褐飞虱、白背飞虱的种内和种间效应

在室内条件下研究了褐飞虱,白背飞虱在3种类型水稻稻苗上的种内密度效应和种间互作效应,结果表明：在6－24头／盆若虫和2－6对／盆成虫的接虫密度范围内,褐飞虱,白背飞虱的种内密度效应均较弱,其中尤以褐飞虱的种内密度效应更弱,种内密度效应与水稻品种有关,在秀水11和协优9308上,白背飞虱的种内密度效应相对较强;褐飞虱在浙852和协优9308上表现一定的密度效应;褐飞虱和白背飞虱共存时种间在互利关系,其中尤以对白背飞虱有利,主要表现为两种飞虱的若虫存活率,成虫短翅率,单雌每天产卵量和后代虫孵化率在混合饲养时比一种飞虱单独饲养时均有不同程度的提高。     

珍稀濒危植物梓叶槭种群径级结构与种内种间竞争关系

该研究对四川省珍稀濒危植物梓叶槭(Acer catalpifolium)种群的主要分布区进行调查,分析梓叶槭种群径级结构与种内和种间的竞争关系,探讨竞争强度与径级和距离之间的关系。结果表明:(1)梓叶槭胸径与树高之间存在显著的幂函数关系;种群径级结构呈正态分布,中小径级树木较多,高径级树木较少。(2)梓叶槭种内和种间竞争强度分别占总竞争强度(222.87)的15.16%和84.84%,说明竞争主要来自种间。(3)梓叶槭与主要伴生种之间的竞争强度大小依次为柳杉桢楠白栎刺楸灯台树桦木杉木厚朴光皮桦;对象木和竞争木距离与竞争指数之间较好地服从指数函数关系,当对象木与竞争木距离小于1m时,竞争指数可达到5.5,随着距离逐渐增加,其竞争指数相应降低,并最终趋于平缓。(4)竞争强度随对象木胸径的增大而减小,当对象木胸径小于20cm时,受到的竞争压力最大,竞争指数最大的分别是梓叶槭与整个林分(234.98)以及梓叶槭与种间(184.01);当对象木胸径小于10cm时,竞争指数均可以达到18;当对象木胸径大于20cm时,竞争强度变化很小且竞争指数较低;竞争强度与对象木胸径服从幂函数关系(CI=AD-B)。(5)模型预测结果表明,随着梓叶槭胸径的增加,竞争指数均越来越小,竞争强度呈降低趋势;当梓叶槭胸径为0~5cm时,梓叶槭与整个林分受到的竞争强度最大,竞争指数为7.14,占总竞争强度的50%;当胸径大于20cm时,竞争指数变化不大;该模型能很好的预测梓叶槭种内和种间竞争强度。     

天然东北红豆杉(Taxus cuspidata)种内和种间竞争

竞争是植物种内和种间关系的主要形式之一。通过对黑龙江穆棱东北红豆杉自然保护区的95株东北红豆杉对象木及980株竞争木的调查,运用Hegyi的单木竞争指数计算分析了东北红豆杉的种内和种间竞争强度。东北红豆杉的种内竞争强度不大,占总竞争的4%。竞争压力更多的来自于种间竞争,占总竞争的96%。与东北红豆杉竞争激烈的树种主要是冷杉、紫椴、色木槭和红松等地带性植被的优势种。随着东北红豆杉胸径的增大,所受到的竞争压力逐渐减小,胸径在20cm以前所受到的竞争压力最大,竞争强度与对象木胸径符合幂函数（CI=AD^-B）关系。     

天柱山黄山松种内与种间竞争的研究

采用改进的竞争指数模型研究安徽天柱山黄山松的种内和种间竞争强度。结果发现:(1)随对象木胸径的增大,黄山松种群因自然稀疏过程中密度调节作用,植株距离增加,种内竞争强度降低;(2)黄山松群落内其它物种虽然较多,但个体普遍较小,结果种间竞争相对较弱,种内与种间竞争关系顺序为:黄山松—黄山松>杉木—黄山松>枹栎—黄山松>其它树种—黄山松;(3)竞争强度和对象木胸径的关系服从幂函数关系(CI=AD-B),当黄山松胸径达到20cm以上时,竞争强度变化不大,所得的预测模型能很好地预测黄山松种内和种间的竞争强度;(4)改进的竞争指数模型能很好地度量黄山松的种内和种间竞争强度,改进的确定邻体范围的方法能有效地确定黄山松的竞争范围。     

