再论生物圈保护区的基本概念及其在建设持续社会中的作用

生物圈保护区是联合国教科文组织人与生物圈研究计划国际保护学家们在探讨世界保护区有效管理的过程中正式提出来的。还在1986年,笔者就根据1983年在白俄罗斯首都明斯克召开的第一届国际生物圈保护区会议讨论的结果,对生物圈保护区的基本概念作过介绍和评论(王献溥,1986)。事隔10年之后,第二届国际生物圈保护区会议在西班牙的塞维利亚市召开,会议总结了第一届会议以来实施生物圈保护区行动计划的经验(di Castri et al,1977;UNESCO,     

对4个生物圈保护区的评估意见

湖北神农架生物圈保护区是湿润亚热带华中地区森林生态系统保存较好的区域,植被垂直带比较完整,物种多样性丰富,1983年经湖北省政府批准建立保护区,1986年国务院批准列为国家级自然保护区,1990年纳入联合国教科文组织生物圈保护区网络,成为中国10个纳入国际网络的生物圈保护区之一。为了使其发展更加符合生物圈保护区基本概念的要求,中国人与生物圈国家委员会组织中国科学院植物     

中国鼎湖山世界生物圈保护区

<正>保护区被誉为“北回归沙漠带上的绿色明珠”,森林有数百年历史。这里同时是重要的佛教圣地。鼎湖山是中国第一批被联合国教科文组织批准的三个世界生物圈保护区之一。请收听黄忠良和莫江明在保护区开展科研的故事。     

生物圈保护区的意义和作用

生物圈保护区的意义和作用王献溥生物圈保护区是国际保护学家们在探讨世界保护区有效管理,以加强自然资源的保护和持续利用密切结合的过程中,于１９７１年正式提出的一个崭新的概念和专门术语,并于１９７６年正式建立第一批生物圈保护区。至今已发展成为一个分布在８０...     

对鼎湖山生物圈保护区的评估意见

1996年12月15日至21日在鼎湖山生物圈保护区举行了“自然保护区生态旅游管理培训班暨鼎湖山生物圈保护区评估研讨会”。此次活动是由中国人与生物圈国家委员会和中国科学院华南植物研究所共同主办,鼎湖山生物圈保护区承办的。来自全国自然保护区、科研单位、保护区管理部门、当地政府及旅游部门,以及来自蒙古的3名代表共计46名代表参加了此次培训与评估活动。     

生物圈保护区——人与自然和谐相处

生物圈保护区是联合国教科文组织人与生物圈计划国际保护学家们在探讨世界保护区有效管理过程中,于1971年正式提出的一个崭新的概念和专门术语,并于1976年正式建立了第一批生物圈保护区,迄今已发展成为一个分布在94个国家,拥有411个成员的生物圈保护区网络。我国现有21个保护区加入了这个网络,而且还建立了中国生     

卧龙世界生物圈保护区

四川卧龙卧龙生物圈保护区位于四川省汶川卧龙特别行政区卧龙镇,总面积2000平方公里,以保护大熊猫等珍稀野生动植物和高山森林生态系统为主。1 979年加入联合国教科文组织世界生物圈保护区网络。驾车路线:北京→石家庄→太原→西安→广元→     

美国制定生物圈保护区战略规划

国际生物圈保护区网络为提高自身素质,一直敦促各国积极开展对所属生物圈保护区的监督、评审,包括国家生物圈保护区行动计划的制定与实施。许多国家已经或正在进行这项工作。美国就是一个很好的例子。1993年11月,在科罗拉多的厄斯特斯国家公园(Estes Park)举办了一次研讨班,并制定了美国生物圈保护区战略规划(草案)。其提出的战略任务、奋斗目标、具体目的、行动方案等,为未来10年里美国生物圈保护区的整体计划绘制了一幅宏伟蓝图。美国生物圈保护区计划的任务是建立并支持一个能充分代表美国各种生物地理类型区的生物圈保护区网络,通过各种手段推进生物多样性保护、经济利用及文化价值之间的持续平衡。规划草案提出了6大目标,每个目标又包含几个具体目的和行动方案。这6大目标为: 1.建立起美国生物圈保护区的政策体系及可供操作的框架; 2.形成代表美国生物地理多样性的生物圈保护区国家网络,并使之达到国际公认的生物圈     

吉林长白山

长白山生物圈保护区位于吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州安图县二道白河镇,总面积2000多平方公里。以保护生物多样性的森林生态系统为主。1979年加入联合国教科文组织世界生物圈保护区网络。驾乍路线：北京→长春→敦化（下高速路）→二道白河。     

