蚱蝉(Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius)自鸣声音色的变化

蚱蝉自鸣声的音色分为单音色、双音色.及三音色等.本文进一步阐明每种音色的变化及高幅值脉冲对主音色能量的影响.蚱蝉自鸣声音色的变化主要是指频谱主音色频率(MTF)的显著改变、蚱蝉单色自鸣声的MTF主要在4.1—5.8kHz的频带内变化,双音色自鸣声的主次音色频率有相互颠倒现象,MTF主要在3.6—5.4kHz之间,三音色自鸣声的MTF虽然在3.5—4.5kHz比较窄的频带内,但三个音色峰的能量十分接近显示了三种音色成分.同只蚱蝉自鸣声,在不同的鸣声段具有近似相等的最大幅值,但高幅值脉冲个数的多少不同,相应主音色能量的大小与这些脉冲个数的多少对应.     

黑蚱蝉鸣声的结构和音色特征

本文对北京、河北和福建等地黑蚱蝉(Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius)的三种鸣声进行了分析,并对发声机理进行了讨论。 黑蚱蝉野外的自然鸣声具有基本相同的结构层次,都由重复频率为43—49Hz的节奏组成,每个节奏含有4个单音节,每个单音节含有3个脉冲群,每个脉冲群含有若干个脉冲。但是音色有明显的差异,即分别为单音色、双音色和具有高幅低频声的复合声。黑蚱蝉室内的惊鸣声和自鸣声,虽然音色有一定的变化,但仍保持自然鸣声的结构层次。鸣声的结构层次明显取决于发声膜的结构特征,这表明具有种类的特性。音色的差异性不仅与调音、扩音结构的功能有关,而且可能与发声膜的力学性质和发声的原初过程有关,即可能具有地区性和种下差异。 这些结果可为蝉类发声机制和有害昆虫声引诱的声学模型的研究提供依据。     

蚱蝉(Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius)发声器结构:发声膜与鸣声

蚱蝉单发声膜发出的click声波形由高幅值和低幅脉冲列(pulse train,PT)组成.高幅值PT含脉冲越多,主峰频率(main peak frequency,MPF)就越高.本文进一步阐明:1、高幅值PT多含有11个脉冲,当含有1,2,3个时,脉冲个数与MPF成准线性关系 超过三个为非线性关系.2、双发声膜发声的频带主要在2700Hz-6700Hz之间.数个click声组成的波形中,低幅值PT功率谱包络波近似于标准高斯型,MPF约为4900Hz;不同高幅值PT内含主脉冲的频率不同是MPF变化的主要因素.3、蚱蝉鸣声功率谱主要有三个子谱区A,B,及C,对应的频带依次约为2700Hz—3700Hz,3700Hz-5700Hz,及5700Hz—6700Hz.     

鸣鸣蝉(Oncotympana maculaticollis Motschulsk)自鸣声信息及其频谱的双倍频特征

本文报道庐山鸣鸣蝉自鸣声信息的长码与短码结构及其部分频谱的双倍频特征。庐山鸣鸣蝉多次重复的“MUYING……MUYING MU A”叫声,仅由三种信息MU(简称M),YING(I)及“A”重复编排而成。M与A的特征类似:持续时间大于170ms,波形具有约为6ms的周期,频谱主峰频率(MPF)约为4kHz,谱能量主要分布在2—7kHz频带内。这是鸣鸣蝉自鸣声长码的近似不变特征。长码I与M,A的不同点是持续期多在300ms以上,MPF为变频特征,在2.7—7.2kHz之间变化,谱能量较均匀地分布在0—14kHz频带内。约为6ms的准周期内含有几个频率不同的脉冲串(PT),这些不同频率的PT称为短码。这表明鸣鸣蝉自鸣声中长码是由变频短码组成的。M与A部分频谱具有双倍频特征,即构成频谱的子谱峰频率为两个倍频序列,其中一序列的共振峰为主峰,另一序列的共振峰为次峰。     

黑蚱蝉(Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius)鸣声的波谱特征

本文研究了双气囊黑蚱蝉的Click声、自鸣声和群鸣声.其鸣声波形兼有调幅与鸣声主频变化特征.1.Click声主峰频率分布在2.64—5.73KHz之间.2.自鸣声主峰频率在3.6—6KHz之间,比Click声的分布宽度略窄.3.群鸣声的主峰频率分布在4—7KHz范围内.     