元宝山冷杉群落种内与种间竞争的数量关系

元宝山冷杉 (AbiesyuanbaoshanensisY .J .LuetL .K .Fu)特产广西 ,是种群数量极少的濒危物种。根据调查资料 ,采用Hegyi提出的单木竞争指数模型CI=∑Nj=1 (Dj/Di)·1Lij对元宝山冷杉群落的种间、种内竞争强度进行定量分析。结果表明 :元宝山冷杉种内竞争较之与其伴生树种间的竞争剧烈 ;竞争木对对象木的竞争强度与对象木的胸高直径服从幂函数关系CI=ADB,竞争强度随对象木个体的增大而减小。当元宝山冷杉胸高直径达到 35～ 40cm后 ,竞争强度变化不明显。利用模型预测了元宝山冷杉种内和种间的竞争强度     

濒危植物七子花种内与种间竞争的数量关系

七子花为国家2 级重点保护植物, 现野生资源极少。利用Hegyi 单木竞争指数模型对分布在浙江天台山的七子花种群的种内、种间竞争关系进行定量分析。结果表明:七子花种内竞争强度随着林木径级的增大而逐渐减小, 种内竞争较之与其伴生树种间的竞争剧烈。七子花种内、种间竞争强度大小顺序为:种内 > 苦枥木 > 红脉钓樟 > 青钱柳 > 青榨槭 > 暖木 > 细齿绸李 > 柳杉 > 赤杨叶。竞争强度与对象木的胸径大小服从幂函数关系, 利用模型可预测七子花种内、种间的竞争强度, 从预测结果可知当七子花的胸径达到20 cm 后, 竞争强度变得很小, 且变化幅度不大。     

桃蚜、萝卜蚜的种内密度和种间竞争效应

在温室内不同密度条件下,研究了桃蚜和萝卜蚜在甘蓝上的种内密度效应和种间竞争作用。结果表明：单独饲养时,在5头／株和10头／株密度下,两种蚜虫种内密度效应均较弱;而在15头／株时,桃蚜和萝卜蚜的寿命和产蚜量都随之显降低,说明当两种蚜虫达到一定的拥挤程度时,种内密度对种群均产生一定的负效应。两种蚜虫共存时,单头产蚜量均比单独饲养时显下降,种问竞争作用明显。在10、15头／株密度下,桃蚜的竞争作用大于萝卜蚜,萝卜蚜的寿命和单头产蚜量都极显低于桃蚜。     

草地贪夜蛾与甜菜夜蛾种内和种间的竞争行为

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(Smith)和甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)是我国重要的农作物害虫,存在很多共同的寄主植物。为明确草地贪夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾的竞争关系,本文在食物充足和食物缺乏条件下,研究了草地贪夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾种内和种间竞争行为;研究了不同初始种群密度草地贪夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾初孵幼虫在相同生态位的种群竞争行为。结果表明：无食物条件下,扭动行为是草地贪夜蛾种内竞争最主要的行为表现,其中3龄与5龄幼虫组合扭动行为出现次数最多,为8.57±0.49次/30 min。与无食物处理相比,有食物处理下草地贪夜蛾攻防行为次数较少。种间竞争中,在无食物条件下二者攻击行为主要表现为头部接触,防御主要表现为扭动行为,其中草地贪夜蛾4龄幼虫与甜菜夜蛾5龄幼虫竞争时头部接触和扭动行为最频繁,分别出现5.03±2.43次/30 min和18.47±5.92次/30 min。此外,同一龄期的草地贪夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾种间竞争中,草地贪夜蛾存活率更高;不同龄期两者竞争时,龄期相对较高的幼虫存活率更高,且有食物时两者存活率均高于无食物处理。种群竞争的室内模拟研究中,草...     

