黄山北坡常绿阔叶林的特征分析

对黄山北坡常绿阔叶林的植物区系成分,外貌,结构,物种多样性和生态优势度,群落类型以及群落稳定性等方面的分析,认为黄山北坡常绿阔叶林是一种中亚热带北缘的常绿阔叶林类型,其中苦槠群系,甜槠群系,青冈群系和小叶青冈群系是黄山地区的顶板类型,青栲群系,绵槠群系为不稳定的常绿阔叶林类型,最终将被青冈群系所取代。     

武夷山大安源甜槠常绿阔叶林群落物种组成及多样性分析

采用相邻格子样方法对武夷山大安源甜槠〔Castanopsis eyrei(Champ.ex Benth.)Tutch.〕常绿阔叶林群落的物种组成及物种多样性进行了研究,并分析了群落的种-面积曲线以及样方面积与物种多样性的关系。结果表明:在面积4 800 m2的样方中共记录维管植物31科57属97种,其中乔木78种、灌木8种、草本植物5种、藤本植物6种;乔木主要为常绿树种,落叶树种仅10种;优势科为壳斗科(Fagaceae)、杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)、杜英科(Elaeocarpaceae)和山茶科(Theaceae)等,优势属为栲属〔Castanopsis(D.Don)Spach〕、杜鹃属(Rhododendron Linn.)和杜英属(Elaeocarpus Linn.);优势树种为甜槠、马银花〔Rhododendron ovatum(Lindl.)Planch.〕、鹿角杜鹃(R.latoucheae Franch.)和薯豆(Elaeocarpus japonicus Sieb.et Zucc.)等,其中甜槠的相对胸高断面积达64.93%,重要值也最高(25.70%),在群落中具有明显的优势地位。群落中胸径小于5 cm的乔木个体数量占76.88%,径级越高个体数量越少。南坡样方的Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数均高于北坡,显示该群落南坡的物种多样性高于北坡。该群落的种-面积曲线拟合方程为y=21.836ln(x)-87.287(R2=0.990 2),且随样方面积的增加,物种数量、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数呈增加且趋于稳定的趋势,总体上调查样方面积应设置在2 000 m2以上。综合分析结果说明:武夷山大安源甜槠常绿阔叶林的物种组成较丰富、物种多样性水平较高;光照条件是导致该群落南坡多样性大于北坡的主要环境因素。     

九连山亚热带常绿阔叶林群落特征研究

于2008年在九连山保护区建立4 hm2固定监测样地,调查样地内胸径(DBH)≥1 cm的个体,以了解该区域的群落学特征.结果表明,群落的区系组成热带成分比较多,总体上呈现亚热带向热带过渡的区系特征.样地内共有植物58科、107属、221种,物种数和个体数较多的科为山茶科、樟科和壳斗科.群落稀有种较多,所占比例为40.72%.群落以红钩栲(Castanopsis lamontii)、米槠栲(C.carlesii)、罗浮柿(Diospyros morrisiana)、细枝柃(Eurya loquaiana)、罗浮栲(C.fabri)和丝栗栲(C.fargesii)为主要优势种.垂直结构由乔木上层(≥18 m)、乔木中层(10～18 m)、乔木下层(5～10 m)、灌木层(＜5 m)、草本层组成.样地内所有个体的径级分布呈现倒"J"型,表现群落的稳定与正常生长状态.红钩栲、米槠、罗浮柿、罗浮栲、木荷(Schima superba)、鸭公树(Neolitsea chuii)、红楠(Machilus thunbergii)和黄丹木姜子(Litsea elongata)呈现倒"J"型,种群稳定且处于正常增长状态.样地内未发现DBH≤15 cm的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)个体,该种群属于衰退型.九连山常绿阔叶林样地优势种在不同尺度和不同径级范围内以聚集分布为主.随着研究尺度的增加,不同物种聚集程度表现出不同的变化趋势.     