荒漠地区建立保护区的意义及规划设想——博格达生物圈保护区

1 保护区概况 1990年3月经联合国教科文组织批准,博格达生物圈保护区为国际生物圈保护区网络之组成部分,是中国第一个代表荒漠类型的自然保护区。保护区位于新疆维吾尔自治区阜康市境内的东天山博格达峰北麓,准噶尔盆地古尔班通古特沙漠南缘。地理座标为东经87°45′～88°15′,北纬43°45′～44°30′。全区总面积2170平方公里,其中核心区总面积493平方公里,由天池自然景观保护区和沙漠梭梭林保护区两个核心区组成。     

India's biodiversity hotspot under anthropogenic pressure: A case study of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve

This paper presents data on the impact of biotic pressure in terms of grazing by livestock and wood cutting by humans on the plant community in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve of India. Grass, and herbaceous plant biomass, number of cattle dung piles, number of woody stems available and damaged by human activities and weed biomass were assessed at different proximity along transects radiating from village-forest boundary to forest interior to measure the ecological impact of livestock grazing and fire wood collection. The grass biomass was positively correlated to overgrazing indicating the adverse effect on natural vegetation by cattle. Woodcutting was intense along the forest boundary and significantly declined as distance increased. Similarly, weed biomass and number of thorny species declined positively with proximity from village-forest boundary and the weed biomass was significantly higher in the pastoral sites compared to residential sites. The results suggest that human impact adversely affects natural vegetation and promotes weed proliferation in forest areas adjoining human settlements in the ecologically important Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Continued anthropogenic pressure could cause reduction in fodder availability to large herbivores like elephants, which in turn leads to an increase in human–elephant conflict.     

Ravines as refuges for Orchidaceae in south‐eastern Mexico

Floristic studies of south‐eastern Mexico have not considered the ravine component of the landscape and, in this study, we demonstrate the potential of ravines as refuges for orchids. At elevations of 1442–2358 m in the buffer zone of the Tacaná Volcano Biosphere Reserve, in the region of Soconusco, south‐eastern Mexico, where 7.68% of the landscape has slopes > 45°, we registered 86 species of orchid from 35 genera, 14 (16.25%) of which were exclusive to ravines, 47 (54.6%) were exclusive to accessible surrounding areas and 25 (29%) colonized both types of habitat. The tropical mountain cloud forest (TMCF) ecosystem was distributed in the accessible areas surrounding the ravines and in some sites extended into the ravines themselves. Evergreen mountain scrub forest (EMSF), only found in the ravines, contributed eight species of orchid exclusive to this ecosystem. The elevation, orientation and slope of the ravines influenced species richness. The instability of the ‘soils’ on steep slopes and occasional landslides were negative environmental characteristics of the ravines, which, however, were mostly dependent on the management of surrounding areas, and epiphytes inhabiting ravines and the surrounding areas shared similar risks of whole‐tree and branch fall, wind and torrential rain. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 178 , 283–297.     

Nontimber forest product extraction, utilization and valuation: A case study from the Nilgiri Biosphere reserve, southern India

We evaluated the diversity, social, and economic aspects of nontimber forest product (NTFP) collection in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR), in southern India. The NBR is a region known for its floral andfaunal diversity, as well as an area with increasing human pressure. Fifty to 75% of the households (HH) in rural areas gather a diversity of forest products. Dominant NTFPs contributed 25–60% of the average annual per capita household income from NTFPs. The mean annual per capita household income from NTFPs ranges between Rs. 134 and Rs. 4955. The mean annual income per hectare ranges from Rs. 93 in the montane zone to Rs. 3780 in the moist deciduous. NTFPs contribute 15–50% of the annual per capita income of rural households. Ethnicity plays an important role in the collection of NTFPs and ethnic tribes derive a large proportion of their annual per capita income from NTFPs.     

Hymenachne panduranganii sp. nov. from Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve,India

Hymenachne panduranganii, a new species of Poaceae collected from a wetland area of Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala, which constitutes the core area of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR), is described and illustrated. The new species differs from the related species H. assamica in having 1.0–1.5 m tall culms, 3.7–4.0 mm long spikelets, floret with a distinct lower palea and having only 2 stamens. To further enunciate the differences, an identification key to the Indian species of Hymenachne is provided.     

