Ultrastructure of celiac plexus nodes in the dog

A normal structure of the celiac plexus nodes has been studied in 12 mature dogs. As demonstrate the results of the investigation, gangliocytes of the celiac plexus are characterized with a well developed granular cytoplasmic reticulum and a large number of Golgi complexes. In perikaryon of the gangliocytes, an essential number of mitochondria, microtubules, free ribosomes and polysomes, lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, agranular and granular vesicles and neurofilaments are found. The gangliocyte has one nucleus which occupies about 1/3 of the whole area of the cell. The nucleus is rich in chromatin. The nucleolus makes about 1/5 of the whole area of the nucleus and is intensively rich in heterochromatin. In the celiac plexus nodes amyelinated neural fibers predominate. Dendrites in the gangliocytes differ from axons by a higher electron density of their matrix and contain the same organells that does the perikaryon of the gangliocyte. Rather complex glyoneuronal interrelations are observed in the canine celiac plexus nodes. Synapses are revealed in all ganglionar zones. The axodendritic synaptic contacts predominate over the axosomatic ones.     

Projection of the celiac plexus to the afferent centers demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase retrograde transport method

Using the horseradish peroxidase (HP) retrograde method for ascertaining connections of the celiac plexus of the white rat with various afferent centers, HP-marked neurocytes have been revealed in caudal nodes of the vagus nerves and in spinal nodes at the Th4-L2 level. Negative results have been obtained at investigation of the cervical spinal nodes and intramural nodes in the cat ileocecal part. Similar data are obtained, when connections of the celiac plexus with the same area of the cat gut are investigated. Therefore, the problem on interrelations of the celiac plexus with the proper afferent centers of the diaphragmatic+ nerve and the second type cells of Dogel in the cat intramural ganglia is still disputable.     

The sources of the innervation of the sphincter of the esophagogastric junction in rats]

The investigation has been performed by means of the luminescent microscopical method. The retrograde axonal transport of the fluorescent marker primuline has demonstrated that a definite amount of labelled cells are observed in the celiac plexus, in nodes of the thoracic part of the sympathetic trunk (predominantly in Th6-Th8). Innervation of the EGP sphincter is mainly performed from the sympathetic trunk nodes (Th6-Th8) and from the celiac plexus.     

Cytophotometric and electrophysiological analysis of the role of the celiac plexus in maintenance of temperature homeostasis during cold stress in rats

The role of the celiac plexus in maintenance of temperature homeostasis in rats exposed to cold stress was studied by histochemical, ultrastructural, and electrophysiological methods. Inhibition of efferent impulsation was found in the preganglionic (splanchnic) nerves and potentiation in postganglionic (superior mesenteric) nerves under the influence of short-term cold stress, leading to a state of mild hypothermia. During cooling of the animals after decentralization of the celiac plexus an increase was observed in the intensity of fluorescence, in the activity of enzymes of energy metabolism, and in hyperplasia of the ultrastructural formations responsible for protein synthesis and the energy supply of the cell. It is suggested that during cold stress, when the flow of efferent impulses along preganglionic nerves is considerably reduced the celiac plexus becomes the center regulating autonomic functions that are involved in the maintenance of temperature homeostasis.Institute of Physiology, Belorussian Academy of Sciences, Minsk. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 659–667, November–December, 1992.     

Neural apparatus of the wall of the ductus deferens in the dog

While studying the innervation sources of the deferent duct in 10 dogs, 2-3 nerves have been revealed that take their origin at the pelvic neural plexus and approach the duct together with the blood vessels at the pelvic neural plexus and approach the duct together with the blood vessels at the place where it crosses the ureter ("the vascular-neural hilus"). In the experiment performed in 65 dogs the nature of these sources has been revealed. The motor innervation is presented by the nodes of the celiac plexus, of the lumbar and sacral parts of the sympathetic trunk, of the subceliac, gonadal and splanchic pelvic nerves, and the sensitive innervation is multisegmental and is performed by the intravertebral nodes L2-S3. Quantitative investigation of the degenerated neural fibers in the dog deferent duct wall demonstrates that the innervation sources mentioned above participate te a various degree along the course of the organ. In the "hilus" the nerves of the dog deferent duct are divided into the proximal nad distal groups. The proximal group runs towards the prostate and forms a plexus with large loops connected with the neural plexuses of the urinary bladder, the ureter and the prostate. It has small neural nodes. The distally directed nerves run, together with the blood vessels, in the deferent duct towards the epididymis. In the deferent duct wall, adventitila, muscular and mucous neural plexus are found, the cholinergic component prevailing the adrenergic one. The plexuses are somewhat better developed at the beginning of the deferent duct and they are especially pronounced in the ampule. The receptors of the organ's wall are simple, poorly branching.     