二十种螽斯上颚与下颚内颚叶的形态(直翅目,螽斯科)

研究了20种中国植食性螽斯的上颚与下颚内颚叶,结果表明,上颚粗壮,切齿较短,边缘锋利,种间形态差异较显著;臼齿部不规则,凹凸明显.下颚内颚叶均具2枚内颚叶齿,颚叶齿突较长,形态相似,推测下颚内颚叶不直接参与切割和研磨食物,主要起辅助性作用.     

褐飞虱与灰飞虱间接种内和种间效应的比较研究

为了明确褐飞虱Nilaparva talugens(Stl)与灰飞虱Laodelphgax striatellus(Fallén)经寄主植物而诱导引起的间接种间效应,在人工气候室内以健康植株为对照,研究了2种飞虱在事先分别经一种稻飞虱危害的汕优63和秀水11上的表现,比较由同种或异种诱导的间接种内和种间效应对该2种稻飞虱主要生物学参数的影响,结果表明在每2株稻苗接20头高龄单一种飞虱若虫危害2d的条件下,褐飞虱存在一定的间接种内竞争,主要表现为在事先由同种危害的寄主上若虫存活率显著下降,但未发现灰飞虱对褐飞虱的正面或负面的间接种间效应。但是,在试验条件下灰飞虱并不存在间接种内竞争,而存在着显著的褐飞虱对灰飞虱诱导的间接种间促进作用,主要表现为在事先经褐飞虱取食危害的寄主植物上灰飞虱若虫的历期缩短、存活率提高、雌成虫寿命延长、每雌产卵量增加。同时,褐飞虱对灰飞虱所表现的间接诱导种间促进效应与寄主品种有显著互作关系,在中抗灰飞虱的汕优63品种上,间接诱导种间促进效应较在感灰飞虱品种秀水10上更为明显。本文对稻飞虱间接诱导种内和种间效应的机制和进化意义进行了讨论。     

COMPARISON OF INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION BETWEEN ERUPTIVE AND LATENT AUCHENORRHYCHA (HOMOPTERA) SPECIES ON RICE: SOGATELLA FURCIFERA (DELPHACIDAE) VERSUS RECILIA DORSALIS (DELTOCEPHALIDAE)*

Abstract A comparison of the effects of intraspecific competition between the white‐backed planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) and the zigzag leaihopper (ZLH) Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky), as representatives of eruptive and latent Auchenorrhycha (Homoptera) species on rice, was carried out in the laboratory. Crowding during the nymphal stage extended the duration of development of WBPH but not of ZLH. The nymphal survival rate of WBPH, sex ratio, preoviposition period and fecundity of both species were however not affected. The brachypterous percentage of WBPH and nymphal survival of ZLH were significantly reduced under high nymphal density. Crowding during the adult stage reduced fecundity and longevity significantly of both species. Fecundity and longevity were further reduced when combined with high densities during the nymphal stage. Age‐specific life table analysis showed that the integrated effect of crowding on ZLH is stronger than on WBPH. The mechanism of eruptive and latent species' response to crowding during nymph and adult stages is not clearly expressed as a significant difference in fecundity. It is better described as the variation in the intrinsic rate of increase (r_m). Therefore the construction of an age‐specific life table is helpful, and perhaps necessary, to understand these effects. The results showed that the main ecological characteristics of ZLH, as a latent species were its longer immature period, lower total fecundity and decreased and retailed rate of oviposition, hence the lower r_m, as compared with WBPH.     

白背飞虱对不同抗虫性稻株糖类物质的利用

本文通过对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifeta Horvath在不同苗龄抗虫品种Rathu Hee nati(简称RHT)和感虫品种Taichung Native 1(简称TNl)稻株上的取食反应,对摄入食物中糖类的利用和体内葡糖苷酶的活性变化,以及对稻株含糖量的分析,初步探讨了白背飞虱对稻株糖类物质的利用。白背飞虱在抗虫、感虫品种上的取食均随稻株苗龄的增长而降低,沮不管品种的抗虫性如何,稻株内的总糖量却随稻株苗龄的增加而上升。高效液相色谱分析飞虱分泌的蜜露结果表明,在RHT上分泌的蜜露里,蔗糖和果糖的含量明显地低于在TNI上分泌的。由此推测白背飞虱从RHT稻株韧皮部中吸食的汁液较从TNI中的少,但利用率高。取食RHT后的白背飞虱,体内的葡糖苷酶活性明显地较取食TNl后的低,并与飞虱体重的变化呈正相关。在白背飞虱体内可能存在着两种独立的、可控制食物的摄入及摄入食物的消化和吸收的机制。     

