刀耕火种对山黄麻林土壤种子库的影响

山黄麻为热带地区常见的先锋树种。在西双版纳地区,它常常在丢荒的刀火种地上形成单优种群,在次生演替的卢着重要的作用。本文采用的萌发实验法探讨了刀耕火种对一４龄山黄麻林的土壤种子库的影响。研究表明刀耕火种过程使土壤种子库的储量从林地的６５３５５粒／ｍ＾２降为烧后的１０７０粒／ｍ＾２,种子种类从林地６０种下降为２９种,改变了土壤种子库的结构,提高了土壤种子库中耐火烧类种子的比例,使在其后的恢复过程中有较     

南亚热带森林不同演替阶段土壤种子库的初步研究

本文对鼎湖山不同演替阶段的森林（马尾松林、针阔叶混交林、季风常绿阔叶林）的土壤种子库进行了初步研究．分别从各个阶段的样地内抽取４或８个１×１ｍ的小样地,分三层（共１０ｃｍ厚）采集土样,带回实验室,通过萌发法观察记录其土壤种子库状况．通过统计分析,其结果如下：１．种子数量和物种多样性一般随演替发展而减少,种子数目以３—５ｃｍ厚土层为最多．２．各演替阶段土壤种子库的种类组成均以草本植物为主．３．在光照和湿度基本一致的情况下,萌发种子数与温度成正相关．４．雨季取的种子数目较旱季多,且种类组成有所不同．这是因为南亚热带森林内植物种子的休眠期短,在旱季采集土样时许多种的种子尚未下落．５．种子库组成与地上植物相关性不明显,但演替早期阶段的相关性比演替后期更密切。     

宝华山主要植被类型土壤种子库初探

落叶常绿阔叶混交比和落叶阔叶林的土壤种子库分别有４９种和３３种植物,其中,前者有草本４２种,灌木３种,乔木４种,密度为２５５粒／ｍ＾２,后者有草本２９种,灌木１种,乔木３种,密度为１４５粒／ｍ＾２,两植被类型的土壤种子库组成与其现存地上植被的组成相似性极小。落叶常绿阔叶混交林林窗的土壤种子库有３３个种,密度为４１３粒／ｍ＾２,与非林窗区域的土壤种子库组成仅有５３．１％的相似性。     

西双版纳热带森林的土壤种子库储量及优势成分

作为西双版纳热带森林土壤种子库生态学系统研究的首次报道,本文采用野外样带取样与萌发实验相结合的方法,探讨了当地１类季节雨林（番龙眼、千果榄仁林）和３类次生森林（山黄麻林、中平树林、半人工林）的土壤种子库储量及其优势成分。结果发现,中平树林和山黄麻林的土壤中蕴藏着十分丰富的种子,在厚度为１０ｃｍ的表层土壤中,它们的种子密度分别高达２９９４５±２２６７粒／ｍ２和２４７４０±２２７５粒／ｍ２。而季节雨林和半人工林土壤种子库中的种子密度仅为５９０５±２０２粒／ｍ２和３３４５±４３８粒／ｍ２。草本植物无论是在种类还是个体数量上都是这几类森林土壤种子库的优势成分,但随着森林演替年龄的增加,其所占比例有所减少。     

生境异质性对刺五加种子萌发的影响及其种子库动态

本文通过定位观测研究了中国东北红松阔叶林及其次生林下重要灌木刺五加种子在异质生境中转化为幼苗的差异,人工落叶松林下模拟种子库的动态。结果表明：人工落叶松林下的转化率最高,为１６．８％。以下顺序为蒙古栎林下为４．ｌ％,白桦林下为２．７％,人工红松林下为０．８％,硬阔叶林下为０．５％。人工落叶松林下模拟种子库中刺五加种子的寿命为４ａ。幼苗输出率第２年为１４．５％,第３年为１０．１％,第４年为１．８％。其它输出为：腐烂３３．ｌ％;生理衰老２２．３％;鼠类捕食１４．１％,但其很不稳定,这与鼠类种群数量动态有关。昆虫和土壤动物捕食最少,仅１．２７％。     

