 395 amino acid (aa) residues of the mature Den2E protein; the HBsAg gene encodes the full length 226 aa HBsAg protein. Two in-frame gene fusions were constructed for intracellular expression in P. pastoris. The first one contains the HBsAg gene as the 5' partner and the Den2E gene as the 3'partner (HBsAg-Den2E). In the second one, the relative positions of the two partners of the gene fusion were reversed to create the hybrid Den2E-HBsAg gene. These fusion genes were integrated into the genome of P. pastoris under the control of the methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter. Of the two fusions, the Den2E-HBsAg gene was expressed at higher levels in P. pastoris based on Northern analysis. The hybrid protein ( approximately 68 kDa) expressed by this clone was purified to near homogeneity using a combination of acid precipitation, hydrophobic interaction, and immunoaffinity chromatographic steps. Final purification achieved was approximately 1400-fold with a yield of approximately 26%. The chimeric protein was found to possess the ability to assemble into high molecular weight aggregates (akin to HBsAg particles). The recombinant fusion protein eluted close to the void volume of a Sepharose CL-4B column indicating its macromolecular nature. On a CsCl density gradient the recombinant fusion protein sedimented to a position very similar to that of HBsAg VLPs. The hybrid protein is recognized by the two neutralizing monoclonals against the two components of the chimeric protein.     

Heterologous expression and comparative characterization of the human neuromedin U subtype II receptor using the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and mammalian cells

Neuromedin U (a neuropeptide) plays regulatory roles in feeding, anxiety, smooth muscle contraction, blood flow and pain. The physiological actions of NmU are mediated via two recently identified G protein-coupled receptors namely the neuromedin U type 1 receptor (NmU(1)R) and the neuromedin U type 2 receptor (NmU(2)R). Despite their crucial roles in cell physiology, structural information on these receptors is limited, mainly due to their low expression levels in native tissues. Here, we report the overexpression of the human NmU(2)R in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells using the Semliki Forest virus (SFV) system. The recombinant receptor was expressed as a fusion protein with three different affinity tags namely, the Flag tag, the histidine 10 tag and the biotinylation domain of Propionobacterium shermanii. Expression level of the recombinant receptor was 6-9pmol/mg under optimized conditions, which is significantly higher than the expression level in the native tissues. The recombinant receptor binds to its endogenous ligand neuromedin U with high affinity (Kd=0.8-1.0nM) and the binding constant for the recombinant receptor is similar to that of the wild type NmU(2)R. Enzymatic deglycosylation suggested that the recombinant NmU(2)R was glycosylated in P. pastoris, but not in BHK cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and immunogold labelling experiment revealed that the recombinant receptor was predominantly localized in the intracellular membranes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of heterologous overexpression of an affinity tagged recombinant NmU(2)R and it should facilitate further characterization of this receptor.     

在甲醇酵母Pichia pastoris胞内表达有活性的辣根过氧化物酶

为了开辟在甲醇酵母 Pichia pastoris中表达 HRP的新途径 ,将编码成熟 HRP同功酶 C基因克隆到表达载体 p PIK3.5K中 .p PIK3.5KHRP转化 GS1 1 5后 ,用 PCR筛选阳性 P.pastoris重组株 ,并用甲醇进行诱导 . Western印迹杂交分析表明目标蛋白 (约为 38k D)能被天然 HRP的多克隆抗体所识别 ,因此活性辣根过氧化物酶已在 P.pastoris胞内表达 .筛选菌株中显示了明显的过氧化物酶活性 ,同时诱导过程中血红素和 Ca Cl2 的加入对过氧化物酶的活力影响不大     

Biochemical and functional properties of the full-length cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor expressed in Pichia pastoris