格氏栲自然保护区常绿阔叶林群落特征

在11000m²样地调查材料的基础上,分析了福建三明格氏栲自然保护区常绿阔叶林群落的种类组成、乔木种群的重要值、群落外貌、物种多样性、水平结构和垂直结构特征。该群落计有维管植物223种,隶属于80个科159属,其中单种属占总属数的80.5%,包括藤本在内的高位芽植物占总种数的85.2%。重要值高的乔木种群是格氏栲、木荷、米槠、马尾松、刮槠和山黄皮。主要乔木种群均服从聚集分布。群落垂直结构复杂,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层。生活型谱和物种多样性指数介于南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林和中亚热带常绿阔叶林之间。     

武夷山中亚热带常绿阔叶林样地的群落特征

武夷山保存了典型的中亚热带原生性森林生态系统。由于以往研究的空间和时间尺度较小, 方法规范性不强, 该地区尚缺少大型的、规范的综合性观测和研究平台。本文依托环境保护部南京环境科学研究所等单位按照CTFS调查技术规范建立的武夷山中亚热带常绿阔叶林9.6 ha动态监测样地开展植物群落调查, 从物种组成、区系特征、径级结构和空间分布格局等方面分析了其群落特征。结果表明: 样地内有维管植物68科135属232种, 其中乔木层内胸径≥ 1 cm的植物有44科86属171种。热带性质的科和属分别占总科数和总属数的68.58%和58.83%, 热带特征明显。珍稀濒危物种较多, 有4种国家II级重点保护野生植物、2种《中国生物多样性红色名录——高等植物卷》中的“近危”物种、1种《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)附录II物种以及72种中国特有物种, 具有较高的保护和研究价值。稀有种29种, 占总树种数的16.96%。重要值最大的科是壳斗科和山茶科, 二者的重要值之和大于40%。米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)、毛锥(C. fordii)、甜槠(C. eyrei)和少叶黄杞(Engelhardtia fenzlii)的重要值较大, 但没有明显的优势种。小径木较多, 所有个体的平均胸径为5.10 cm, 整体径级分布呈倒J形。乔木层可分为两个亚层, 米槠、毛锥、甜槠等在第I亚层中占优势。米槠和毛锥呈均匀分布, 甜槠、少叶黄杞、赤楠(Syzygium buxifolium)和木荷(Schima superba)呈聚集分布。     

浙江五岭坑常绿阔叶林优势种群的生态位特征

采用定量分析法计测了浙江五岭坑常绿阔叶林12 种优势种群的生态位指数。结果表明: (1)小叶青冈、厚皮香、木荷的生态位宽度较大,而赤楠、短尾柯、米槠的生态位宽度较小。物种的重要值与其生态位宽度之间没有明显的相关性。(2)生境需求相似而生态位宽度较小的具毛常绿荚蒾与赤楠的生态位相似性比例最大, 具毛常绿荚蒾与米槠的生态位相似性比例最小。甜槠与米槠之间的生态位相似性比例较小。优势种群的生态位相似性比例总体水平较向, 平均值为0.6446。(3)群落优势种群的生态位重叠平均值为0.1219。甜槠与米槠之间的生态位重叠较小。群落优势种群之间的生态位重叠程度不大, 说明该群落因利用相同资源而产生的种间竞争不大。     

古田山与中国其他东部典型常绿阔叶林物种组成特征的比较

古田山国家级自然保护区保存着大面积低海拔典型常绿阔叶林,为了解不同地点常绿阔叶林物种组成的差异和驱动因素,该研究在古田山常绿阔叶林内共设置29个20 m × 20 m的样地,收集其他14个典型常绿阔叶林的数据,探究古田山常绿阔叶林的物种组成特征,并将15个亚热带东部典型常绿阔叶林进行比较,分析了我国东部典型常绿阔叶林的物种组成差异及驱动因素。结果表明:(1)古田山广泛分布有我国东部典型常绿阔叶林中的栲类林、青冈类林等植被,物种组成在东部典型常绿阔叶林中具有代表性。(2)我国东部典型常绿阔叶林间物种组成差异明显,主要是受环境因素影响而非地理距离,气候因素中最冷月最低温(MTCM)的影响最显著。(3)我国东部典型常绿阔叶林叶生活型组成受最冷月最低温的影响最显著,受最热月最高温(MTWM)的影响是其次,降水量没有显著影响。综上结果发现,生境过滤是我国东部典型常绿阔叶林物种组成差异的主要驱动因素,反映了极端低温对我国亚热带常绿阔叶林物种组成具有重要影响,为常绿阔叶林的保护提供了科学依据。     

哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林乔木碳储量及固碳增量

为了解哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林的乔木碳储量及其固碳增量,利用2005和2008年的植被调查数据,对哀牢山3种主要常绿阔叶林的乔木碳储量及其固碳增量进行了分析。结果表明:原生的中山湿性常绿阔叶林、滇山杨次生林和旱冬瓜次生林的乔木碳储量分别为257.90、222.95和105.39tC·hm-2;中山湿性常绿阔叶林乔木碳储量主要存储在DBH≥91cm的乔木中(34.68%);而次生林的乔木碳储量主要分布在径级21cm≤DBH41cm的乔木中(滇山杨林77.29%;旱冬瓜林69.28%)。由此可见,哀牢山地区原生的中山湿性常绿阔叶林乔木层在碳蓄积方面占主导优势。哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林的3个森林类型乔木层均具有固碳增量,即使是原生的中山湿性常绿阔叶林,其乔木层年平均固碳增量也达2.47tC·hm-2·a-1;次生林乔木层的年平均固碳增量约为原生林的2倍,显示了哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林乔木层具有较强的碳汇增量。初步估算,哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林林区内每年乔木固碳增量为8.52×104tC·a-1。     

浙江省生态公益林植被恢复过程中物种组成及多样性的变化

在浙江省生态公益林区域的现状植被中分析了6种主要群落类型的物种组成和多样性的变化格局,包括演替系列中的2种灌丛、松优势林、2种混交林和常绿阔叶林。结果表明含松较多的灌丛和松优势林常分布在环境退化较严重(土层瘠薄)的生境中,其中灌木层主要由阳性的映山红、木、白栎等组成,常绿阔叶林优势种木荷、青冈、苦槠、甜槠等在其中偶见,因此推断其自然恢复为常绿林的速度慢;含常绿阔叶树较多的灌丛及含松较少的混交林分布在土层较厚处,木荷、青冈、苦槠、甜槠等的频度和重要值都较大,较容易自然恢复为常绿阔叶林。各种群落中物种多样性指数——Gleason、Shannon-Wiener、Simpson指数基本上以常绿阔叶林为最高,其次是含松较少的混交林,含松较多的灌丛和松优势林各种多样性指数最低。本研究显示我国中亚热带东部森林植被恢复途径有3条:(1)灌草丛→针叶林(松)→针(松)阔混交林→常绿阔叶林;(2)灌草丛→针(松)阔混交林→常绿阔叶林;(3)灌草丛→常绿阔叶林。这意味着本区域的常绿阔叶林恢复可以不必经历松林阶段,在生境条件较好的地方通过人工干预、补种常绿阔叶树可以加速常绿阔叶林恢复。     

滇中喀斯特山地半湿润常绿阔叶林的群落生态学研究

依据两个10000m2森林样地(蓑衣山和月湖)的调查,在两个样地内分别记录到植物95科142属的163种(蓑衣山)和70科110属的125种(月湖),其中,草本物种最多,乔木次之,藤本较少。两个样地的主要组成物种都为滇青冈、清香木、团花新木姜子、云南木樨榄。群落中大径级的物种和个体数相对较少,优势种主要通过较多数量的中小径级个体体现出来。按Raunkiaer生活型划分,该半湿润常绿阔叶林主要由高位芽植物(54.9%和48.8%)和地面芽植物(39.6%和41.6%)组成。按中国植被进行的生活型分类结果显示,乔木物种组成只有中、小乔木,它们在群落中仅占总物种数的1/4(25%和24%);草本植物中的多年生草本在样地总物种数中所占比例很高(42.7%和45.6%);且常绿中、小乔木与落叶中、小乔木的物种数差异不大,几乎各占一半。但如果按常绿与落叶的个体数量、或胸径总和、或重要值来判定,则落叶成分的最高比例为24·7%。鉴于此,该森林类型仍定义为混有落叶成分的半湿润常绿阔叶林。种—面积曲线结果表明,曲线在400m2点有最剧烈转折,应作为类似喀斯特山地植物群落调查的最小面积。     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

Low-frequency dynamics and Raman scattering of crystals, of B-, A-, and Z-DNA, and fibers of C-DNA