铜尾矿废弃地与相邻生境土壤种子库特征的比较

土壤种子库是植被群落的重要组成部分,其特征决定了群落的演替方向。对铜陵杨山冲尾矿库6个植被群落及相邻两处生境的土壤种子库进行了研究。结果表明,尾矿内各植被群落种子库的种子密度间存在较大差异,变化范围为57—593粒/m2,平均种子密度为370粒/m2,尾矿坝体和周围山体种子库种子密度分别为999和121粒/m2,各样地土壤中种子均主要集中在0—5 cm范围内。尾矿种子库与坝体种子库间的相似性指数大于其与周围山体种子库的相似性指数,但尾矿内各植被群落种子库间的相似性较差,相似性指数的变化范围为0.308—0.636。可见,群落微生境对土壤种子库的种子密度和物种组成产生了较大的影响。尾矿种子库种类与地上植被的平均相似指数为0.355,低于坝体种子库种类与地上植被相似性系数。3处样地土壤种子库的物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数均表现为坝体>尾矿>山体。尾矿种子库在农田土壤中萌发并正常生长的幼苗为16科44属53种,而在尾矿基质中仅为9科36属45种,均以禾本科、菊科和豆科植物萌发和生长状况较好,这3科构成了尾矿地上植被的主要类型。尾矿种子库在尾矿基质中萌发成活率为62.2%—91.2%,约为坝体和山体土壤种子库在尾矿基质中萌发成活率的2倍。说明,组成尾矿种子库的种子大部分已经适应了尾矿的极端恶劣环境或者其本身就是耐性极强的植物类型。     

安徽黄精属的细胞分类学研究

本文首次报道黄精属ＰｏｌｙｇｏｎａｔｕｍＭｉｌｌ我国三种特有植物的染色体数目和核型,结果如下：安徽黄精Ｐ．ａｎｈｕｉｅｎｓｅ发现两个细胞型：（１）２ｎ＝２４＝４ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋１４ｓｔ;（２）２ｎ＝２０＝４ｍ十６ｓｍ＋１０ｓｔ;　　黄精Ｐ．ｌａｎｇｙａｅｎｓｙ２ｎ＝１８＝６ｍ＋８ｓｍ＋４ｔ;距药黄精Ｐ．ｆｒａｎｃｈｅｔｉｉ有三个细胞型：（１）２ｎ＝２２＝８ｍ＋８ｓｍ（２ｓｃ）＋６ｓｔ;（２）２ｎ＝２０＝２ｍ＋１４ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ;（３）２ｎ＝１８＝４ｍ＋８ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ＋２Ｔ,全部属３Ｂ核型。黄精属植物安徽共有１０种,本文对９种黄精的染色体数目、核型进行了比较研究,发现它们可划分成三个类群,与中国植物志（第十五卷）的形态分类基本相符。     