A glycosylation-deficient, full-length cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CD-MPR) containing a yeast signal sequence was expressed in Pichia pastoris using the constitutive promoter of the PGAP gene. The membrane-bound receptor was solubilized using detergents and purified by pentamannosyl phosphate-agarose affinity chromatography. Equilibrium binding studies identified a binding affinity of 2 nM for the lysosomal enzyme, beta-glucuronidase. To probe the linkage specificity of the recombinant CD-MPR, inhibition binding studies were conducted using non-phosphorylated oligomannoses which demonstrated that Manalpha1,2Man exhibits a 4-fold higher inhibition than Manalpha1,3Man and Manalpha1,6Man. The receptor was capable of associating into oligomeric forms and enzymatic deglycosylation revealed the presence of high-mannose sugars at the single potential N-glycosylation site. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that the receptor was palmitoylated at the two potential cysteines in its cytoplasmic domain. In conclusion, the full-length CD-MPR produced in P. pastoris is structurally and functionally suitable for crystallization studies.     

High-level expression of Aliciclobacillus acidocaldarius thioredoxin in Pichia pastoris and Bacillus subtilis

Thioredoxins are ubiquitous proteins which catalyze the reduction of disulfide bridges on target proteins and are involved in many cellular reactions. In a previous work, a thioredoxin from the thermophilic organism Aliciclobacillus acidocaldarius (Alitrx) was purified, characterized, and its gene expressed in Escherichia coli. In order to produce larger quantities of Alitrx, the protein has been expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and in the gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis. The growth conditions of strains showing high-level expression of Alitrx were optimized for both systems in shake-flask cultures. Active proteins were secreted in the culture media at a level of approximately 0.9 and 0.5 g/l, respectively, for P. pastoris and B. subtilis. The proteins were purified almost to homogeneity by a thermal precipitation procedure, with a 90-fold and 50-fold higher total yield with respect to that obtained with the same protein expressed in E. coli. The results indicate that either of these two systems could be utilized as a host for large-scale production of recombinant Alitrx.     

High-throughput construction of expression system using yeast Pichia pastoris, and its application to membrane proteins

The well-established method for high-throughput construction of an expression system of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae uses homologous recombination between an expression plasmid and a target gene (with homologous regions of the plasmid on both ends added by PCR). This method has been widely used for membrane proteins using plasmids containing GFP, and has been successfully used to investigate the cellular localization and solubilization conditions of the proteins. Although the methanol-utilizing yeast Pichia pastoris is known as an excellent expression host, a method for high-throughput construction of an expression system like that in S. cerevisiae has not been reported. In this study, we have attempted to construct expression systems via homologous recombination in P. pastoris. The insertion of genes into a plasmid could be easily checked by colony-PCR. Expression systems for seven membrane proteins of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) and yeast (S. cerevisiae) were constructed, and the expression of proteins was analyzed by fluorescence spectra, fluorescence microscopy, and SDS-PAGE (in-gel fluorescence detection).     

HPV18晚期蛋白L1在毕赤酵母菌中的表达及鉴定

目的:用毕赤酵母胞内表达载体构建含人乳头瘤病毒18型(HPV18)L1基因质粒,诱导表达并进行鉴定。方法:按照毕赤酵母密码子偏爱性原则,合成全长L1基因,然后克隆到pAO819表达载体上,在体外分别构建含一个拷贝和二个拷贝的L1基因载体。线形化后转化到GS115酵母细胞,经G418抗性筛选,获高拷贝重组子并经甲醇诱导表达,表达产物采用化学发光Western blot鉴定,一抗为抗HPV18L1蛋白鼠抗血清。结果:在55kDa处有诱导蛋白免疫印迹出现,并在电镜下观察到HPV18的病毒样颗粒(VLPs),证明该表达系统能表达出HPV18 L1蛋白。结论:本实验构建的毕赤酵母表达菌株,可经甲醇诱导表达HPV18L1晚期蛋白,为进一步研制人乳头瘤病毒18型基因工程疫苗打下基础。     

