捕食性天敌昆虫控害作用定量评价方法

天敌昆虫田间捕食作用与能力的研究,通常采用田间种群数量调查与分析的方法或笼罩试验来评价其控制作用,但往往与实际情况不符,尤其是对可捕食多种猎物的非专食性天敌,很难说明其在田间对某一特定猎物的控制作用究竟有多大,而分子生物学技术为捕食者-猎物关系评价研究提供了新途径。本文系统介绍了基于种特异性SS-PCR标记技术和TaqMan-MGB实时荧光定量PCR技术的捕食性天敌控害作用定量评价方法及其优缺点,旨在为害虫天敌的种类筛选及其保护利用提供技术指导。     

基于CNKI分析的我国农田捕食性昆虫资源与应用

【目的】了解我国农田捕食性昆虫资源与应用研究态势。【方法】应用文献计量学方法,分析中国知网(CNKI)收录的全部年代的我国农田捕食性昆虫的中文文献。【结果】提取到544篇与农田捕食性昆虫相关文献及包含在这些文献中的1 747条关键信息词,研究内容主要包括以下5个方面:农田节肢动物群落与捕食性优势种;农田重要捕食者;捕食作用、食物网关系与生态服务价值评价;人工繁育、人工饲料与天敌释放应用;主要农作物的重要害虫种群及其综合管理。水稻与棉花生态系统及其中的捕食昆虫与害虫被重点关注。异色瓢虫Harmoniaaxyridis、七星瓢虫Coccinellaseptempunctata、龟纹瓢虫Propyleajaponica、黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinuslividipennis、青翅蚁形隐翅虫Paederusfuscipes、稻红瓢虫Micraspisdiscolor、尖钩宽黾蝽Microveliahorvathi等是农田中的优势性捕食性昆虫。【结论】在我国主要农田生态系统中,存在着丰富的捕食性昆虫资源,它们扮演着农作物害虫天敌的角色,实现对农作物害虫的生物防治或自然控制。建议加强对重要害虫种群发生机制研究,促进有利于天敌生存、保存的条件与方法研究,提高天敌的生态防控效能。     

有机肥对稻田节肢动物群落的影响及其Top-down效应

【目的】探索稻田施用有机肥对稻田节肢动物群落、捕食性天敌与水稻害虫的影响,是否会引起水稻重要害虫发生风险。【方法】2017-2018年连续2年种植单季稻,在稻田中施用有机肥(Rice paddy field used organic manure,RPOM),以常规施用化肥稻田(Rice paddy field used chemical fertilizer,RPCF)为对照,调查RPOM与RPCF的土壤肥力、稻田水生昆虫、捕食性天敌总体、稻田蜘蛛、稻田捕食性昆虫(地上部分)、水稻害虫及捕食性天敌的补偿猎物等功能团的发生时间动态与相关性,计算物种益害比与个体数量益害比。【结果】土壤中的碱解氮、有效磷、全磷、全钾的含量为RPOM显著高于RPCF(P0.05),全氮与有机质含量RPOM极显著高于RPCF(P0.01)。RPCF中水生昆虫的个体数量明显低于RPOM。摇蚊与弹尾虫的总个体数量RPOM与RPCF没有显著差异。2017年在RPOM中采集到水稻害虫17种,887头;在RPCF中采集到水稻害虫18种,917头,群落相似系数0.86。2018年在RPOM中采集到水稻害虫13种,1 226头,在RPCF中采集到水稻害虫15种,2 035头,群落相似系数0.71。RPCF的害虫个体数量显著高于RPOM。2017年在RPOM中采集到捕食性天敌41种,总个体数量1316头,在RPCF中采集到捕食性天敌31种,总个体数量989头,群落相似性0.83,Bray-Curtis距离为0.15。2018年在RPOM稻田中采集到捕食性天敌41种,总个体数量1 537头,在RPCF稻田中采集到捕食性天敌36种,总个体数量1 031头,群落相似性0.78,Bray-Curtis距离为0.31。连续2年捕食性天敌的物种丰富度为RPOM明显高于RPCF,且在2018年差异极显著(P0.01),个体数量RPOM显著高于RPCF(P0.05)。个体数量益害比值,2017年RPOM为1.86, RPCF为1.09,RPOM明显高于RPCF,但无显著差异(P0.05);2018年RPOM为1.64,RPCF为0.62,RPOM显著高于RPCF(P0.05)。【结论】复合微生物菌肥明显提高稻田土壤肥力;对捕食性天敌补偿猎物的个体数量没有明显影响;降低水稻害虫功能团的个体数量,显示了以土壤肥力为驱动的自下而上(Bottom-up)效应;显著提高捕食性天敌物种丰富度与个体数量,显著提高个体数量益害比,显示了自上而下(Top-down)效应。同时表明施用有机肥可预期捕食性天敌生态控害效能明显增强。     