川西米亚罗亚高山云杉林种子雨和土壤种子库研究

 对川西米亚罗亚高山20、30、60年人工云杉(Picea asperata)林及天然林的种子雨和土壤种子库进行了研究。结果表明：该区云杉种子雨一般从每年的10月初开始下落,一直到翌年的1月底结束,但不同林龄的云杉种子雨强度不同,60年人工林种子雨量最大,然后依次为30年人工林、天然林、20年人工林,其大小分别为(1 088.16±52.34)粒•m－2、(973.45±63.12)粒•m－2、(579.99±28.93)粒•m－2、(66.73±5.71)粒•m－2。云杉降雨历程与其林龄大小也有一定的关系,表现在种子雨发生时间和降雨高峰期的不同。30、60年人工云杉林及天然林下土壤种子库存在显著差异,两次取样（2003年3月26日和2003年8月21日）土壤种子库大小分别为(507.2±40.32)粒•m－2和(267.6±25.14)粒•m－2、(1 065.6±88.06)粒•m－2和(872.8±77.12)粒•m－2、(472.8±20.82)粒•m－2和(185.5±22.48)粒•m－2。土壤种子库中云杉种子主要都集中在枯枝落叶层,占66%左右,0～2 cm层占24%左右,2～5 cm层占10%左右。到8月21日,土壤中所有云杉种子都失去活力,腐烂死亡和动物取食是种子库损耗的主要因素。云杉种子库属于Thompson和Grime定义的第Ⅱ类。该区云杉幼苗一般在6月初开始出现,6月中旬左右达到出苗高峰,3种云杉林下幼苗密度差异很大,60年人工林下幼苗最多,其次为30年人工林和天然林。由于生境适合度低,死亡的幼苗数量较多,特别是自然死亡数。综合种子雨、种子库和转换的幼苗数量几个方面来看,在一定龄级范围内,人工林结实能力和更新潜力随林龄增加而增加,且人工林在更新潜力方面比天然林（约150年）要好。虽然该区云杉林下有大量种子下落,但由于种子大量损耗和幼苗死亡,种子萌发为幼苗再通过环境筛作用而最终补充到云杉种群的个体数量非常有限。     

桃园套种黑牧草对土壤热状况的影响及其模拟研究

在实地试验的基础上,分析和模拟了桃园套种黑牧草对土壤热状况的影响．结果表明,在牧草种植区和自然裸露区,阴天条件下平均土壤容积热容量分别为２．５４和２．５３Ｊ·ｃｍ－３·Ｃ－１,平均土壤导温率分别为１６．９和１０．４ｃｍ２·ｈ－１;土壤净热通量分别为１３６．６和１６７．６Ｊ·ｃｍ－２·ｄ－１;晴天条件下分别为２．９３和２．６１Ｊ·ｃｍ－２·℃－１,１６．３和５．８ｃｍ２·ｈ－１,８０．４和８５．２Ｊ·ｃｍ－２·ｄ－１．不同深度的土壤温度以一阶正弦波形式为主,土壤温度振幅随深度呈指数规律变化,自然裸露区的衰减系数大于牧草种植区;土壤温度位相落后随深度变化为０,４ｈ·ｃｍ－１     

美国生物圈二号内生长在高CO2浓度下的10种植物气孔导率,蒸腾速率…

报道了美国生物圈二号内生长在高ＣＯ２浓度下（〉２２００μｍｏｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１）４．５年后的５种热带雨林植物和５种荒漠植物气孔导率,蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的变化,结果表明,热带雨林植物在ＣＯ２浓度为３５０～４００μｍｏｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１时的气孔导度,蒸腾速率和水分利用效率分别为：（１２７．４±６５．６）ｍｍｏｌ．ｍ＾－２．ｓ＾－１,（２．０４±０．６１）ｍｍｏｌ．ｍ＾－２．ｓ＾－１和（２．９０±０．５     

Soil Seed Bank as an Input of Seed Source in Revegetation of Lead / Zinc Mine Tailings