四种草螽雄性鸣声的研究

对分布于我国的长瓣草螽Conocephalus(Anisoptera)gladiatus,中华草螽C.(Amurocephalus)chinensis,悦鸣草螽 C.(Anisoptera)melaenus和斑翅草螽C.(Anisoptera)maculatus雄性鸣声进行了分析.研究结果表明,这4种草螽雄性鸣声的时域波形较简单,鸣声均由1种类型的脉冲组序列构成.长瓣草螽雄性鸣声每个脉冲组持续时间约0.13 s,脉冲组间隔约0.12 s,每个脉冲组通常由8脉冲构成,鸣声的频率范围5～20 kHz.中华草螽雄性的鸣声脉冲组由2个脉冲构成,每次鸣叫持续时间约为3.3 s,两次连续鸣叫间隔约10.5 s,鸣声频率范围为20 Hz～20 kHz.斑翅草螽雄性鸣声的脉冲组由10～13个脉冲构成,脉冲组持续时间2.1～2.5 s,两次连续鸣叫间隔时间约为3 s;鸣声频率从5.5 kHz到高于20 kHz.悦鸣草螽雄性鸣声由单一规则的重复脉冲组序列构成,每个鸣声脉冲组持续时间约0.035 s,脉冲组间隔约0.023 s,每个脉冲组由3个脉冲构成,脉冲组重复率20/s,鸣声频率6.0～20.0 kHz.     

繁殖期内丹顶鹤的日常短鸣声行为模式分析

繁殖期内,丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)的日常短鸣声行为具有一定的模式。本文通过行为的实时观察,并利用MATLAB分析软件对日常短鸣声进行了计算机声谱分析,给出了鸣声模式的声图、示波图和频谱。结果表明：雄性的鸣声特性是每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较少,一般不超过4个音节;而雌性的鸣声特性是每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较多,最少的含有4个音节。雌雄鸣声的共同特性是每个音节都是由三个声脉冲组成。l号鹤的谐和特性较好,2号音色较纯净;雌性鸣肌速率较高,雄性则较低。自由选择配对组配偶间音质是一纯一杂,而人为组合组雌雄音质相同。     

饰纹姬蛙求偶鸣声特征分析

2012年5月,用SX950录音笔和Praat声音分析软件对浙江丽水繁殖季节饰纹姬蛙(Microhyla ornata)求偶鸣声进行录制和特征分析.结果表明,饰纹姬蛙发出的求偶鸣声具有单一谐波鸣声结构、多脉冲(7、9～16)及纺锤形振幅等特征;所有鸣声主频率范围为1.22～4.09 kHz (n=233),且由不同脉冲数组成的鸣声主频率平均值几近相等;叫声时程随脉冲数的增加而增大,脉冲时程在不同脉冲数鸣声中的大小几近相等,但最后一个脉冲的时程大小≤其他脉冲;脉冲间隔与叫声时程则刚好相反,即叫声时程越短,脉冲间隔就越大.在7个脉冲的鸣声中,其脉冲间隔最大,脉冲率最小;而在16个脉冲的鸣声中,脉冲间隔则最小,脉冲率最大.除7个脉冲和16个脉冲鸣声的脉冲率分别与其他鸣声存在显著性差异以外,随着叫声时程和脉冲数的增加,脉冲率也出现相应变化.在声强方面,除16个脉冲鸣声与其余所有的脉冲鸣声出现显著性差异以外,其他脉冲鸣声之间的两两比较差异不显著.丽水种群与其他5个地理种群(杭州、宣城、Kamoor、Bajipe和Padil)的鸣声特征比较显示饰纹姬蛙在不同地理种群的鸣声结构相似,而鸣声主频率、叫声时程、脉冲时程及脉冲率等在6个地理种群种均出现不同程度的差异.了解不同物种的声信号特征有助于更好地理解动物通讯行为及其进化特点.     