酵母表面展示分选酶底物用于分选酶活性检测

摘要：【目的】以EGFP标签检测分选酶底物QALPETGEE在毕赤酵母表面的表达,然后将酵母表面展示的底物与分选酶相互作用以检测分选酶活性。【方法】以pcDNA-myc-his-EGFP为模板,通过PCR技术将QALPETGEE-linker-EGFP基因连接到穿梭载体pKFS上,构建QALPETGEE-linker-EGFP酵母表面展示载体后转化至毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）GS115中。重组菌经培养,利用荧光显微镜检测重组酵母的荧光强度,然后通过荧光分光光度计检测分选酶与底物相互作用后产     

人白介素2受体γ链胞外区在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达

目的:在毕赤酵母GS115中表达重组人白细胞介素2受体γ链(rhsIL-2Rγ)胞外区。方法:用RT-PCR法从正常人淋巴细胞中获得IL-2Rγ胞外区基因;构建重组质粒pPIC9K-hsIL-2Rγ,用聚乙二醇法转入感受态GS115菌株,MD平板筛选His+转化子,用BMMY培养基诱导表达rhsIL-2Rγ;对重组蛋白进行免疫酶染色、SDS-PAGE及Western印迹鉴定。结果:克隆到目的片段,构建了重组质粒pPIC9K-hsIL-2Rγ;免疫酶染色、Western印迹等结果显示,重组质粒已成功转化GS115,并获得诱导表达的rhsIL-2Rγ。结论:在毕赤酵母GS115中表达了rhsIL-2Rγ,其蛋白条带有上移现象,分子较大,可能其糖基化过度或存在二聚体。     

Simultaneous expression of an arylacetonitrilase from Pseudomonas fluorescens and a (S)-oxynitrilase from Manihot esculenta in Pichia pastoris for the synthesis of (S)-mandelic acid

The arylacetonitrilase of Pseudomonas fluorescens EBC191 catalyzes the conversion of (S)-mandelonitrile to (S)-mandelic acid and (S)-mandeloamide. This biotransformation is optimally performed under acidic pH values because (S)-mandelonitrile rapidly decomposes under neutral conditions. Therefore, the gene encoding the arylacetonitrilase of P. fluorescens EBC191 was integrated and expressed under the control of the AOX1 promoter in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris which was supposed to act as an acidotolerant expression system. These recombinant strains hydrolyzed (R,S)-mandelonitrile at pH values >or=3 to mandelic acid and mandeloamide and were more acidotolerant than previously constructed Escherichia coli whole cell catalysts synthesizing the same nitrilase activity. Subsequently, recombinant P. pastoris strains were constructed which simultaneously expressed the (S)-oxynitrilase of Manihot esculenta and the arylacetonitrilase of P. fluorescens EBC191 each under the control of individual AOX1 promoters in order to obtain a whole cell catalyst for the synthesis of (S)-mandelic acid from benzaldehyde and cyanide. Resting cells of the recombinant strains converted under acidic conditions benzaldehyde and cyanide initially to mandelonitrile which was immediately converted to mandelic acid and mandeloamide. The chiral analysis of the products formed revealed a high enantiomeric excess for the (S)-enantiomers.     

恶性疟原虫膜蛋白Pfs25在毕赤酵母中的组成型表达

目的:Pfs25蛋白是传播阻断型恶性疟疾疫苗的侯选抗原,在毕赤酵母中表达Pfs25蛋白,并对表达产物进行鉴定。方法:参照GenBank中公布的pfs25基因序列,通过毕赤酵母喜好密码子分析人工合成目的基因;采取定向克隆策略构建重组表达质粒pfs25/pGAPZαA,经BstXⅠ线性化,电转染法转化酵母菌株GS115,在Zeocin抗性的筛选培养基上获得表达目的基因的pfs25/pGAPZαA/GS115重组酵母菌,SDS-PAGE和Western印迹检测表达产物;通过在YPD培养基上传代培养和目的基因表达,验证重组菌株的遗传稳定性。结果:在毕赤酵母中表达了Pfs25蛋白,且重组菌株遗传性质稳定。结论:为研制基于Pfs25蛋白的传播阻断型恶性疟疾疫苗奠定了基础。     