Zonal transition of evergreen,deciduous, and coniferous forests along the altitudinal gradient on a humid subtropical mountain,Mt. Emei,Sichuan, China

Altitudinal zonation of evergreen, deciduous and coniferous forests on Mt. Emei (3099 m asl, 29°34.5' N, 103°21.5' E), Sichuan, China was studied to understand the transition of vegetation zonation from tropical to temperate mountains in humid Asia. On the basis of quantitative data on floristic composition and community structure sampled at ten plots selected in different altitudes on the eastern slope of the mountain, forest zonation and the inter-relationships among different life-forms of trees in each zonal forest community were studied quantitatively. Three forest zones were identified physiognomically along the altitudinal gradient, viz. (i) the evergreen broad-leaved forest zone (660–1500 m asl), (ii) the mixed forest zone (1500–2500 m asl), and (iii) the coniferous forest zone (2500–3099 m asl). Great compositional changes were observed along elevation, and the zonal forest communities were characterized by their dominants and floristic composition. Maximum tree height decreased from 33 m at lower middle altitude (965 m asl) to 13 m near the summit (2945 m asl). There was no apparent deciduous forest zone along the altitudinal gradient, but true mixed forests of three life-forms (evergreen, deciduous, and coniferous) were formed around 2000–2500 m asl. Patches of deciduous forest were found in a lower part of the mixed forest zone, particularly on scree slopes, between 1450 m and 1900 m asl. These patches were dominated by the Tertiary relic deciduous trees, such as Davidia involucrata, Tetracentron sinense, and Cercidiphyllum japonicum var. sinense. High species diversity in the mixed forest zone resulted from the overlapping of different life-forms at middle altitudes, which is partly due to wider variety of temperature-altitude correlations. A comparison of the altitudinal zonation with the other east Asian mountain vegetation clarified that Mt. Emei is located exactly at the ecotone between tropical and temperate zonation types in eastern Asia.     

Distribution of tree hyrax (Dendrohyrax validus validus True) on Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

Distribution of Dendrohyrax v. validus True which inhabits the forest belt of Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, is discussed along with factors influencing this distribution. During December 1972 data were collected from the northern, eastern, southern and western slopes at 2000, 2310 and 2620 m a.s.l. to discover the effect of aspect and altitude on vegetation in relation to the densities of the tree hyrax. Using point-centred quarter method (PCQ) the area around each tree was inspected for recent and abandoned defaecation sites; the tree species and its circumference at breast height were also recorded. Apparent densities of hyrax, as reflected by the density of defaecation sites, were higher on the southern and western slopes (av. twenty-three and thirteen hyrax/ha) although a density of seventy hyrax/ha was obtained for the northern slope at the 2620 m elevation. The eastern slope was poorest with only one defaecation site recorded. Higher densities were obtained for the 2310 m elevation indicating less disturbance of this belt through logging and also showing the influence of Ocotea usambarensis Engl, on the southern and Nuxia congesta Fres. on the western slopes which are abundant at this elevation. The tree hyrax showed definite preference for certain tree species and for the larger individuals. Since food is not limiting, it is suggested that the availability of shelter, strong preference for solitary living, and the inability to withstand rigorous environment limit the density of hyrax within the forest, as well as providing a possible explanation for the inability of this hyrax to venture far outside the forest.     

贺兰山植物群落类型多样性及其空间分异

 贺兰山是一座位于阿拉善高原与银川平原之间的高大山体,是我国西部温带草原与荒漠的分界线和连接青藏高原、蒙古高原及华北植物区系的枢纽。本文就贺兰山植物群落的类型多样性特征及其空间分布规律进行了分析,结果表明：贺兰山植物群落有11个植被型55个群系。垂直分异明显,可划分成山前荒漠与荒漠草原带（海拔1 600 m以下）、山麓与低山草原带（1 600～1 900 m）、中山和亚高山针叶林带（1 900～3 100 m）和高山与亚高山灌丛、草甸带（3 100 m以上）4个植被垂直带。阴阳坡差异很大,在低山带,草原群落多占据阳坡,而阴坡则被中生灌丛所取代;在中山带,阴坡以青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)林为主,阳坡以灰榆(Ulmus glaucescens)、杜松(Juniperus rigida)疏林和其它中生灌丛为主;3 000 m以上阴阳坡分异不明显。东、西坡及南、北、中段植物群落分异也很突出,各自均有一些特殊的群落类型。中段以森林和中生灌丛为主,南段和北段荒漠化程度较高,森林面积很小。北段有四合木(Tetraena mongolica)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)、松叶猪毛菜(Salsola laricifolia)等特征群系,南段以贺兰山丁香(Syringa pinnatifolia var. holanshanensis)、斑子麻黄(Ephedra rhytidosperma)等群系最具特色。贺兰山东坡比西坡温暖和干燥,森林面积远小于西坡,并分布一些酸枣(Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa)、虎榛子(Ostryopsis davidiana)等喜暖中生灌丛。此外,贺兰山还具有贺兰山丁香、斑子麻黄、内蒙薄皮木(Leptodermis ordosica)、贺兰山女蒿(Hippolytia alashanensis)4个特有植物群落。     

