广东省水域生态学研究发展状况

广东省的水域生态学研究在近几十年取得了长足的发展。目前广东省拥有一批在水域生态学研究上颇具优势的科研单位,如中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所、中国科学院南海海洋研究所、中国水产科学研究院珠江水产研究所、广东海洋大学、暨南大学水生生物研究中心以及其他省内或驻粤各高校的相关研究所或研究中心,取得了一系列重大的创新性成果。利用文献计量学方法,分析《生态科学》发表的与水域生态学相关的论文,可以看出广东省近年越来越重视水域生态学的相关研究,涉及海洋生态、淡水生态、河口与湿地生态、水域养殖生态等。广东省水域生态学研究中的一些课题仍需进一步地深化与加强,以缩短与国际研究先进水平之间的差距,为我国水域生态学的发展做出更多开创性的贡献。     

Editorial

As Zoological Research enters its 33rd year of publication,let us reflect back on the last three decades of dramatic change to China and the scientific community. In the latter half of the 20th century, scientific research was almost exclusively published in the United States or Europe. We started Zoological     

Life-time contributions of Joop Ringelberg to new approaches in aquatic ecology, father of modern aquatic ecology in the Netherlands

This dedication marks the retirement of Prof. Dr J. Ringelberg from the University of Amsterdam. In this article his contributions to the aquatic ecology in the Netherlands are reviewed. After his Ph.D. study on The positively phototactic reaction of Daphnia magna Straus, a contribution to the understanding of diurnal vertical migration (1964), Joop Ringelberg became associate professor at the Laboratory of Animal Physiology of the University of Amsterdam. He started at the university the research group of Experimental Hydrobiology. From 1965 to the 1980s he played a very important role in the development of experimental ecology and ecosystem research in the aquatic habitats in the Netherlands. During the last ten or twelve years of his scientific career (1985- to date) Dr Ringelberg returned to his old hobby horse the Diel Vertical Migration (DVM) of zooplankton, especially daphnids. Intensive field and laboratory studies during these later years, helped him and his students to get a deeper insight into DVM behaviour of the daphnids, in response to the rates of changes in light intensity in close conjunction with release of predator (fish) kairomones. In addition, Ringelberg initiated the use of micro-ecosystems and was leader of a team that has developed a flowcytometer, especially for quantitative and pigment analyses of phytoplankton. His other landmark achievements, national and international, included the chairmanship of the Dutch Hydrobiological Society and of the Aquatic Ecology division of BION (Biological Research in the Netherlands). He was a national representative of SIL (International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology) and during ten years a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Max Planck Institute for Limnology at Plön, Germany. As a guest scientist he is still continuing his scientific pursuits at the Centre of Limnology, Nieuwersluis.     

The Plymouth Laboratory and the Institutionalization of Experimental Zoology in Britain in the 1920s

The Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (1884) was founded in 1888. In addition to conducting morphological and other biological research, the founders of the laboratory aimed at promoting research in experimental zoology which will be used in this paper as a synonym for e.g. experimental embryology, comparative physiology or general physiology. This dream was not fully realized until 1920. The Great War and its immediate aftermath had a positive impact on the development of the Plymouth Laboratory. The war greatly upset the operation of the Zoological Station in Naples and the ensuing crisis in its operations was closely related to the establishment of the physiological department in Plymouth in 1920. Two other key factors in the Plymouth story were the establishment of the Development Fund in 1909, which began contributing funds to the Plymouth Laboratory in 1912, and the patronage of the Cambridge zoologist George P. Bidder (1863–1954). This paper will focus on the combined influence of the Development Fund and Bidder on the development of the Plymouth Laboratory from around 1902 through the early 1920s, and the important role the laboratory played in promoting experimental zoology in Britain in the 1920s.     

Fifty years of hydrobiological research in India

The paper provides an overview of the developments in hydrobiological studies in India during the past fifty years, and links them with a historical perspective of the pre-independence studies. Hydrobiological studies which were well developed in the beginning of this century, gained momentum soon after independence as all kinds of aquatic habitats were investigated for the assessment, conservation and optimum utilization of inland fishery resources of the country. However, the environmental issues which dominated since the 1972 Stockholm Conference, and growing realization of the problem of water pollution, resulted in a rapid proliferation of hydrobiological studies which tend to focus on correlation between the distribution of various organisms and degree of water pollution or the effects of various organic and inorganic pollutants. A sampling of published literature reveals that long-term, analytical and experimental studies of the whole ecosystems (natural or experimental), and studies of population interactions, biomanipulation, food chain dynamics, and energy flows are wholly lacking. The paper calls for the strengthening of field and laboratory facilities, and establishment of regional and national institutes of aquatic ecology which will be necessary for the management of both the water quality and aquatic biological resources for sustainable development.     

