不同油葵品种对盐碱地根际土壤酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了新葵4号、新葵6号、新葵10号和美国矮大头4个油葵品种对盐碱地土壤理化、酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以期筛选出更适宜改善盐碱地土壤质量的油葵品种。结果表明,种植新葵6号对降低盐碱地根际土壤pH值、提高土壤全氮含量和蔗糖酶活性的效果最为显著,新葵4号对提高根际土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量以及脲酶和磷酸酶活性的效果最为显著;种植这4个品种的油葵均能显著(72 h,P0.05)提高盐碱地根际土壤微生物对31种碳源的平均利用率(Average well color development,AWCD),并呈现如下规律:新葵4号新葵6号美国矮大头新葵10号CK。种植这4个油葵品种均不同程度地提高了盐碱地根际土壤微生物群落的Shannon多样性指数(H)、Shannon优势度指数(D)和碳源利用丰富度指数(S),并呈现出相似的规律:新葵4号根际土的微生物多样性指数最大,而CK的最小,且显著高于CK。主成分分析表明,种植油葵改善了盐碱地根际土壤微生物的群落组成;碳水化合物、氨基酸、羧酸类化合物和聚合物是盐碱地土壤微生物利用的主要碳源。因此,在盐碱地中种植油葵可提高相关土壤理化性质和酶的活性,改善微生物功能多样性,优化盐碱地微生物的群落结构,尤其是种植新葵4号对盐碱地的改良效果最为显著。     

曲阜孔林土壤动物多样性研究

对曲阜孔林土壤动物进行了调查研究。共获标本5456只,隶属于5门11纲24目,其中优势类群3类,常见类群8类,占总捕量的95.12%.4种生境土壤动物种类组成极为相似,在垂直分布上具有明显的表聚性。在多样性分析中,H、E指标在各生境表现为杂木林>侧柏林>麻栎林>林缘草地;在整个孔林中大型土壤动物H、E远大于中小型土壤动物.     

浙江天童太白山不同海拔土壤动物的群落结构

2007年夏季,沿海拔梯度对天童太白山土壤动物进行了调查,共获土壤动物12635只,隶属于6门15纲33目。结果表明：土壤动物密度随海拔升高而下降,类群数受海拔影响较小,各海拔群落的共有度较高,优势类群基本均为线虫、蜱螨目和弹尾目;Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数及Margalef丰富度指数仅在海拔370 m以下随海拔升高而增加,而在海拔370 m以上,Shannon-Wiener指数与Pielou均匀度指数下降,丰富度指数在略有下降后再次上升。     

川西亚高山林牧交错区土壤动物多样性

交错区复杂的生境常常导致相对较高的物种多样性。为探讨牧压条件形成的林牧交错区土壤动物多样性,研究了川西亚高山典型林牧交错区的土壤动物群落结构与多样性。在交错区5种生境下,共获得土壤动物49837只,隶属7门16纲33目126类。从草甸到针叶林的过渡生境中,土壤动物明显受到放牧干扰影响,其个体密度随干扰的减弱呈逐步上升趋势,而类群数则呈单峰型变化趋势;Shannon-Wiener、DG多样性指数都呈现逐步上升趋势;Wilson-Shmida多样性指数表明相邻干扰梯度下土壤动物类群替代率相近。大型土壤动物生物量在草甸最低,阔叶林最高。CCA排序显示凋落物厚度与中小型土壤动物存正相关,pH与其存负相关,不同类群对环境因子响应存在差异。这些结果表明农牧交错区不同干扰梯度下土壤动物群落结构和多样性存在明显差异。     