Range-habitat relationships of vascular plant species at the taiga forest-steppe borderline in the western Khentey Mountains,northern Mongolia

World distribution of 488 out of 619 vascular plant species known from an area of 500 km² within the western Khentey Mountains, northern Mongolia is analyzed. Most species belong to Eastern Asian (29%) or Asian, Eurasian, or circumpolar temperate species (24%) supporting the classification of the Khentey Mountains as part of the temperate zone of Eurasia. Seventeen percent of species are boreal plants. Circumpolar temperate-boreal (9%), Central (-Eastern) Asian (9%), Continental mountain species (5%), Middle-Central Asian (3%), arctic-alpine (3%) as well as Western Eurasian and western Siberian species are of lower significance for the flora of the western Khentey Mountains. Eastern Asian species occur in all types of habitats, whereas plants of other distribution types are focused on certain habitats. Boreal species preferably grow in the dark taiga, which prevails in the upper montane belt and on northern and eastern slopes of the most humid parts of the lower montane belt. Temperate and temperate-boreal species prefer subtaiga forests, which are found on northern and eastern slopes in drier parts of the lower montane belt as well as in upper parts of sun-exposed, southern and western slopes of the lower montane belt. Central (-Eastern) Asian and Middle-Central Asian species primarily inhabit forest steppe habitats, such as meadow and mountain steppes, Ulmus pumila open woodlands and dry Pinus sylvestris forests on steep, southern slopes.     

长白山北坡与西坡岳桦种群差异分析

本研究通过植被调查,从密度、胸径、树高、树龄、世代和种群分布格局等方面分析长白山北坡与西坡岳桦(Betula ermanii Cham.)种群的坡向差异及随海拔变化的坡向差异,探讨植被坡向差异的干扰因素。结果显示,整体上北坡岳桦种群胸径、二代木比重显著大于西坡,一代木比重则相反,说明尽管西坡生境优于北坡,但西坡植被演替落后于北坡,同时受干扰的因素多于北坡。北坡与西坡岳桦种群特征随海拔变化的趋势存在统一性,岳桦种群密度随海拔的升高均呈"单峰"型变化;其中北坡岳桦胸径、树高、树龄、二代木比重随海拔升高逐渐减小,种群空间分布格局呈聚集-随机-聚集变化趋势,说明在较低和较高海拔岳桦只能占据部分生境,符合一般山地植被特征。西坡岳桦树龄、树高随海拔波动减小,种群呈聚集分布;同时不同海拔的岳桦种群特征坡向差异也不同,海拔1600～1700 m,西坡岳桦胸径、树高、树龄小于北坡,而种群密度大于北坡;海拔1800～2100 m,西坡岳桦胸径、树高、树龄大于北坡,而种群密度小于北坡。研究结果说明西坡的干扰随海拔呈随机性,具有风干扰的特征,推测除已知的火山喷发、火山灰侵蚀干扰以及生境条件差异外,风干扰也是产...     

秦岭南北坡森林鼠类对板栗和锐齿栎种子扩散的影响

森林鼠类的种子贮藏行为对植物的扩散及更新会产生积极的影响。2012和2013年秋季,分别在秦岭北坡的周至国家级自然保护区和南坡的佛坪国家级自然保护区内,调查了森林鼠类对板栗(Castanea mollissima)和锐齿栎(Quercus aliena)种子的取食和扩散差异。结果显示:1)秦岭南北坡的环境因素,特别是植被因素,对鼠类扩散板栗和锐齿栎种子具有重要的影响。南坡较为丰富的壳斗科植被种类,导致2种种子在南坡存留时间均长于北坡,而北坡的扩散取食和丢失率均高于南坡。2)种子特征影响鼠类的取食或贮藏偏好。由于较高的蛋白、脂肪等营养含量,鼠类更喜好取食或搬运贮藏板栗种子。然而,低营养但高丹宁含量的锐齿栎种子仍然被鼠类大量贮藏。3)2种种子在南北坡的扩散历程在两个年份间有很大差异,在食物相对匮乏的年份(2012年),种子被扩散的速度更快且丢失的比率更高。这种差异反映了种子大小年现象对森林鼠类取食和贮藏策略的影响。4)无论在秦岭南坡还是北坡,营养价值含量(如蛋白和脂肪)较高的板栗种子的取食和贮藏距离都明显大于营养价值含量较低的锐齿栎种子,这与最优贮藏空间分布模型的预测一致。