北方两种常见蝈螽鸣声与发声器的比较研究

研究了北方常见的优雅蝈螽Gampsocleis gratiosa和暗褐蝈螽Campsocleis sedakovii雄性鸣声特征和发声器结构.优雅蝈螽鸣声规则,脉冲组序列由2种类型的脉冲组组成,第1种类型的脉冲组持续时间约0.09 s,脉冲持续和间隔时问约0.01 5;第2类型的脉冲组持续时间约0,04 s,脉冲持续和间隔时间均约0.003 s;鸣声的主能峰频率约7 kHz.暗褐蝈螽雄性鸣声包含短促的开翅鸣声和由2种类型的脉冲组组成的脉冲组序列构成的闭翅鸣声,第1种脉冲组持续时间约0.012 s,间隔时间约0.002 s;第2种脉冲组持续时间约0.013 s,间隔时间极短;鸣声主能峰频率约9.1kHz.2种蝈螽镜膜的形状、发声锉的形状和长度、发声齿的形状具显著差异.     

北京地区五种常见鸣虫的鸣声结构

本文对寒蝉、蚱蝉、鸣鸣蝉、锐声鸣螽和大扁头蟋五种鸣虫雄虫的鸣声结构进行了较系统的研究。这些昆虫鸣声节律以及声谱和声压的瞬时变化均有显著的不同。一种昆虫的鸣声频谱范围虽然很大,但不同频率的图象却都和主频率的图象一样。     

Acoustic adaptations to anthropogenic noise in the cicada Cryptotympana takasagona Kato (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Anthropogenic noise produced by human activities affects acoustic communication in animals living in urban habitats. We recorded the calling songs of the cicada Cryptotympana takasagona in the Kaohsiung metropolitan areas of southern Taiwan to investigate possible acoustic adaptations to anthropogenic noise. C. takasagona did not call more in noise gaps. Acoustic features (peak frequency, quartile 25%, quartile 50%, and quartile 75%) of calling songs significantly increased with ambient noise levels. C. takasagona shifted the energy distribution of calling songs to higher frequencies in the presence of higher noise levels. We suggest that the acoustic adaptation by which song frequencies increase with levels of anthropogenic noise in C. takasagona may result from a size-dependent calling strategy in which small-sized males call more in noise conditions or large-sized males adjust their song frequency by changing their abdominal cavities.     

Spherical sound radiation patterns of singing grass cicadas, Tympanistalna gastrica

The spatial pattern of sound radiation of grass cicadas emitting normally patterned calling songs was measured in the acoustic far field with an array of eight microphones at a distance of 15 cm. The array could be rotated to cover the sphere around the cicada. The sound was analysed in one-third-octave bands with centre frequencies from 3.15 kHz to 16 kHz, the frequency range of the calling song. The seven cicadas studied had very similar spatial radiation patterns, but somewhat different emitted sound powers (range 190–440 nW, mean 280 nW, at 22 °C). At low frequencies, the pattern of sound radiation was close to spherical. At higher frequencies, systematic deviations from a spherical pattern were evident. The deviations were of the order of magnitude expected for monopolar sound sources located on sound-shielding bodies. We conclude that, although the singing cicada produces a quite complex acoustic near field, it behaves as a monopole in the far field. These findings are compared with data from a singing grasshopper of similar size, which in the far field behaves as a multipole. Accepted: 20 November 1999     

Acoustic communication in Okanagana rimosa (Say) (Homoptera: Cicadidae)