宁夏东部风沙区荒漠草原植物群落物种多样性研究

通过野外植被调查,研究了宁夏东部风沙区荒漠草原植物群落组成与结构、物种多样性变化;采用典范对应分析（CCA）对植物群落分布与土壤性状关系进行了分析。结果表明：（1）风沙区荒漠草原物种较为单一,多集中在6~13种;不同群落类型间地上生物量和盖度差异显著;群落内竞争性较弱的物种减少,优势种具有较高的重要值。（2）群落间物种多样性差异显著,但变化趋势并不一致;物种多样性指数与丰富度指数、均匀度指数的相关系数分别为0.975 7和0.880 2,而与优势度指数相关系数为-0.519 8。（3）CCA结果表明,土壤含水率、有机质以及氮磷钾含量较高、容重小时,植物物种相对丰富;对群落分布影响较大的环境因子是土壤水分、容重和土壤有机质,相关系数分别为-0.742 8、0.683 8、0.532 9,物种和群落二者在CCA排序轴相关性较大的土壤因子较为一致。研究认为,宁夏东部风沙区荒漠草原植物优势种在群落中的地位明显,物种丰富度对植物多样性的影响大于均匀度,土壤水分是影响该区草原植物群落分布的决定性环境因子。     

雅鲁藏布江中下游底栖动物物种多样性及其影响因素

雅鲁藏布江流域维系着丰富而独特的生物资源, 是全球生物多样性研究的热点区域。然而, 该流域底栖动物多样性的调查却极不充分。本文于2015年10月和2016年3月对雅鲁藏布江干流(朗县至墨脱段)和主要支流的底栖动物进行了调查, 并采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis)等对群落多样性格局进行解析。共采集到底栖动物270种, 隶属于5门8纲20目92科, 包括昆虫纲246种, 寡毛纲14种, 腹足纲4种, 其他动物6种。春季和秋季分别采集到底栖动物184种和214种, 优势种均以喜清洁和冷水的水生昆虫为主, 包括四节蜉属一种(Baetis sp.)、花翅蜉属一种(Baetiella sp.)、蚋属一种(Simulium sp.)、小突摇蚊属一种(Micropsetra sp.)和短石蛾属一种(Brachycentrus sp.)等。全流域平均密度为939.1 ind./m²,sp.)等。平均生物量为5.44 g/m²。底栖动物的物种组成、密度和多样性在季节和区域之间存在一定差异, 支流的多样性显著高于干流。典范对应分析显示, 海拔、流速、河宽和底质类型等环境因子是影响雅鲁藏布江流域底栖动物群落结构的关键环境因素, 而大峡谷地区多变的气候类型和地理阻隔是造成群落变化的根本原因。本研究可为雅鲁藏布江流域底栖动物多样性评估和环境监测提供重要的基础和参考。     

黄河三角洲土壤动物多样性初步调查研究

1995～1996年对黄河三角洲9个代表性样区,进行了土壤动物定性、定量调查,并对古代、近代、现代黄河三角洲3个代表性样区开展了土壤动物周年调查,研究了土壤动物的种类组成、分布和季节变化,以及土壤动物多样性。调查研究结果：黄河三角洲共鉴定出土壤动物38种,土壤动物种类组成和数量分布因三个三角洲成土年龄不同而存在差异,土壤动物多样性以夏季为丰富。黄河三角洲土壤动物多样性与均匀度表现为正相关关系,与单纯度呈负相关趋势。     

污染土壤微生物群落结构多样性及功能多样性测定方法

土壤微生物在促进土壤质量和植物健康方面发挥着重要的作用,土壤微生物群落结构和组成的多样性及其变化在一定程度上反映了土壤质量.为了更好地了解土壤健康状况,非常有必要发展有效的方法来研究污染土壤微生物的多样性、分布以及行为等.回顾了近年来国内外污染土壤微生物群落结构多样性及功能多样性的测定方法,包括生物化学技术和分子生物学技术,现将它们的原理、优缺点、实用性及其发展动态作一阐述,同时指出结合这两种技术可为微生物群落分析提供一个更全面的、精确的方法.     

张家口土壤蜘蛛群落结构及多样性研究

1996年8月中旬,在张家口地区4种生境中共捕获土壤蜘蛛461头,隶属于12科54种(属)。研究表明:4种生境中的土壤蜘蛛群落相似性很小,群落结构组成不同,丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度、优势度也不同。植被类型、疏密程度是影响群落结构的主要生态因子,农事活动是另一个重要影响因素。     