Past, current, and future of the central European corridor for aquatic invasions in Belarus

We analyzed the role of the waterways of Belarus in the spread of aquatic exotic invertebrates through the central European invasion corridor. Present day Belarus became critically important when in the end of the 18th—beginning of the 19th century three interbasin canals connecting rivers from the Black and Baltic seas basins were constructed for international trade. These canals became important pathways facilitating the spread of aquatic alien species. For more than a hundred years, only Ponto-Caspian species colonized Belarus using ships and especially timber in rafts exported by Russia into Western Europe. In the second half of the 20th century, new vectors of spread appeared in Belarus, such as stocking of economically important invertebrates and accidental introductions. This paper is the first comprehensive review of aquatic exotic invertebrates in Belarus. Currently, 19 exotic aquatic invertebrates are known in Belarus, including 14 species of Ponto-Caspian origin. The rate of spread of aquatic invasive species in the second half of the 20th century increased 7-fold compared to the 19th—beginning of the 20th century. We found a significant positive correlation between the time since initial invasion and number of waterbodies colonized. We predict a further increase in the rate of colonization of Belarus by exotic invertebrates as well as an increase in the diversity of vectors of spread and donor areas of alien species, especially when the ongoing reconstruction of the interbasin canals will be completed and the hydrological connection between Black Sea and Baltic Sea basins will be reestablished after an interruption that has lasted for almost a century.     

BIODIVERSITY PATTERN AND CONSERVATION OF AQUATIC VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN,CHINA北大核心CSCD

The Yangtze River is the largest river in China. It is a priority conservation area for biodiversity of the world, with its main river, branches and wetlands. As an essential part of freshwater ecosystem, aquatic vegetation has been well studied by Chinese researchers since 1950s, but large-scaled analysis on the biodiversity pattern is lacked. Based on published studies, we analyzed spatial and temporal pattern of aquatic plant diversity in the Yangtze River Basin, and calculated the suitable habitat area and underlying influence of environmental factors using MaxEnt software. A total of 298 species are recognized, belonging to 121 genera in 52 families, which is 57.6% of the total aquatic vascular plants in China. The Yangtze River Basin is the key area for aquatic plant diversity of China, especially the subregions of middle reaches. The elevation and land use are the key environmental variables to the spatial pattern of aquatic plants. The separation among water systems have weak influence on the spatial pattern of diversity in aquatic vascular plants, but potamo-lacustrine habitats facilitated the species homogenization of the flora in a sub-basin scale. The network consists of Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Tai Lake, and the middle and lower mainstream is the suitable area for the aquatic plants based on the MaxEnt model. In the past half century, the decline or loss of aquatic vegetation occurred in plenty of lakes in the Yangtze River Basin. We suggested that the protection of aquatic vegetation should be incorporated into the integrated conservation of the middle and lower Yangtze River. © 2019, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.     

应用生态学的研究与发展趋势

国际上应用生态学于25－40年前诞生,是为了适应、服务于缓解西方发达国家当时日益恶化的环境污染与生态破坏问题的需要,随着学科的发展,应用生态学一直都把应用生态学原理致力于解决自然资源不断退化与严重的环境问题作为其研究的重点,21世纪的到来,人类步入了应用生态学时代,国际应用生态学主要发展特点表现为：更注重其应用性,屿工程学的相互交,特别注意与基础生态学的衔接性,全方位采用新方法与新技术,微观机理与宏观调控并行发展,中国应用生态学今后的学科建设,特别是在21世纪的发展,在注意与国际接轨并从中涉及精华的同时,要特别强调我国环境污染与生态破坏仍在恶化这一基本国情而开展研究和应用。     