害虫的生物防除

昆虫天敌对于昆虫的发生常有抑制的作用,科学工作者根据这一原理,利用害虫的天敌去防治害虫,其方法称为害虫生物防除法. 昆虫的天敌很多,包括病原微生物(病毒、细菌、真菌和原生动物)线虫、壁虱目动物,昆虫(捕食性昆虫及寄生性昆虫)和脊椎动物.除此以外,还可包括一些高等植物.昆虫的天敌,虽然有上述的几大类,但并非全部都能够用来防治害虫,利用得最普遍的是捕食性昆虫和寄生性昆虫,其次是病原微生物和脊椎动物,至于线虫和壁虱目动物,只是偶有利用.     

不同类型棉田捕食性天敌的种群能量动态及其对害虫的控制作用

为充分发挥棉田捕食性天敌的生态调控作用,本文根据田间调查与室内测定的结果,以能量为统一单位,计算出了棉田捕食性瓢虫、蝽类、蜘蛛及所有捕食性天敌类种群的能流参数值,分析和比较了不同播种期、套间作和免耕法对棉田捕食性天敌种群能量获取利用的作用特点,总结出了各类天敌在不同类型棉田对害虫的控制作用规律,评价了它们在棉田生态系统中的作用与地位。     

大蒜-小白菜间作套种对菜田节肢动物功能团的影响

2004年9-11月于福建省琅岐岛针对大蒜与小白菜间作(CG1)套种(CG2)对节肢动物群落功能团影响进行调查和分析。结果显示:CG1提高了植食性昆虫、寄生性和捕食性天敌丰盛度,CG2可在降低植食性昆虫数量的同时提高寄生性天敌的数量;多作田寄生性天敌物种丰富度、丰盛度和多样性指数均高于单作田;优势类群动态表现为菜蚜茧蜂与蚜虫种群在CG1出现"天敌跟随现象",多作田在整个生长期都有利于提高捕食者球腹蛛的控制效能;中性昆虫在生长前期和中期是菜蚜虫茧蜂和球腹蛛的替代寄主或猎物。因此合理的间作或套种,有利于提高菜田生境的多样化,强化自然天敌对害虫的生态控制作用。     

昆虫生态能学理论及其在害虫管理中的应用

能量流动是所有生态系统内在的共有的功能特征之一。昆虫作为生态系统中的一个重要组成成分,它的生态能学研究受到了极大的关注。目前,国外已对100多种昆虫的个体能量收支和种群能量动态进行了研究[1]．国内这方面起步较晚,迄今仅见褐飞虱NilaparvatalugensStal[2]、棉蚜AphisgossypiiGlover[3]、棉铃虫HelicoverpaarmigeraHuber[4,5]、狭翅维蝗Chorithppusdubius（Zub)]6]和捕食性天敌类昆虫[7]的个体能量收支或种群能量动态的报告。本文根据作者对昆虫生态能学的研究及有关文献,系统地论述了昆虫生态能学的理论、方法及其在害虫管…     

烟草害虫天敌及其自然控制作用

介绍了云南省烟草主要害虫天敌资源和天敌昆虫的自然控制作用。在云南省烟田内 ,控制烟草害虫发生的生物因子大致可归纳为寄生性和捕食性两大类。充分发挥自然因素的生态调控作用 ,对保护利用天敌、维护烟田生态平衡、提高害虫综合治理效果、保护生态环境都有重要意义     