The goal of the present study was to assess a soil seed bank as an input seed source for revegetating lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings. The seed bank source was abandoned farmland, whose top 10‐cm layer of topsoil contained 6,850 ± 377 seeds/m² from 41 species. The seeds in the soil were principally distributed in the upper 0–2 cm, which held 75.8% of total seeds and 92.7% of species composition. The top 2‐cm layer of topsoil may be sufficient to serve the purpose of providing a seed source for revegetation on derelict lands, including mined lands. Four different thicknesses of topsoil (1, 2, 4, and 8 cm, redistributed from the total 0–10‐cm layer from the farmland) were field‐tested on the Pb/Zn mine tailings. There was no significant difference in seedling density among the 4 thickness treatments. Many seeds in the treatments with more than 1‐cm of topsoil were unable to emerge from the deeper layer. Seedlings in plots with topsoil of 1‐, 2‐ and 4‐cm failed to establish within 1 year due to the extremely high acidity (pH 2.39 to 2.76). A shallow layer of topsoil cannot neutralize the sulfuric acid generated from oxidation of pyrites in the tailings. For establishment of seedlings on metalliferous lands, an insulating layer such as subsoil, building rubble, or domestic refuse is necessary before covering with valuable topsoil. The woody legume Leucaena leucocephala grown on the tailings with a topsoil cover of 8‐cm was the most dominant species. Lead was accumulated in root, branch, stem bark, and xylem, which accounted for more than 80% of the total metal concentration in the plant. This portion of Pb will reside in the plant for a long period, while the smaller portion of Pb in the leaf (about 15%) could be returned to the environment as litter during growth. Woody plants may have an advantage in metal‐phyto‐remediation over herbaceous plants.     

石羊河中游沙漠化逆转过程土壤种子库的动态变化

在石羊河中游,应用空间代替时间的方法,选择流动沙丘以及封育恢复5a、15a和25a的沙漠化逆转过程序列,研究了沙漠化逆转过程土壤种子库的变化特征。结果表明:石羊河中游沙漠化土地土壤种子库由4科12种植物组成,种子库主要分布于表层0-5cm。在沙漠化逆转过程中,土壤种子库物种数趋于增加,物种组成以1年生草本植物占优势逐渐向多年生草本植物和半灌木植物转变;种子库密度、表层土壤种子比例、物种多样性指数、与地上植被的相似性呈现先增大后降低趋势;沙漠化土地生态恢复间隔的时间越长,土壤种子库间的相似性程度越低;沙漠化土地与地带性植被区种子库的相似性逐渐增大,但是恢复25a沙漠化土地也仅达到0.36。研究认为,沙漠化逆转过程也是沙漠化土地土壤种子库向地带性植被土壤种子库演变的过程,而且是一个十分缓慢的过程,该研究有助于丰富干旱区土壤种子库的理论和指导干旱内陆河流域沙漠化土地的生态恢复实践。     

Implications of Seedling Emergence to Site Restoration following Bauxite Mining in Western Australia

Seedling emergence of 12 selected northern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) forest species were investigated to assist Alcoa of Australia Ltd. in maximizing the establishment of topsoil species in rehabilitated bauxite mining sites. The species, which encompassed a range of seed weights (0.024 mg to 87 mg), plant families, seed-storage types, life forms, and germination requirements, were placed on the soil surface and at depths of 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15 cm under controlled conditions in a glasshouse. Ability to emerge from deep burial was found to depend on seed size for species that annually release their seed to the topsoil but not for species that store their seed on the plant. All selected species were capable of emerging from 2 cm depth of burial, but eight of the 12 species were either unable to emerge from 5 cm or showed a significant reduction in emergence from 5 cm depth of burial compared to optimally buried seed. This group included two small-seeded species, Stylidium calcaratum and Chamaescilla corymbosa; the major forest dominant, Eucalyptus marginata; the serotinous canopy-borne seed of Hakea amplexicaulis; and the wind-dispersed seed of Xanthorrhoea gracilis. A few seeds of the legume species Kennedia coccinea, Acacia pulchella, and Bossiaea aquifolium established seedlings from depths of 15 cm. Currently, Alcoa removes the upper 15 cm of topsoil separately from the underlying soil prior to the commencement of mining. This topsoil is respread at a similar depth following mining as part of the rehabilitation procedure. It is recommended that Alcoa continue to strip topsoil to a depth of 15 cm but investigate the option of re-spreading topsoil onto rehabilitated pits at a shallower depth to maximize establishment via the soil seed bank.     