The growing difference between limnology and aquatic ecology

Research objectives of ecology and limnology differ: in the first emphasis is on the species approach and in the second on the ecosystem approach. It is stressed that the formation of compartments in ecosystem studies leads to a loss of information essential to the understanding of ecosystem functioning. The disciplines differ in yet another respect, namely the predominance of biotic factors in ecological research and of abiotic factors in limnological research. The research of aquatic ecologists is mostly species oriented thus compares better with ecology than with limnology. The raised points of discussion are illustrated with examples from studies of the author and his co-workers into diel vertical migration of zooplankton. As a final conclusion, it is suggested that feedback information flows regulate quantities of compartments and material flows. A picture in which material flows between compartments is combined with immaterial flows of information is presented. Last but not least, the increasing attention of limnologists, especially in The Netherlands, to applied research is considered a danger for the development of limnology as a science and for the education of students. Thus a plea is made to concentrate on fundamental research at least by those at universities and research institutes originally established with the aim to do pure science.     

Fifty years of mycological studies at the White Sea Biological Station of Moscow State University: Challenges,results, and outlook

This review covers the history of the mycological studies performed at Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Moscow State University (WSBS MSU). The WSBS was established more than 70 years ago; presently, it is one of the main divisions of the university, where numerous educational and research marine programs are fulfilled. Mycological studies have been performed here for more than half a century, focusing on biodiversity and ecology of marine, littoral, and soil fungi and fungi-like protists. Various research projects resulted as a number of scientific publications, diploma (MSc) theses, and dissertations. Presently, WSBS MSU and its vicinity is the northernmost area researching the best in regard to mycobiota. However, a number of blind spots still exist; thus, the future studies in this region should focus on diversity and biology of epiphyte fungi, ecology of fungi and fungi-like protists, and on fungi phylogeny.     

溪流粗木质残体的生态学研究进展

粗木质残体（CWD）是森林或溪流生态系统中残存的超过一定直径大小的站杆、倒木、枝桠及根系等死木质物的总称,溪流CWD对于溪流生态系统的稳定,水生生物多样性,河槽形态及其变化过程有着重要的作用。对溪流CWD的产生和分类,溪流CWD对于溪流生态系统的稳定,水生生物多样性,河槽形态及其变化过程有着重要的作用。对溪流CWD的产生和分类,溪流CWD贮量,分布和动态,以及溪流CWD的功能和管理分别进行了总结,并指出应尽快在国内开展溪流CWD的研究和管理。     

Pieter Hendrik Nienhuis: Aquatic Ecologist and Environmental Scientist

Prof. Dr. Pieter Hendrik (Piet) Nienhuis worked for almost 40 years in all aspects of aquatic ecology and environmental science and retired on 31 October 2003. He can be characterised as a distinguished scientist, shaped in an applied estuarine and aquatic research ambience of the former Delta Institute for Hydrobiological Research (DIHO) in Yerseke in the Netherlands. His appointment as a full professor at the Radboud University Nijmegen offered him a challenging step from monodisciplinarity in ecology, via multidisciplinarity in the application of ecological knowledge in river science to interdisciplinarity in environmental science and management. This paper describes his education, teaching activities, research, scientific publications, science management, and significance for various scientific disciplines. He made important contributions to biosystematics of angiosperms and algae, the ecology of seagrasses, nutrient cycling and eutrophication in estuarine ecosystems, and the integrated modelling of the ecological functioning of estuaries. Subsequently, he paid much attention to environmental problems in river basins, ecological rehabilitation and sustainable development. His work influenced the view of ecologists, aquatic scientists and water managers in the Netherlands as well as abroad, in particular regarding the drawbacks of compartmentalization of the estuaries and the importance of connectivity and morphodynamics in river systems. In hindsight, it appears as a logical line that he gradually moved from estuarine ecological research that became increasingly driven by societal and environmental problems to the field of environmental science and management.     

Four centuries of cumulative impacts on a Finnish river and its estuary: an ecosystem health-approach

Changes in forest cover and draining of wetlands for agriculture appear to have caused changes in the aquatic ecosystem of the River Kyrönjoki by the 16th century. In the 19th century, a decline of salmonid fish populations was widely observed as a further sign of degradation. During the latter half of the present century intensified use of naturally acidic soils has resulted in increased acidic run-off. Deterioration of water quality has extended to the estuary, where it has caused large fish-kills and affected the reproductive success of coastal species. Degradation of the coastal ecosystem, first observed in the decline of salmonids and later as a more general decline of other coastal fish populations, can be linked to spatially restricted events. The loss of key river and estuarine habitats exerted an effect over the reproduction and abundance of species migrating throughout the system. This effect contributed to observed temporal and spatial discontinuities in the degradation history. Monitoring changes in critical habitats may prove to be an early indicator of changes in the health of estuarine and coastal aquatic ecosystems.     