STUDIES ON CULTIVAR-INDUCED CHANGES IN INSECTICIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ITS RELATED ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF THE WHITE BACKED PLANTHOPPER, SOGATELLA FURCZFERA (HORVÁTH) (HOMOPTERA:DELPHACIDAE)

Abstract  The susceptibility of Sogatella furcifera female adults on N22 to malathion increased as feeding time prolonged, while the day change of susceptibility to isoprocarb showed a inverse tendency. The activities of esterase and carboxylesterase were induced significantly after on N22 for one day, and then declined. The non-susceptible level of adults to insecticides and enzyme activities seemed to be heightened after feeding on ASD7, a variety resistant to Nilaparvata lugens . The total phenol content in rice leaf sheath was the highest in N22, and could be regaded as one of the factors, which caused chages in susceptibility of S. furicfera to insecticide after feeding different rice varieties. It was recommended that suitable insecticides and planthopper resistant varieties should be coordinately used in practice 90 that they contribute more effects respectively.     

褐飞虱、白背飞虱种间、种内密度制约效应研究

以高感品种TN1为材料．研究了褐飞虱、白背飞虱成、若虫密度对种群的制约效应。实验表明,单虫种一龄善虫密度15头／株和30头／株相比．褐飞虱成虫的羽化率、短翘率、体长和若虫历期均无明显差异,但成虫雌性比率前高;白背飞虱成虫羽化率前比后高21．22％．短翘率高15.25％。在两种飞虱一龄若虫密度30、45、60头／株等虫量混合组配下,褐飞虱成虫羽化率60头／株比30头／株下降28％,白背飞虱若虫历期以30头／株最长。在总虫量为30头／株时,种内(30头／株)和种间(15：15头／株)比．白背飞虱种内处理成虫羽化率高36．83％．昔虫历期短;褐飞虱以种内处理成虫短翘率高。从产卵位点来看．褐飞虱喜产在稻株叶鞘中下部厚肉组织上,白背飞虱以叶脉基部产卵为主．成虫密度2、4、8对／株3处理,其叶鞘、叶脉上的平均卵块变小;10天内的平均卵量亦减步。同密度下,种间组合比种内组合的产卵量多。从各指标对密度反应来看,褐飞虱比白背飞虱更耐拥挤。     

凹距族飞虱一新属一新种(同翅目:飞虱科)

本文记述飞虱科凹距族１新属,脊额飞虱属Ｃａｒｉｎｏｆｒｏｎｓ Ｃｈｅｎ ｅｔ Ｌｉ,ｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．,１新种,斑翅脊额飞虱Ｃ．ｍａｃｕｌａｔｉｐｅｎｎｉｓ Ｃｈｅｎ ｅｔ Ｌｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于贵州大学昆虫研究所。     

拟爪绵蚜新属及三新种记述 (同翅目:蚜总科:瘿绵蚜科)

该文记述了瘿绵蚜科一新属拟爪绵蚜属ＳｉｃｉｕｎｇｕｉｓＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．和这个属的二个新种,即十绵蚜Ｓ．ｄｅｃｉｍａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,九绵蚜Ｓ．ｎｏｖｅｎａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＨｕ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,另外还记述了爪绵蚜属ＡｐｈｉｄｏｕｎｇｕｉｓＴａｋａｈａｓｈｉ,１９６３一个新种,苹果根爪绵蚜Ａ．ｐｏｍｉｒａｄｉｃｏｌａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＨｕ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,模式标本存放在中国科学院动物研究所．拟爪绵蚜新属ＳｉｃｉｕｎｇｕｉｓＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．模式种：十绵蚜ＳｉｃｉｕｎｇｕｉｓｄｅｃｉｍａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．本新属与爪绵蚜属ＡｐｈｉｄｏｕｎｇｕｉｓＴａｋａｈａｓｈｉ,１９６３和绵蚜属ＥｒｉｏｓｏｍａＬｅａｃｈ,１８１８有较近的亲缘关系,不同在于：有翅孤雌蚜腹管位于腹部背片Ⅵ,隆起,周围有毛环绕（前者：位于背片Ⅵ,不隆起,无毛环绕;后者：位于背片Ⅴ,隆起,有毛环绕）;触角稍长,至少为体长０．３５,具有线形次生感觉圈;后者：稍长,至少为体长０．４０,具有环形次生感觉圈）。十绵蚜ＳｉｃｉｕｎｇｕｉｓｄｅｃｉｍａＺｈａｎｇｅｔＱｉａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ     