板蓝根田节肢动物群落的结构与多样性研究

为了解河南省板蓝根田节肢动物群落的结构组成及物种多样性,该研究采用5点随机取样,通过网捕法和目测法调查并记录了板蓝根植株及地面上的节肢动物种类和数量。结果表明:河南省板蓝根田节肢动物群落物种丰富,共采集到2 613头,隶属于2纲10目39科61种。其中,植食性种类和捕食性种类均为24种(各占39.34%),寄生性种类4种(占6.56%),中性种类9种(占14.75%)。蜘蛛的种类占群落总种数的比例最高(为21.31%),表明田间的蜘蛛种类最丰富。鳞翅目物种的个体数量远大于其他的目,占群落个体数的43.78%。菜青虫和小菜蛾的相对丰盛度最高,分别为0.184 8和0.162 6,说明二者是河南省板蓝根田的优势害虫。捕食性集团的均匀度指数最高,寄生性集团的优势度指数最高,其中小菜蛾幼虫的寄生性天敌菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的数量最大。     

不同土壤深度对宁夏石嘴山盐碱地细菌菌群多样性的影响

宁夏自治区是我国受到土壤次生盐渍化危害的重点区域,然而对该地区盐碱化形成机制及影响因素的研究资料较少。在宁夏石嘴山地区采集土壤样本,采用基于16S rRNA的PCR-DGGE技术对不同深度土壤的细菌群落多样性和优势种群进行分析,以期从土壤生态角度探索该地盐渍化成因及改良措施。带谱相似性和UPGMA聚类结果表明,表层(D20 cm)土壤和底层(D80 cm)土壤样本中细菌菌群相似程度较高;而中间层(20 cmD80 cm)土壤样本中细菌菌群相似程度很低。多样性指数分析显示,随着地层深度的增加,菌落的丰富度和多样性均趋于下降;而均匀程度变化幅度不大。对其中5个优势条带进行测序比对的结果表明,该地区土壤可识别优势细菌菌群为变形细菌门Proteobacteria和拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes,但大部分条带未可识别。结果表明该地区盐碱土壤中的细菌菌群多样性程度较高,且优势菌群不尽相同;土壤深度与细菌菌落多样性在一定程度上存在线性关系。为深入研究次生盐渍化土壤的形成机制以及影响因素提供理论参考。     

盐碱土壤微生物

<正>盐碱地是世界性的低产土壤,有些甚至是不毛之地。但作为一种重要的土地资源,盐渍地的改良利用成为世界性的课题,更被世人关注[1]。甘肃河西走廊地区具有丰富的光热资源,是我国著名的以商品粮生产和优质农作物育种为主的多种农产品生产基地,该区有6.67万hm2盐渍化土地。对该地区盐碱土壤中微生物种群结构、优势菌群及在土壤盐碱化过程中微生物和土壤理化因子之间的交互影响,至今没有系统研     

Microbial diversity and community structure in Fynbos soil

The Fynbos biome in South Africa is renowned for its high plant diversity and the conservation of this area is particularly important for the region. This is especially true in the case of endangered vegetation types on the lowlands such as Sand Fynbos, of which only small fragments remain. The question is thus whether the diversity of the above‐ground flora is mirrored in the below‐ground microbial communities. In order to determine the relationship of the above‐ and below‐ground communities, the soil community composition of both fungal and bacterial groups in Sand Fynbos was characterized over space and time. A molecular approach was used based on the isolation of total soil genomic DNA and automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis of bacterial and fungal communities. Soil from four different sites was compared to resolve the microbial diversity of eubacterial and fungal groups on a local (alpha diversity) scale as well as a landscape scale (beta diversity). The community structures from different sites were compared and found to exhibit strong spatial patterns which remained stable over time. The plant community data were compared with the fungal and the bacterial communities. We concluded that the microbial communities in the Sand Fynbos are highly diverse and closely linked to the above‐ground floral communities.     