The cicada Okanagana rimosa (Say) has an acoustic communication system with three types of loud timbal sounds: (i) A calling song lasting several seconds to about 1 min which consists of a sequence of chirps at a repetition rate of 83 chirps per second. Each chirp of about 6 ms duration contains 4-5 pulses. The sound level of the calling song is 87-90 dB SPL at a distance of 15 cm. (ii) An amplitude modulated courtship song with increasing amplitude and repetition rate of chirps and pulses. (iii) A protest squawk with irregular chirp and pulse structure. The spectra of all three types are similar and show main energy peaks at 8-10 kHz. Only males sing, and calling song production is influenced by the songs of other males, resulting in an almost continuous sound in dense populations. In such populations, the calling songs overlap and the temporal structure of individual songs is obscured within the habitat. The calling song of the broadly sympatric, closely related species O. canadensis (Provander) is similar in frequency content, but distinct in the temporal pattern (24 chirps per second, 24 ms chirp duration, eight pulses per chirp) which is likely important for species separation in sympatric populations. The hearing threshold of the auditory nerve is similar for females and males of O. rimosa and most sensitive at 4-5 kHz. Experiments in the field show that female phonotaxis of O. rimosa depends on parameters of the calling song. Most females are attracted to calling song models with a 9 kHz carrier frequency (peak frequency of the calling song), but not to models with a 5 kHz carrier frequency (minimum hearing threshold). Phonotaxis depends on temporal parameters of the conspecific song, especially chirp repetition rate. Calling song production is influenced by environmental factors, and likelihood to sing increases with temperature and brightness of the sky. Correspondingly, females perform phonotaxis most often during sunny conditions with temperatures above 22 degrees C. Non-mated and mated females are attracted by the acoustic signals, and the percentage of mated females performing phonotaxis increases during the season.     

不同地区蟪蛄蝉求偶鸣声的比较

北京西郊(BX)、陕西西安(SX)、四川峨嵋山(SE)、山东潍坊(SW)、福建福州(FF)和陕西杨陵(SY)地区蟪蛄蝉鸣声都含高潮声Zhi…”声、脉冲的单一式调幅特性和高潮声的载波主频率(6 433±375)Hz等基本相同,显示种的同一性。但是高潮声的基频和主频率的品质因数(Q_3dB)等显示出不同程度的地区性种下差异。BX、SX和SE的基频相同(550Hz),都为高Q_3dB,即无明显的地区差异。SW和FF的基频分别为450H2和650Hz,Q_3dB都明显降低,即呈-定的地区差异。SY不仅呈节奏变化的单次声-高潮声-尾声的特有模式,而且基频增高为800Hz,即地区差异更明显。     

Specificity of cicada calling songs in the genus Tibicina (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

Abstract.  Males of Tibicina cicada species produce a sustained and monotonous calling song by tymbal activity. This acoustic signal constitutes the first step in pair formation, attracting females at long range, and is involved in male–male interactions. The specificity of this signal was investigated for the first time for seven species and one subspecies of Tibicina occurring in France. This analysis was achieved by describing tymbal anatomy, tymbal mechanism and calling song structure. Male calling songs are emitted following the same general scheme: tymbals are activated alternately and the successive buckling of the sclerotized ribs that they bear produces a regular succession of groups of pulses. The structural and mechanical properties shared by Tibicina species and subspecies lead to a considerable uniformity of the signal shape. Nevertheless, a principal component analysis applied to eight temporal and three frequency parameters revealed differences between the signals of the species studied. In particular, calling songs differed in groups of pulse rate and/or in peak of the second frequency band (carrier frequency). These acoustic differences are probably linked to differences in the numbers of tymbal ribs and body size. Groups of pulse rate and/or peak of the second frequency band could encode specific information. However, Tibicina calling songs may not act as distinct specific-mate recognition systems and may not play a leading role in the mating isolation process; rather, they might merely belong to a complex set of specific spatial, ecological, ethological and morphological characters that ensure syngamy.     

蝉鸣特征及其在分类学上的意义：同翅目：蝉总科

本文总结了蝉鸣的几种机制,并初步提出了具鼓膜发音器的蝉鸣模式图;综述了国内外有关蝉鸣在分类中的应用历史和现状;分析讨论了蝉鸣声在各级分类阶元中的差异和应用,即发音机制和方式可用于科及亚科级的分类;鸣声的颖谱特征和一些鸣叫行为可为属级分类提供一些依据,鸣叫节律型具有明显的种性,而音色的差异在近缘种,疑难种及其种下分类方面具有重要的意义。