替代性饲料及人工饲料对捕食性天敌昆虫生命参数影响的研究进展

捕食性昆虫如捕食性甲虫和捕食性蝽类是许多农林害虫的重要天敌昆虫,在生物防治中发挥着重要的作用。批量化生产高质量的自然天敌是实现生物防治的重要支撑技术之一,捕食性昆虫的替代饲料和人工饲料近几年已进行了广泛研究。本文总结了国内外替代性饲料和人工饲料对捕食性天敌甲虫及蝽的主要生命参数的影响。     

生境异质度对稻田捕食性天敌及水稻害虫的生态调节有效性

【目的】探索生境高异质度对稻田捕食性天敌及水稻害虫的生态调节有效性,了解这种策略是否会引起其他植食性昆虫成为水稻重要害虫的风险。【方法】2017-2018年连续2年种植单季稻,在稻田边缘种植花生与大豆,构建高异质性边缘生境稻田(rice paddy with high heterogeneous marginal habitats, HHR),调查HHR稻田与简单低异质性边缘生境稻田(rice paddy with low heterogeneous marginal habitats, LHR)中捕食性天敌与水稻害虫功能团的发生规律与相关性,计算益害比。【结果】2017年在HHR稻田中采集到捕食性天敌40种,1 667头;在LHR稻田中采集到捕食性天敌30种,991头。2018年在HHR稻田中采集到捕食性天敌33种,1 384头;在LHR稻田中采集到捕食性天敌34种,1 031头。HHR与LHR两类稻田中获得的捕食性天敌群落重要值P_i≥0.01的物种相似度很高,优势种相似。2017年HHR稻田的捕食性天敌物种丰富度明显高于LHR稻田,这种差异主要由群落重要值P_i<0.01的种类引起。2018年两类稻田的捕食性天敌物种丰富度没有差异。单位样方面积内的捕食性天敌个体数量,HHR中明显高于LHR,这种差异在2017年的分蘖期与成熟期达显著水平(P<0.05),在2018年的开花期极显著(P<0.01)。2017年在HHR中采集到水稻害虫22种,637头;在LHR中采集到水稻害虫19种,743头;物种相似性系数0.88。2018年在HHR中采集到水稻害虫16种,1 011头;在LHR中采集到水稻害虫16种,2 014头;物种相似性系数0.75;主要害虫物种组成结构相同。水稻害虫数量发生的时间动态分析表明,在分蘖期,虽然HHR稻田中的水稻害虫数量明显高于LHR(P<0.05),但此期害虫的数量不多,发生较轻。在孕穗期、开花期与成熟期,HHR稻田中的水稻害虫数量明显低于LHR稻田,这种差异在2017年的成熟期与2018年的孕穗期极显著(P<0.01),在2018年的成熟期差异显著(P<0.05)。2017年HHR和LHR中个体数量益害比N_pi值分别为2.62和1.33;2018年分别为1.37和0.51。【结论】具有高异质性边缘生境的稻田,能提高系统对捕食性天敌物种的涵养潜力,显著提高稻田捕食性天敌个体数量,提高益害比,具有更好的控制害虫的物质基础,促进捕食性天敌对水稻害虫的生态控制效能,不会引起其他植食性昆虫演变为水稻重要害虫风险,可为保护稻田生态系统天敌发挥生态效能提供可借鉴的策略与方法。     

天敌昆虫耐冷藏力研究进展

低温冷藏是延长天敌昆虫货架期的有效方法之一.昆虫的存活率、生殖力、田间寄生(捕食)力等是评估天敌昆虫耐冷藏力的重要指标.昆虫耐冷藏力受冷藏前、冷藏中和冷藏后的各种外源(非生物)因子和内源(生物)因子的影响.这些因子主要包括温度、湿度、光周期、氧浓度、冷藏持续时间、冷藏前的预处理、冷藏过程中的温度处理(混合低温)等外源因子和虫体能量物质的储备、繁殖方式、年龄/龄期、滞育(休眠)状态、营养等内源因子.本文对影响天敌昆虫耐冷藏性的内源因子和外源因子的种类以及产生这些影响的生理学机制等进行了综述,以期为天敌昆虫低温储藏技术研究和生产方案的制定提供依据.     