山东地区盐碱土花生种子际土壤微生物群落结构的研究

【目的】以不同含盐量的滨海盐土、内陆盐碱土和中等肥力非盐碱土壤为实验对象,探讨花生种子在吸水膨胀与萌发过程中,不同类型盐碱土对种子际土壤微生物多样性变化的影响。【方法】采集不同含盐量的滨海盐土、内陆盐碱土和中等肥力非盐碱土壤,通过对各样品中细菌的16S r RNA基因的V3-V4区进行PCR扩增,利用Illumina Hiseq高通量测序技术对12份V3-V4高变区PCR产物进行测序,并对测序数据进行生物信息学分析。【结果】(1)盐碱土壤的种子际细菌群落多样性高于非盐碱土壤,且以东营青坨滨海盐土种子际土壤细菌群落多样性较高。(2)不同类型土壤样本微生物群落结构在纲水平存在明显差异。4种土壤类型种子际土壤细菌共分属于6个菌纲,分别为Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Actinobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Acidobacteria和Firmicutes菌纲,并均以Proteobacteria和Actinobacteria菌纲为主要菌纲。全样本菌落结构分析结果表明,4种类型土壤中不同吸胀时间内种子际微生物菌落在门、属水平上的类型和丰度差异最为显著(P0.05)。(3)beta多样性分析和各样本遗传距离(phylogenetic distances)聚类树图分析表明,4个土壤类型的12个土壤样本种子际土壤中微生物群落均可聚为2大类。【结论】土壤含盐量越高其种子际土壤细菌群落多样性较高。不同类型土壤样本微生物群落结构在纲水平存在明显差异,以Proteobacteria和Actinobacteria菌纲为主要菌纲。种子吸胀萌发时间影响种子际微生物菌落在门、属水平上的类型和丰度,但对相同土壤类型样本间遗传距离无影响。     

秸秆隔层对盐碱土水盐运移及食葵光合特性的影响

在内蒙古河套灌区通过微区试验,研究了秸秆深埋(S)、上盖秸秆下埋秸秆(简称上秸下秸,S+S)、上盖地膜下埋秸秆(简称上膜下秸,P+S)和地膜覆盖(对照,CK)4种耕作措施对0-40 cm土层水盐运移及食葵光合特性的影响.结果表明:(1)不同措施对土壤水盐调控的效果与作用时期差异较大.P+S在整个生育期内土壤盐分含量和盐溶质浓度较低,控盐效果显著;S+S仅在苗期能保墒控盐,但控盐效果比P+S差,后期出现水减盐增现象,保墒控盐效果也不佳;S在整个生育期内土壤盐分含量和盐溶质浓度最高,控盐效果最差;CK在整个生育期内土壤水分含量变化不大,而盐分含量较高,控盐效果也不明显.(2)不同措施对土壤水盐运移调控程度的差异,导致食葵光合特性也有明显变化.与CK、S、S+S相比,P+S由于其较低的盐溶质浓度环境,明显改善了其光合特性,在苗期、蕾期和花期能提高净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr),增加气孔导度(Gs),降低胞间CO2浓度(Ci),从而使其作物长势和干物质积累明显高于其它措施.综合试验结果,P+S是内蒙古河套灌区盐碱地改良中优选的控抑盐耕作措施.     

河西走廊盐碱土壤中的微生物

随着国家西部战略的推进和可持续生态农业发展的要求,开展盐碱化土壤的综合治理十分迫切。甘肃河西走廊地区地理位置特殊,由于灌溉水的增加,土体内水盐运动加快,加之蒸发量大,盐分表聚,土壤发生盐渍化现象十分普遍[1]。已有对盐碱地改良行为的研究一般只考虑土壤类型、水分、pH、施肥、植被等非微生物学因素,对于盐碱地土壤中微生物种群结构、优势菌群及在土壤盐碱化过程中     

Causes and consequences of biological diversity in soil

There is a vast diversity of organisms that live in the soil, and the activities of the total soil biota, together with the diverse forms and functions of plant roots, have critical roles in soil functioning. In this paper I discuss the likely determinants of soil diversity and also comment on recent studies that have explored whether or not there is a relationship between soil organism diversity and ecosystem function. There is little evidence to suggest that soil diversity is regulated in a predicable fashion by competition or disturbance; rather it is attributed to the nature of the soil environment, in that soil offers an extremely heterogeneous habitat, both spatially and temporally, proving unrivalled potential for niche partitioning, or resource or habitat specialisation, thereby enabling co-existence of species. Most evidence that is available suggests that there is no predictable relationship between diversity and function in soils, and that ecosystem properties are governed more by individual traits of dominant species, and by the extraordinary complexity of biotic interactions that occur between components of soil food webs. There is evidence of redundancy in soil communities with respect to soil functions, but the scale of effect of changes in soil diversity on process rates depends on which species are removed from the community and the degree to which remaining species can compensate. As in aboveground communities, therefore, it would appear that species traits and changes in species composition, and alterations in the nature of the many important species interactions that occur in soil, are likely to be the main biotic control of ecosystem function. In view of this, consideration of these important biotic interactions and their sensitivity to environmental change must be a key priority for future research.     

