五种迁飞蛾类及非迁飞近似种前翅形状的数值分析

以翅面正投影周缘曲率为指标,对五种蛾类迁飞昆虫及与其近似的非迁飞昆虫的前翅翅形进行数值分析。结果表明,二者之间存在可以相互区别的差异：迁飞种类前翅前缘较平直,特别是前缘1/2处到翅尖的平均曲率绝对值显著小于非迁飞种类;而后缘1/2处到翅尖的平均曲率绝对值偏大,即这段后缘较弯曲,向外凸出,使翅外侧较宽阔。这种翅形特征较适合于利用气流进行远距离迁飞     

若干蛾类翅面正投影形状聚类分析鳞翅目：缰翅亚目)

本文以翅面正投影形状的特征参数为指标,对20科71种鳞翅目蛾类昆虫进行系统聚类。结果,粘虫Mythimna separata、小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon、稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocismedinalis等迁飞昆虫集中地归于一类,表明具有远距离迁飞行为的蛾类翅面几何形状相似,存在区别于其它种类的共同特征,即前翅较窄长,翅前缘较平直,外侧宽阔。这可能是适应远距离迁飞的特征。     

若干吊飞昆虫的翅振模式及翅振频率

在吊飞状态下,8目24科50种参试昆虫的翅振模式可以分为3类7型：前动类A、B、C型、双动类D、E型、后动类F、G型、本文介绍了各类,型昆虫翅振模式的特点。昆虫翅振频率与翅形态,翅面积、身体各部分的重量等虫体结构参数有关,其中,影响较显著的是翅负载和飞行驱动器官的发达程度。相关分析表明：动力负载(单位重量的飞行驱动器官所负荷的翅面积)与翅振频率呈负相关;翅负载(单位翅面积负荷的虫体重)与翅振频率呈正相关。试虫中已证实具有典型远距离迁飞行为的蛾类翅振模式均属于前动类B型,其翅振频率、翅负载,动力负载等处于参试昆虫的中间类型。     

怎样认识小蛾类

一、基本概念 当我们用手接触蝴蝶和蛾子时,就会有一些粉状物粘在手上,这是它们身上和翅上所覆盖着的鳞片(图1)。因此,在分类上称其为鳞翅目昆虫。这类昆虫全世界大约有112,000种,其中蝶类约占10％,其余90％都是蛾类。 在蛾类中依据体形的大小又有大蛾类与小蛾类之分,但界线又不是那么清楚。例如夜蛾科属大蛾类,其     

稀有蛾类──缨翅蛾

缨翅蛾属于缨翅蛾科（Pterothysanidae）,此科隶属于锚纹蛾总科（Calliduloidea）,此总科只有缨翅蛾科及锚纹蛾科（Callidulidae）两科。总科的特征为：喙存在,缺少下颚须,触角丝状或短梯状,基部后方有毛隆;前翅M2基部接近M3,前、后翅均缺1A,后翅有或无退化的小翅缰;腹部缺鼓膜器;有日间活动习性［1］。缨翅蛾科与铺纹蛾科的区别在于：前者体型细瘦,很似尺蛾,后翅之十R;与民在中室外方接近,后缘有似缨的污白色长缘毛,而后者形似蝶,后翅S＋R;与R产中室外方远离,后缘无长毛;前翅有近似锚纹形的赤色斑。缨翅蛾主要产于…     

蛾翅数学形态特征用于夜蛾分类和鉴定的可行性研究

摘要: 为探讨蛾翅数学形态特征(MMC)在夜蛾科分类鉴定中的可行性, 本文利用数字化技术获得和处理昆虫图像, 对鳞翅目夜蛾科6种夜蛾的右前翅提取矩形度、 延长度、 叶状性、 偏心率、 球状性、 似圆度和不变矩Hu1、 Hu2等13项与大小尺度和方向均无关的数学形态特征, 并利用方差分析、 逐步判别分析和聚类分析等方法研究了各项数学形态特征在昆虫分类上作为分类特征的可行性、 可靠性和重要性, 并且从数学形态学角度对夜蛾科6个种的亲缘关系进行了分析。分析结果认为矩形度和延长度2个形态特征对这6种夜蛾的分类鉴定没有显著意义, 从而筛选出11个形态特征作为分类变量, 它们的作用大小依次为： （偏心率、 Hu5、 Hu7）＞Hu2＞似圆度＞球状性＞Hu3＞（叶状性、 Hu1、 Hu6）＞Hu4。利用蛾翅的这些特征参数成功地实现了对夜蛾科6种夜蛾的分类鉴定, 基于这些特征参数的6种夜蛾的亲缘关系远近与基于传统形态学的系统进化观点相同。研究表明蛾翅数学形态特征可应用于蛾类昆虫的快速鉴定, 为未来逐步实现蛾类昆虫的自动识别奠定了基础。     