Larger wildflower plantings increase natural enemy density,diversity, and biological control of sentinel prey,without increasing herbivore density

1. An important means of conserving beneficial insects in resource‐limited habitats is to meet their ecological requirements, which may be achieved by providing areas containing flowering plants that bloom throughout the season, but little is known about the importance of wildflower plot size for supporting natural enemies or the biological control they provide. 2. Wildflowers were established in plots of sizes ranging from 1 to 100 m², and found that natural enemy density, group richness, and diversity of natural enemy groups increased with plot size. 3. The density of insect herbivores was lower in all flower plots than in the control samples, whereas the diversity of herbivore groups was significantly higher in flower plots. 4. Comparing population growth of sentinel soybean aphids (Aphis glycines Matsumura) among plot sizes, aphid colonies were smaller as plot size increased. 5. Providing beneficial insects with flowering resources resulted in significantly more natural enemies and greater pest control than in smaller flower plots or mown grass areas. 6. These results indicate that the density, diversity, and function of natural enemies are sensitive to the size of wildflower plantings, even at relatively small scales. Therefore, larger wildflower plots are more suitable for the conservation of beneficial insects and their provision of natural pest control.     

Zoophytophagous pentatomids feeding on plants and implications for biological control

Zoophytophagous insects can feed on a variety of prey, plants and plant products. By studying the interactions between predatory hemipterans and plants harbouring the prey of these insects, scientists have started to establish two potential outcomes: (1) positive effects like the enhancement of their life history characteristics by acquiring plant contents; and (2) negative effects mediated by plant resistance to herbivores or prey ingesting secondary plant metabolites. Despite this research, there is a lack of information about the feeding sites of predatory hemipterans on their host plants, what they ingest from plants, and whether they cause damage to their host plants. The results presented here indicate that the xylem is one of the feeding sites of predatory hemipterans on plants. The dissection of predators that fed on plants with marked vessels and testing insects for the presence of Cry protein constitutively expressed in the cytoplasm of plant cells revealed that bugs are not able to acquire cytoplasm contents from the plant cell. In addition, we demonstrate that systemic insecticide circulating inside plants from soil applications contaminates these predators. Our results are discussed in the context of zoophytophagous feeding behaviour exhibited by predatory hemipterans and the use of systemic insecticides for the conservation of natural enemies. This interaction contradicts the concept of ecological selectivity obtained for natural enemies through the placement of systemic insecticide in the soil as a selective method of deploying chemical control and predatory hemipteran conservation within the integrated pest management framework.     

定量评价天敌昆虫控害功能的稳定同位素方法

天敌在区域性多作物农田景观系统中辗转捕食害虫,对调节和控制害虫种群数量发挥着非常重要的作用。明确天敌昆虫的食物来源和扩散规律是定量评价其控害功能的重要环节。其中,稳定同位素标记方法是追溯生物个体的食物来源和探究其运动规律的重要手段。本文首先介绍该标记方法的基本原理,接着以天敌昆虫龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica(Thunberg)为例,应用稳定同位素碳标记方法追溯其在棉花和玉米农田景观系统中取食来源与食物比例;最后叙述了稳定同位素方法的应用前景和存在的问题。     

Understanding biodiversity effects on prey in multi-enemy systems

Biodiversity–ecosystem functioning theory would predict that increasing natural enemy richness should enhance prey consumption rate due to functional complementarity of enemy species. However, several studies show that ecological interactions among natural enemies may result in complex effects of enemy diversity on prey consumption. Therefore, the challenge in understanding natural enemy diversity effects is to predict consumption rates of multiple enemies taking into account effects arising from patterns of prey use together with species interactions. Here, we show how complementary and redundant prey use patterns result in additive and saturating effects, respectively, and how ecological interactions such as phenotypic niche shifts, synergy and intraguild predation enlarge the range of outcomes to include null, synergistic and antagonistic effects. This study provides a simple theoretical framework that can be applied to experimental studies to infer the biological mechanisms underlying natural enemy diversity effects on prey.     