Macroecological patterns in soil communities

Aim To review published evidence regarding the factors that influence the geographic variation in diversity of soil organisms at different spatial scales. Location Global. Methods A search of the relevant literature was conducted using the Web of Science and the author's personal scientific database as the major sources. Special attention was paid to include seminal studies, highly cited papers and/or studies highlighting novel results. Results Despite their significant contribution to global biodiversity, our taxonomic knowledge of soil biota is still poor compared with that of most above‐ground organisms. This is particularly evident for small‐bodied taxa. Global patterns of soil biodiversity distribution have been poorly documented and are thought to differ significantly from what is reported above‐ground. Based on existing data, it appears that microorganisms do not respond to large‐scale environmental gradients in the same way as metazoans. Whereas soil microflora seem to be mainly represented by cosmopolitan species, soil animals respond to altitudinal, latitudinal or area gradients in the same way as described for above‐ground organisms. At local scales, there is less evidence that local factors regulate above‐ and below‐ground communities in the same way. Except for a few taxa, the humpbacked response to stress and disturbance gradients doesn't seem to apply underground. Soil communities thus appear weakly structured by competition, although competitive constraints may account for assembly rules within specific taxa. The main factor constraining local soil biodiversity is the compact and heterogeneous nature of soils, which provides unrivalled potential for niche partitioning, thus allowing high levels of local biodiversity. This heterogeneity is increased by the impact of ecosystem engineers that generate resource patchiness at a range of spatio‐temporal scales.     

北疆盐碱地植物群落空间分布及物种多样性

为探究盐碱地植物群落空间分布特征及群落间物种多样性的关系,根据对北疆盐碱地植物群落84个样点调查的数据,以各物种多度为指标,采用双向指示种分析方法（TWINSPAN）、除趋势对应分析法（DCA）、典范对应分析法（CCA）进行数量分类并分析群落分布与环境因子间关系和群落物种多样性及相似性变化特征。结果表明,TWINSPAN数量等级分类将84个样点的植物划分为11种类型。各群丛类型的物种多样性特征表现为群丛Ⅲ的多样性最大,群丛X多样性最小,且群丛Ⅲ多样性显著高于群丛X （P<0.05）,群丛VⅡ均匀度最大,群丛X均匀度最小,且群丛Ⅲ均匀度显著高于群丛X（P<0.05）,群丛I的丰富度最大,群丛X丰富度最小,且群丛I丰富度显著高于群丛X（P<0.05）,在所有群丛中群丛Ⅲ所含有的植物种类最多,有26种;相似性特征为群丛V和群丛VⅡ的相似性最大,群丛V和群丛VⅡ物种间的竞争较小,群丛稳定性高;CCA排序结果表明,北疆盐碱地植物群落分布与海拔高度、多年平均温度、土壤酸碱度等因素有关,其中影响最大的是海拔高度,其次为多年平均温度、降水量、蒸发量和土壤电导率,地形因子坡度对各群丛分布影响不大;北疆盐碱地植物群落数量分类及物种多样性变化的分析对于揭示北疆盐碱地植物群落空间分布特征和新疆盐碱地植物种质资源调查及其保护具有重要的意义。     

Performance of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in saline-alkali soil in relation to various amendments

The present study shows that vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in plants grown in saline-alkali soil is host dependent and it is significantly affected by various amendments given to reclaim such soils. Maximum reduction in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization was observed in the plants raised in saline-alkali soil amended with gypsum and maximum colonization was observed after plant-growth promoting rhizobacterium or farm yard manure amendments. Plants possessing high level of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization (50–70%) included Acacia nilotica, Albizia lebbeck and Dalbergia sissoo. Casuarina equisetifolia possessed moderate level of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae colonization (30–50%) and Azadirachta indica possessed low level of colonization (20–40%).