Nutrient-poor freshwater wetlands

Until the introduction of fertilizers in the 19th century nutrient-poor conditions prevailed in the larger part of The Netherlands. Freshwater wetlands consequently were of nutrient-poor nature. During the first half of the 20th century many surface waters gradually eutrophied, but most waters in the Pleistocene area and even some polders in the Holocene area kept their nutrient-poor conditions. Only during the last decades virtually all waters became eutrophied or polluted. The main sources of nutrients are agriculture, precipitation and water from the large rivers.     

Tips and tricks for high quality MAR-FISH preparations: Focus on bacterioplankton analysis

The combination of microautoradiography and fluorescence in situ hybridization (MAR-FISH) is a powerful technique for tracking the incorporation of radiolabelled compounds by specific bacterial populations at a single cell resolution. It has been widely applied in aquatic microbial ecology as a tool to unveil key ecophysiological features, shedding light on relevant ecological issues such as bacterial biomass production, the role of different bacterioplankton groups in the global carbon and sulphur cycle, and, at the same time, providing insights into the life styles and niche differentiation of cosmopolitan members of the aquatic microbial communities. Despite its great potential, its application has remained restricted to a few laboratories around the world, in part due to its reputation as a “difficult technique”. Therefore, the objective of this minireview is to highlight the impact of MAR-FISH application on aquatic microbial ecology, and also to provide basic concepts, as well as practical tips, for processing MAR-FISH preparations, thus aiming to contribute to a more widespread application of this powerful method.     

746. TROPAEOLUM MAJUS

The garden nasturtium is not known in the wild, but is by far the most commonly grown member of the Tropaeolaceae. After its introduction from Peru into the Netherlands in the late 17th century, it spread rapidly across gardens, and because of its value as a source of vitamin C, it was distributed to harbours and oceanic islands to fight scurvy amongst sailors on long sea voyages. Here we present the history of its introduction, the many uses of the plant (including three recipes), and an illustration from material grown at Kew.     

Human Biology and Ecology: Variation in Nature and the Nature of Variation

Human biology seeks to understand human variation and the biological, environmental, social, and historical influences on that variation. Views of the nature of both variation and environment have changed during the past 100 years. Typological approaches to nature and human diversity shifted to an evolutionary perspective during the first half of the 20th century. In the second half, widespread human biological variation was documented and interpreted in terms of adaptation to the environment. Environmental physiology and reproductive ecology continue to document environmental influences on human biological functioning, but with (1) an expanded concept of environment that acknowledges more fully the interactions among its physical, biotic, and social aspects and (2) an expanded theoretical basis, drawing on evolutionary ecology and life history theory, acknowledging tradeoffs and changing constraints and opportunities over the lifetime. Human biology gains from greater interaction with other fields, such as political ecology, but also contributes to them. [Keywords: biological anthropology, human ecology, adaptation, environmental physiology, reproductive ecology]     

The European Weed Research Society and the Management and Ecology of Freshwater Plants

Attendance at the 9th International Symposium on Aquatic Weeds, held in Dublin in 1994, by 270 delegates from 35 different countries demonstrated the continuing interest in the management and ecology of freshwater plants. The relative importance of the various topics covered in this meeting is compared with that of the previous symposia (1967–1990) for which published proceedings are available. A shift of interest away from aquatic weed control towards ecology, plant-environment interactions and distribution is noted and demonstrates a growing recognition of the need for aquatic plant management. The interest in physical control has remained constant (5–12% of papers) whilst the interest shown in biological control over the period 1971 to 1982 has not been sustained in recent symposia. The international nature of the symposia has increased over the years with papers published rising from eight countries in the 1967, 1971 and 1974 symposia to 23, 18 and 20 in the last three. Consistent numbers of contributions have been made by delegates from the Netherlands, the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom with a significant and sustained increase since 1967 from the United States of America.