Evaluation of natural enemies for biological control: A behavioral approach

The success of biological pest control has stimulated the development of analytical models that explore the dynamics of natural enemies and their hosts or prey. These models seek to identify those general characteristics o f the natural enemy, host or prey population that lead to economic pest control. Because the models are strategic in nature, they are of limited value in identifying the specific attributes of an effective biological control agent prior to its introduction. Empirically developed criteria have also been of limited predictive value because they too provide only general guidelines. Behavioral ecology and foraging and sexratio theories may be useful adjuncts to these approaches, by identifying the evolutionary constraints and thus helping to define better the attributes of an effective natural enemy.     

Ecological effects of invasive alien species on native communities,with particular emphasis on the interactions between aphids and ladybirds

The ecological effects of introduced species on native organisms can sometimes, but not always be significant. The risks associated with invasive alien pests are difficult to quantify. This paper concentrates on the ecological effects of invasive insect predators that feed on pest insects, because the former may potentially affect the biological control of the latter. The literature indicates that invasive predatory insects generally are resistant to changes in environmental conditions, long-lived and voracious with a high reproductive rate, high dispersal ability, able to spread very rapidly across landscapes and exhibit phenotypic plasticity. Their colonization of patches of prey may induce native predators to leave, but the evidence that invaders negatively affect the abundance of the native species is scarce and not persuasive. Insect predators do not substantially affect the abundance of their prey, if the ratio of generation time of the predator to that of the prey is large (the generation time ratio hypothesis), therefore the effect of an invasion by long-lived alien predators on systems consisting of long-lived native predators and short-lived prey on the abundance of the prey is hard to detect.     

Understanding and Manipulating Plant Attributes to Enhance Biological Control

This paper demonstrates the necessity to consider plants as an essential and interactive component of biological control practices. Plants not only possess direct chemical and morphological defenses against herbivores but also benefit from indirect defenses provided by parasitoids and predators, which use herbivores as hosts or prey. Plants play an active role in the interplay between entomophagous arthropods and herbivores and actually mediate many of the interactions, thereby influencing the intensity of protection received. Herein, we review how plant attributes influence natural enemy efficiency by providing shelter, mediating host/prey accessibility, providing host/prey finding cues, influencing host/prey suitability, mediating host/prey availability, and providing supplemental food sources for natural enemies. In light of this crucial role, we suggest ways of manipulating morphological and chemical attributes of crop plants for a more sustainable and balanced control of insect pests in agro-ecosystems.     

大豆田节肢动物群落优势种群时间生态位及营养关系分析

【目的】阐明大豆田节肢动物群落时间生态位及营养关系,为大豆害虫生态调控手段的实施提供坚实的理论依据。【方法】以大豆田节肢动物群落为研究对象,通过两年的田间系统调查分析。【结果】统计得到种类220余种,物种可分为天敌、害虫和中性昆虫3个类群,以天敌物种丰富度最高;害虫中以烟蓟马Thrips tabaci(0.36902)和大豆蚜Aphis glycines(0.13122)优势度最高,且有着较高的生态位重叠指数(0.8163),蚜小蜂Aphytis sp.和大草蛉Chrysopa septempunctata对害虫的时间生态位重叠指数很高,其他天敌如异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis、龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica、黑带食蚜蝇Zyistrophe balteata和黑食蚜盲蝽Deraeocoris punctulatus等对害虫的重叠指数居中;大豆田中各类群构成错综复杂的食物网结构。【结论】综合考虑天敌的种群数量,确定捕食性天敌是控制害虫种群数量的有效天敌。研究可知不能单纯从时间生态位的重叠指数的高低来判断天敌的控制能力。