蛾蛉类昆虫化石研究进展

蛾蛉类昆虫是脉翅目中化石记录最完整的的类群之一,现生类群蛾蛉、美蛉和山蛉统称为蛾蛉科,但是现生类群与化石类群分类标准的不一致性,为蛾蛉类昆虫化石研究带来较大的困难。本文统计了世界已发现的蛾蛉类昆虫化石属种名录,介绍了蛾蛉类昆虫化石研究历史、地质年代及地理分布、系统发育研究进程,并提出了现今有待解决的问题以及对未来研究的展望。     

粉蝶

正粉蝶科的蝴蝶是中等大小的蝶类,翅型圆润或顶角尖锐。多数种类的翅膀表面如被粉状,粉蝶因而得名。全球已知1 200多种,中国已有记录140多种。色彩淡雅,一般为白、黄为基调,并常有黑色或红色斑纹。粉蝶科的成员属于完全变态类昆虫。卵炮弹形、纺锤形或宝塔形,长而直立,上端较细。幼虫圆柱形,细长,多为绿色或黄色。蛹为缢蛹,纺锤形,多棱角,多在寄主     

广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山昆虫名录(Ⅳ)

本文报道广东南岭国家级自然保护区大东山管理站所辖林区广翅目1科2属2种、脉翅目3科8属10种、长翅目1科1属1种、鳞翅目(蛾类)27科213属299种的昆虫名录.     

弄蝶

正弄蝶科是一类中小型蝴蝶,是蝴蝶在形态和生物学上较为独特的类群,和蛾类相接近。全球已知3 500多种,中国已有280多种。其飞行迅速且带跳跃,所以欧洲人称弄蝶为Skippers,即跳跃者。成虫色泽暗淡,多为暗黑色或褐色,翅面斑纹单一。翅形窄尖,身躯粗短,形态独特,行为与习性更是与众不同。大多数种类存在种间表型趋同和种内形态变异的现象,是目前蝶类     

ANALYSIS OF WING‐SHAPE CHARACTERITICS OF MIGRATORY LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS*

Abstract Morphological characteristics of the forewings of 42 species of moths and 31 species of butterflies were comparatively analyzed with special reference to their migration ability. The curvature values of costal margin of the forewings revealed that the migratory moths and butterflies have relatively narrower forewings with straighter costal margin as compared with respective non‐migratory species. The posterior area of forewings was wider in the migratory moths and narrower in the migratory butterflies than that of respective non‐migratory species.     

The frequency of wing damage in a migrating butterfly

The ability to fly is crucial for migratory insects. Consequently, the accumulation of damage on the wings over time can affect survival, especially for species that travel long distances. We examined the frequency of irreversible wing damage in the migratory butterfly Vanessa cardui to explore the effect of wing structure on wing damage frequency, as well as the mechanisms that might mitigate wing damage. An exceptionally high migration rate driven by high precipitation levels in their larval habitats in the winter of 2018–2019 provided us with an excellent opportunity to collect data on the frequency of naturally occurring wing damage associated with long-distance flights. Digital images of 135 individuals of V. cardui were collected and analyzed in Germany. The results show that the hindwings experienced a greater frequency of damage than the forewings. Moreover, forewings experienced more severe damage on the lateral margin, whereas hindwings experienced more damage on the trailing margin. The frequency of wing margin damage was higher in the painted lady butterfly than in the migrating monarch butterfly and in the butterfly Pontia occidentalis following artificially induced wing collisions. The results of this study could be used in future comparative studies of patterns of wing damage in butterflies and other insects. Additional studies are needed to clarify whether the strategies for coping with wing damage differ between migratory and nonmigratory species.     

POPULATIONS OF MONARCH BUTTERFLIES WITH DIFFERENT MIGRATORY BEHAVIORS SHOW DIVERGENCE IN WING MORPHOLOGY

The demands of long‐distance flight represent an important evolutionary force operating on the traits of migratory species. Monarchs are widespread butterflies known for their annual migrations in North America. We examined divergence in wing morphology among migratory monarchs from eastern and western N. America, and nonmigratory monarchs in S. Florida, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, and Hawaii. For the three N. American populations, we also examined monarchs reared in four common environment experiments. We used image analysis to measure multiple traits including forewing area and aspect ratio; for laboratory‐reared monarchs we also quantified body area and wing loading. Results showed wild monarchs from all nonmigratory populations were smaller than those from migratory populations. Wild and captive‐reared eastern monarchs had the largest and most elongated forewings, whereas monarchs from Puerto Rico and Costa Rica had the smallest and roundest forewings. Eastern monarchs also had the largest bodies and high measures of wing loading, whereas western and S. Florida monarchs had less elongated forewings and smaller bodies. Among captive‐reared butterflies, family‐level effects provided evidence that genetic factors contributed to variation in wing traits. Collectively, these results support evolutionary responses to long‐distance flight in monarchs, with implications for the conservation of phenotypically distinct wild populations.     