Vegetation Re‐development After Fen Meadow Restoration by Topsoil Removal and Hay Transfer

We investigated the effects of different restoration treatments on the development of fen meadow communities: (1) depth of topsoil removal, with shallow (circa 20 cm) and deep (circa 40 cm) soil removal applied, (2) transfer of seed‐containing hay, and (3) access of large animals. We carried out a full factorial experiment with all combinations of these factors and monitored it for 4 years. We studied the effect of seed availability in the soil seed bank on species abundance in the vegetation and compared it to the effect of species introduction by hay. We observed large differences in species composition between different treatments after 4 years. The combination of hay transfer, deep soil removal, and exclusion of large animals resulted in a community with highest similarity to the target vegetation. We found that the transfer of seeds with hay had a larger effect on species abundance than the soil seed bank. Hay transfer appeared to have important consequences on vegetation development because it speeded up the establishment of the target vegetation.     

Native Plant Regeneration on Abandoned Desert Farmland: Effects of Irrigation, Soil Preparation, and Amendments on Seedling Establishment

Direct seeding methods to revegetate abandoned farmland were tested at a desert site west of Phoenix, Arizona. Native seeds were broadcast onto plots prepared by mulching, imprinting, chiseling, and fertilizing with phosphorous in a split-plot design. Each main plot was split into subplots that were not irrigated, irrigated with saline (3.25 dS/m) well water, or irrigated and hand weeded of Salsola iberica . Native seeds germinated poorly on all treatments, and three annual exotic weeds ( Brassica nigra , S. iberica , and Schismus spp.) dominated the plots. None of the main plot treatments (mulching, imprinting, chiseling, or fertilizing) had a significant effect on seed germination or canopy cover. Irrigation increased plant cover on plots, but weeds dominated the cover (<4% native species, up to 50% weeds). Near the end of the second growing season a seed bank study was conducted in the greenhouse. Undisturbed desert soil had relatively few weed seeds and more native plant seeds than the disturbed agricultural soil samples, which had few viable native seeds and were dominated by Schismus spp., B. nigra , and S. iberica . The results illustrate the difficulty of establishing native plants on abandoned desert farmland due to the dominance of weedy species, the presence of salts in the soil, and the lack of adequate soil moisture in the treatments without supplemental irrigation.     

Seed Stores for Restoration of Species-Rich Shrubland Vegetation Following Mining in Western Australia

The extreme species richness of native shrubland vegetation (kwongan) near Eneabba, Western Australia, presents a major problem in the restoration of sites following mineral sand mining. Seed sources available for post-mining restoration and those present in the native kwongan vegetation were quantified and compared. Canopy-borne seeds held in persistent woody fruits were the largest seed source of perennial species in the undisturbed native vegetation and also provided the most seeds for restoration. In undisturbed vegetation, the germinable soil seed store (140–174 seeds · m^?2) was only slightly less than the canopy-borne seed store (234–494 seeds · m^?2), but stockpiled topsoil provided only 9% of the germinable seeds applied to the post-mining habitat. The age of stockpiled soil was also important. In the three-year-old stockpiled topsoil, the seed bank was only 10.5 seeds · m^?2 in the surface 2.5 cm, compared to 56.1 to 127.6 seeds · m^?2 in fresh topsoil from undisturbed vegetation sites. In the stockpiled topsoil, most seeds were of annual species and 15–40% of the seeds were of non-native species. In the topsoil from undisturbed vegetation, over 80% of the seeds were of perennial species, and non-native species comprised only 2.7% of the seed bank. Additional seeds of native species were broadcast on restoration areas, and although this represented only 1% of the seed resources applied, the broadcast seed mix was an important resource for increasing post-mining species richness. Knowledge of the life-history characteristics of plant species may relate to seed germination patterns and assist in more accurate restoration where information on germination percentages of all species is not available.     