角瘿绵蚜属的研究及新亚属新种记述(同翅目:瘿绵蚜科)(英语)

本文描述了角瘿绵蚜叶瘿亚属Selibaizongia subg.nov.和卵角瘿绵蚜新种Baizongia(S.)ovagallasp.nov.及多感角瘿绵蚜新种Baizongia(S.)sensucopia sp.nov,并建议重新恢复印度角瘿绵蚜B.aedificator(Buckton,1893)的独立种地位.模式标本存中国科学院动物研究所.     

中国福建省瘿绵蚜科和大蚜科一新纪录属和三新种（同翅目：蚜总科）

作者在整理福建省蚜虫标本时,发现瘿绵蚜科中国１新纪录属和３新种。模式标本均保存在中国科学院动物研究所昆虫标本馆。     

中国伪卷绵蚜属研究及新亚属新种新亚种记述

本文通过对中国伪卷绵蚜属的研究,发现1新亚属,即卵伪卷绵亚属Oothecabius;7新种,即北京伪卷绵蚜Thecabius(Thecabius)bei jingensis Zhang, sp. nov. ;吸杨伪卷绵蚜T. (T. )populisuctus Zhang, sp. nov. ;短毛伪卷绵蚜T.(Oothecabius)brach ychaetus Zhang, sp. nov. ;南京伪卷绵蚜T. (O. )nan jingensis Zhang, sp. nov, ;次生伪卷绵蚜T. (O. )sequelus Zhang, sp. nov. ;峨眉伪卷绵蚜T. (Parathecabius)emeianus Zhang, Sp. nov. ;钟伪卷绵蚜T. (P. )Zhongi Zhang, sp. nov. 。1新亚种,即东方伪卷绵蚜岷亚种T. (T. )orientalis minensis Zhang, ssp. nov. 。对该属与近缘属之间的系统演化关系进行了研究,并且给出亚属及种的检索表。模式标本存放在中国科学院动物研究所标本馆。     

TESTING THE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED PCO2 ON COCCOLITHOPHORES (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE): COMPARISON BETWEEN HAPLOID AND DIPLOID LIFE STAGES1

The response of Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) W. W. Hay et H. Mohler, Calcidiscus leptoporus (G. Murray et V. H. Blackman) J. Schiller, and Syracosphaera pulchra Lohmann to elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) was investigated in batch cultures. We reported on the response of both haploid and diploid life stages of these three species. Growth rate, cell size, particulate inorganic carbon (PIC), and particulate organic carbon (POC) of both life stages were measured at two different pCO₂ (400 and 760 parts per million [ppm]), and their organic and inorganic carbon production were calculated. The two life stages within the same species generally exhibited a similar response to elevated pCO₂, the response of the haploid stage being often more pronounced than that of the diploid stage. The growth rate was consistently higher at elevated pCO₂, but the response of other processes varied among species. Calcification rate of C. leptoporus and of S. pulchra did not change at elevated pCO₂, whereas it increased in E. huxleyi. POC production and cell size of both life stages of S. pulchra and of the haploid stage of E. huxleyi markedly decreased at elevated pCO₂. It remained unaltered in the diploid stage of E. huxleyi and C. leptoporus and increased in the haploid stage of the latter. The PIC:POC ratio increased in E. huxleyi and was constant in C. leptoporus and S. pulchra. Elevated pCO₂ has a significant effect on these three coccolithophore species, the haploid stage being more sensitive. This effect must be taken into account when predicting the fate of coccolithophores in the future ocean.