Carpenter moths (Lepidoptera,Cossidae) of the Altai Mountain Range

An annotated species list of carpenter moths (Lepidoptera, Cossidae) of the Altai Mountain Range is presented. It includes 26 species from 3 subfamilies. Two species are new to science: Semagystia tarbagataica Yakovlev, sp. n. and Dyspessa saissanica Yakovlev, sp. n. The former differs from the other species of the genus (except Semagystia enigma Yakovlev, 2007 from southeastern Turkey whose wing pattern is totally reduced) in the absence of wing pattern; a specific clavate shape of the process on the costal margin of valve is also its important diagnostic character. Dyspessa saissanica Yakovlev, sp. n. belongs to the well-revised Dyspessa salicicola (Eversmann, 1848) species group (Yakovlev, 2005); the closest species is D. salicicola, which also has elongate processes of the pectinate antennae and a weakly developed ridge on the costal marginof valve. The newly described species is different in having a poorly developed dark pattern on the forewings, very broad bases of the processes of the transtilla, a thinner base of the aedeagus, and thinner lateral processes of the juxta. In conclusion, the carpenter moth fauna of the Altai Mountains is briefly analyzed.     

Spatial Distribution of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and Moths (Lepidoptera) in the Mrtvý Luh Bog, Šumava Mts (Central Europe): A Test of Habitat Island Community

Spatial distribution of ground beetles and moths in the isolated Central European Mrtvy luh bog was analyzed. The most stenotopic tyrphobiontic species (relicts restricted to the peat bog) of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and moths (Lepidoptera) are distributed according to a distinct ecological gradient between the bog margin (lagg) and the bog centre. The degree of habitat preference between the bog margin and centre is taxonomically specific and significant. A list of stenotopic species of high conservation value is given. Several tyrphobiontic species occur in the treeless bog centre only. The tyrphophilous and tyrphoneutral species are distributed in the peat bog mostly randomly, some of such species prefer bog margins. The migratory highly opportunistic moths from habitats outside the bog usually cross the treeless centre. Most of the ubiquitous tyrphoneutral and migratory moths represent the faunal component, which is a very temporary phenomenon only, not associated with the peat bog permanently. The conservation of insect biodiversity associated with isolated peat bogs depends on complete preservation of the edaphic ecological conditions of the fragile paleorefugial habitat island and its spatial structure.     

Relative contributions of local and regional factors to species richness and total density of butterflies and moths in semi-natural grasslands

Metapopulation theory predicts that species richness and total population density of habitat specialists increase with increasing area and regional connectivity of the habitat. To test these predictions, we examined the relative contributions of habitat patch area, connectivity of the regional habitat network and local habitat quality to species richness and total density of butterflies and day-active moths inhabiting semi-natural grasslands. We studied butterflies and moths in 48 replicate landscapes situated in southwest Finland, including a focal patch and the surrounding network of other semi-natural grasslands within a radius of 1.5 km from the focal patch. By applying the method of hierarchical partitioning, which can distinguish between independent and joint contributions of individual explanatory variables, we observed that variables of the local habitat quality (e.g. mean vegetation height and nectar plant abundance) generally showed the highest independent effect on species richness and total density of butterflies and moths. Habitat area did not show a significant independent contribution to species richness and total density of butterflies and moths. The effect of habitat connectivity was observed only for total density of the declining butterflies and moths. These observations indicate that the local habitat quality is of foremost importance in explaining variation in species richness and total density of butterflies and moths. In addition, declining butterflies and moths have larger populations in well-connected networks of semi-natural grasslands. Our results suggest that, while it is crucial to maintain high-quality habitats by management, with limited resources it would be appropriate to concentrate grassland management and restoration to areas with well-connected grassland networks in which the declining species currently have their strongest populations. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Are butterflies and moths suitable ecological indicator systems for restoration measures of semi-natural calcareous grassland habitats?

The selection of suitable ecological indicator groups is of great importance for environmental assessments. To test and compare two such groups, we performed transect walks of butterflies and light traps of moths at eight sample localities in the Carinthian Alps. All of them were conducted with identical methods in the years 2002 and 2004 allowing the evaluation of the response on the conservation measures performed on five of the eight sites in late 2002. We recorded a total of 2346 butterflies (including Zygaenidae and Sesiidae) representing 83 species and 7025 moths of 534 species. 150 of these species were listed in the Red Data Book of Carinthia. In general, butterflies increased from 2002 to 2004 while moths declined. The highest increase rates of butterflies were obtained for the numbers of individuals of calcareous grassland specialists at the conservation sites, while their numbers were unchanged at the control sites. Similar trend differences between conservation and control sites were obtained for the Red Data Book butterfly species. On the contrary, the development of moth individuals was more positive at the control than the conservation sites for calcareous grassland specialists (only macro-moths) and species of the Red Data Book. However, change rates of species numbers were positively correlated between butterflies and moths. Principal Component Analysis revealed strong differences between the different sites, but mostly consistent results for butterflies and moths; however, stronger differences between years were only detected for some of the conservation sites for the butterfly communities. Our results show that butterflies as well as moths are suitable ecological indicator groups, but they do not yield identical results. Thus, butterflies are more suitable for the analysis of open habitats, whereas moths are suitable for open and forested habitats as well. Furthermore, butterflies might be a more sensitive indicator group than moths for the short-term detection of conservation measures, especially for the restoration of open habitat types.