Expression of glycosylated haloalkane dehalogenase LinB in Pichia pastoris

Heterologous expression of the bacterial enzyme haloalkane dehalogenase LinB from Sphingomonas paucimobilis UT26 in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris is reported. The haloalkane dehalogenase gene linB was subcloned into the pPICZalphaA vector and integrated into the genome of P. pastoris. The recombinant LinB secreted from the yeast was purified to homogeneity and biochemically characterized. The deglycosylation experiment and mass spectrometry measurements showed that the recombinant LinB expressed in P. pastoris is glycosylated with a 2.8 kDa size of high mannose core. The specific activity of the glycosylated LinB was 15.6 +/- 3.7 micromol/min/mg of protein with 1,2-dibromoethane and 1.86 +/- 0.36 micromol/min/mg of protein with 1-chlorobutane. Activity and solution structure of the protein produced in P. pastoris is comparable with that of recombinant LinB expressed in Escherichia coli. The melting temperature determined by the circular dichroism (41.7+/-0.3 degrees C for LinB expressed in P. pastoris and 41.8 +/- 0.3 degrees C expressed in E. coli) and thermal stability measured by specific activity to 1-chlorobutane were also similar for two enzymes. Our results show that LinB can be extracellularly expressed in eukaryotic cell and glycosylation had no effect on activity, protein fold and thermal stability of LinB.     

GFP工程酵母菌的构建及其对Cu2+的荧光响应

从酿酒酵母基因组DNA中克隆到金属硫蛋白启动子(PCUP1)片段,将绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因置于PCUP1的调控下,构建重组质粒pCUP9K-GFP,并通过氯化锂法转化毕赤酵母,获得工程菌株。工程菌细胞及其发酵液中可检出GFP荧光,表明PCUP1能启动外源基因GFP转录,使工程菌表达并分泌GFP。研究发现,工程菌培养液中分别加入10μmol/L的铜、铬、镉和砷离子后,铜处理组GFP荧光强度明显增加,其余三种离子对工程菌荧光强度影响不大;用铜离子诱导后,工程菌发酵上清液的荧光强度明显增强,并与铜离子浓度(0～1mmol/L)呈正相关。研究表明,该工程菌中启动子PCUP1受铜离子诱导,GFP的表达对铜离子具有剂量依赖性,在一定浓度范围内,GFP荧光强度与铜离子浓度呈正相关。     

水稻白叶枯病抗性基因Xα21和稻瘟病抗性基因Pi-d2激酶蛋白质在毕赤酵母中的表达及条件优化

[目的]白叶枯病和稻瘟病是最主要的水稻病害,Xα21是水稻白叶枯病抗性基因,Pi-d2是稻瘟病抗性基因,二者都编码类受体激酶蛋白质.本研究旨在毕赤酵母系统中表达XA21和PI-D2激酶蛋白质.[方法]用Xα21和Pi-d2的激酶区PCR产物,构建了pPICZαA-Xα21K、pPICZαA-Pi-d2K重组质粒,酶切及测序验证后,将重组质粒线性化,转化到毕赤酵母菌株中,系统地比较了不同酵母菌株(KM71、GS115、X33),不同甲醇浓度(1%、2%、3%),不同pH(pH5、pH6、pH7、pH8)值,不同诱导时间(24 h、48 h、72 h)条件下激酶蛋白质的表达情况.[结果]XA21和PI-D2激酶蛋白质可以在毕赤酵母中表达,但表达的蛋白质不能分泌到培养基上清中,而只能在菌体中检测到,对表达条件的系统比较发现,毕赤酵母菌株KM71和X33、2%的甲醇诱导浓度、pH5和48 h以上的诱导时间有利于激酶蛋白质的表达,最后我们在酵母裂解物上清中获得了纯化的考染可见的激酶蛋白质.[结论]在毕赤酵母中表达了XA21和PI-D2激酶蛋白质,为下一步生化特性研究奠定了基础.