山西临汾市郊土壤动物生态分布特征

为了解临汾市郊土壤动物群落多样性及其生态分布特征,2009年4～10月间对山西省临汾市郊7个类型生境中(林地、农田、果园、道路绿化带、汾河滩涂废弃地、重金属污染区农田及林地)的土壤动物群落进行了调查,采用手拣法和干漏斗法,共捕获土壤动物个体5 842只,隶属4门9纲25目。优势类群为弹尾目、蜱螨目和膜翅目,常见类群14种,稀有类群8种。结果显示,土壤动物个体数量因季节不同呈现出一定规律性,即秋季春季夏季。土壤动物垂直分布上,非污染区的1、2、3号样地表聚性明显,中度污染区的4、5号样地表聚性不明显,重度污染区的6、7号样地出现了逆分布现象。在群落多样性指数方面,夏季除了均匀性指数外各项指数的波动比较大。在功能团方面,临汾市郊腐食性动物比例最高,尤其是在重金属污染区,腐食性动物占到了很大比例。而在绿色植物比较茂密的2号样地,植食性动物在数量上占优势。     

Persistence of seed bank under thick volcanic deposits twenty years after eruptions of Mount Usu, Hokkaido Island, Japan

The topsoil that contained the seed bank became buried under thick tephra after the eruptions of Mount Usu during 1977 and 1978. To determine the seed bank potential of the topsoil 20 yr after the eruptions, i.e., in 1998, 408 100-cm(3) samples were excavated under 115-185 cm of volcanic deposits. The topsoil was collected at 10-cm intervals along the horizontal scale and was divided into a 0-5 cm deep upper layer and a 5-10 cm deep lower layer. The seed bank was estimated by both the germination (GM) and flotation (FM) methods. In total, 23 species with an average seed density of 1317 seeds/m(2) were identified by GM, and 30 species with a density of 2986 seeds/m(2) were extracted by FM. The dominant species was Rumex obtusifolius, and perennial herbs, such as Carex oxyandra, Viola grypoceras, and Poa pratensis, were common. For nine species this study provided the first records for field seed longevity >20 yr. The seed density in the upper layer was double that in the lower layer, and the horizontal distribution was heterogeneous even at 10-cm intervals. We concluded that the seed bank has retained the original structure of the seed bank under the tephra and will persist longer with soil water content between 20 and 40%, no light, and low temperature fluctuations (±0.17°C of standard deviation in a day).     

Ecological aspects of soil seed-banks in relation to bauxite mining. II. Twelve year old rehabilitated mines

Abstract Germinable seed stores were estimated for 12–13 year old rehabilitation sites in the jarrah forest over two seasons (autumn and spring). Collected soils were subjected to combinations of smoking and heating treatments before the germination procedure was commenced. The mean topsoil seed reserve to a depth of 10 cm was 1938 seeds m^?2. Of this total reserve, more than 80% was found in the upper 5 cm of soil. The topsoil seed reserve of these rehabilitation areas was almost seven times that of the adjacent native jarrah forest (292 seeds m^?2; Ward et al. 1997). There was a seasonal effect with autumn-collected soils having significantly more germinable seeds (2723 seeds m^?2) than soils collected in spring (1153 seeds m^?2). More than half (53%) of the topsoil seed reserve in rehabilitated areas was composed of annual weed species, dominated by Aira caryophyllea, Centaurium erythraea and the native Levenhookia pusilla. Of the total of 70 species identified, 13 species showed significantly higher germination in smoked trays while 11 species exhibited significantly higher germination in heated trays. Species responding to the smoking treatment tended to be annuals while those responding to the heating treatment were typically legume shrub species. Examination of the topsoil seed reserve and the vegetation present in these areas showed that while the species composition was similar between the seed store and the vegetation, there was a large difference in densities, with species occurring at much higher densities in the topsoil than in the vegetation. However, the rankings of species were significantly correlated between the topsoil seed reserve and the vegetation present at the site. The implications of these results to prescribed burning of these rehabilitated areas is discussed.