Normal modes of vibration of DNA in the low-frequency region (10-300 cm-1 interval) have been identified from Raman spectra of crystals of B-DNA [d(CGCAAATTTGCG)], A-DNA [r(GCG)d(CGC) and d(CCCCGGGG)], and Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG) and d(CGCGTG)]. The lowest vibrational frequencies detected in the canonical DNA structures--at 18 +/- 2 cm-1 in the B-DNA crystal, near 24 +/- 2 cm-1 in A-DNA crystals, and near 30 +/- 2 cm-1 in Z-DNA crystals--are shown to correlate well with the degree of DNA hydration in the crystal structures, as well as with the level of hydration in calf thymus DNA fibers. These findings support the assignment [H. Urabe et al. (1985) J. Chem. Phys. 82, 531-535; C. Demarco et al. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 2035-2040] of the lowest frequency Raman band of each DNA to a helix mode, which is dependent primarily upon the degree of helix hydration, rather than upon the intrahelical conformation. The present results show also that B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA structures can be distinguished from one another on the basis of their characteristic Raman intensity profiles in the region of 40-140 cm-1, even though all structures display two rather similar and complex bands centered within the intervals of 66-72 and 90-120 cm-1. The similarity of Raman frequencies for B-, A-, C-, and Z-DNA suggests that these modes originate from concerted motions of the bases (librations), which are not strongly dependent upon helix backbone geometry or handedness. Correlation of the Raman frequencies and intensities with the DNA base compositions suggests that the complex band near 90-120 cm-1 in all double-helix structures is due to in-plane librational motions of the bases, which involve stretching of the purine-pyrimidine hydrogen bonds. This would explain the centering of the band at higher frequencies in structures containing G.C pairs (greater than 100 cm-1) than in structures containing A.T pairs (less than 100 cm-1), consistent with the strengths of G.C and A.T hydrogen bonding.     

Synthesis and properties of N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of amino acids, peptides, and proteins

The literature on chemical (i.e., nonenzymic) phosphorylation of amino acids, peptides, and proteins is reviewed through 1982. The review covers synthetic methods, chemical reactions, and physical properties, with emphasis on the techniques used for separation and characterization of the products. Synthetic methods are classified by reagent rather than product, and are illustrated by experimental procedures for the most important methods. Chemical reactions are classified into four groups depending on whether the reaction site is the phospho group, the amino group, the carboxyl group, or in the case of serine the hydroxyl group. Physical data are given for all of the known N-, O-, and S-phospho derivatives of the amino acids, peptides, and proteins, within certain limitations, and are discussed in detail in the section on physical properties. Emphasis is given to the techniques used for separation of the products, such as chromatography and electrophoresis, and for characterization of the products, particularly spectroscopy. Medical and other uses of the products are mentioned.     

Cultural, Biochemical, and Immunological Properties of Mima, Herellea, and Flavobacterium Species

From study of cultural and biochemical characteristics of 40 strains of Herellea, Mima, or Flavobacterium species, a proposed schema for identification was developed. The reactions observed by agglutination, gel diffusion, and immunofluorescence suggest antigenic heterogeneity of this group of organisms.     

Pet Loss and Representations of Death,Attachment, Depression,and Euthanasia

Studies that have examined pet loss hypothesize that attachment, representations of death, and the belief in an afterlife for animals may influence owners’ bereavement and depressive outcomes. The following instruments were administered to 159 Italian participants recruited through snowball sampling: the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS), the Pet Bereavement Questionnaire (PBQ), the Testoni Death Representation Scale (TDRS), and Beck’s Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). Questions concerning pet euthanasia-related issues and the relationship between owners and veterinarians were also submitted to the participants. A path model was conducted, showing that the representation of death and the attachment to a pet had a direct effect on pet grief, which in turn had a direct effect on depression. The results show a positive correlation between the LAPS and PBQ factors, particularly with the PBQ factor Grief. The LAPS factors positively correlated with the TDRS representation of Death as a Passage and negatively correlated with the TDRS representation of Death as Annihilation. The LAPS People Substituting factor positively correlated with the total score and the Cognitive-Affective factor of the BDI-II. The PBQ factors positively correlated with the BDI-II, whereas only the TDRS Death as Annihilation factor positively correlated with the BDI-II. Belief in a transcendent dimension was associated with higher scores on the PBQ Guilt factor and the TDRS factors of Death as a Passage and Death as Change, whereas these beliefs were associated with lower scores on the TDRS factor Death as Annihilation.

The results indicated that the sensitivity of the veterinarian and a veterinarian who helps owners make conscious and informed decisions for their pet and choose the right time to perform euthanasia are important variables in the management of pet loss. However, these factors are not sufficient and psychological support should be improved to help owners better cope with grief.     

Count data, detection probabilities, and the demography, dynamics, distribution, and decline of amphibians

The evidence for amphibian population declines is based on count data that were not adjusted for detection probabilities. Such data are not reliable even when collected using standard methods. The formula C = Np (where C is a count, N the true parameter value, and p is a detection probability) relates count data to demography, population size, or distributions. With unadjusted count data, one assumes a linear relationship between C and N and that p is constant. These assumptions are unlikely to be met in studies of amphibian populations. Amphibian population data should be based on methods that account for detection probabilities.