Distribution and projections of neurons with immunoreactivity for both gastrin-releasing peptide and bombesin in the guinea-pig small intestine

Summary Bombesin-like and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-like immunoreactivities were localized in nerves of the guinea-pig small intestine and celiac ganglion with the use of antibodies raised against the synthetic peptides. The anti-bombesin serum (preincubated to avoid cross reactivity with substance P) and the anti-GRP serum revealed the same population of neurons. Preincubation of the antibombesin serum with bombesin abolished the immunoreactivity in nerves while absorption of the anti-GRP serum with either bombesin or the 14–27 C-terminal of GRP only reduced the immunoreactivity. The immunoreactivity was abolished by incubation with GRP 1–27.Immunoreactive nerves were found in the myenteric plexus, circular muscle, submucous plexus and in the celiac ganglion. Faintly reactive nerve cell bodies were found in the myenteric ganglia (3.2% of all neurons) but not in submucous ganglia. After all ascending and descending pathways in the myenteric plexus had been cut, reactive terminals disappeared in the myenteric plexus, circular muscle (including the deep muscular plexus) and the submucous plexus on the anal side. After the mesenteric nerves were cut no changes were observed in the intestinal wall but the reactive fibres in celiac ganglia disappeared. It is deduced that GRP/bombesin-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in myenteric ganglia project from the myenteric plexus to other myenteric ganglia situated further anally (average length 12 mm), anally to the circular muscle (average length 9 mm), anally to submucous ganglia (average length 13 mm) and external to the intestine to the celiac ganglia.It is concluded that the GRP/bombesin-reactive neurons in the intestinal wall represent a distinct population of enteric neurons likely to be involved in controlling motility and in the coordination of other intestinal functions.     

髋骨术后仿真生物力学分析与临床研究

目的:探讨坐耻骨肿瘤切除术后髋骨生物力学变化及其与恢复期并发症产生的关系,指导术后骨盆重建.方法:构建单侧完整髋骨及坐耻骨肿瘤切除术后髋骨有限元模型,在相同约束和负载条件下,计算髋骨相同部位位移、应力及应变值,比较与分析模拟手术前后力学变化,结合临床评价意义.结果:手术前后髋骨节点位移、应力及应变分布区域相似,手术前后骶髂关节节点位移及应变、髋臼顶节点应力及应变有显著性差异;手术前后骶髂关节节点应力、坐骨大切迹应力及应变无显著性差异.结论:坐耻骨肿瘤切除术后主要影响同侧骶髂关节、髋臼顶的生物力学状态,恢复期并发症发生的原因由骶髂关节、髋臼顶生物力学改变及耻骨联合与耻骨上支连接与稳定作用的消失所致,三者相互作用,相互影响.     

Variability of immune response in mice immunized at different time intervals after total or partial removal of organs with different reparative capacity]

The antibody response on sheep erythrocytes in the murine spleen at different time intervals after has been studied in one of the following operations: liver resection (70%), unilateral nephrectomy or sialadenectomy, or castration and bilateral sialadenectomy or castration. It was shown, that the liver and kidney surgery enhance the immune response if immunization was performed immediately or 24 h after the operation. Analogous changes of the immune response were observed under the immunization during 3 days after unilateral nephrectomy. The unilateral sialadenectomy evokes the contrary changes in immune response: immunization immediately or 24 h after the operation is accompanied by decrease of the above, the immunization on 3-7 days after the operation gets the increase of antibody genesis. Unilateral and bilateral castration as well as bilateral sialadenectomy evoke no changes of the immune response.     

Monoamine oxidase histochemistry of enteric neurones in the guinea-pig

Summary The localisation of monoamine oxidase (MAO) was examined in lamina preparations of the myenteric plexus of guinea-pig stomach, small intestine and proximal colon and in the submucous plexus of the small intestine. MAO is associated with most neurones in these parts of the enteric plexuses. In the myenteric plexus of the small intestine, cells corresponding to Dogiel's type II were prominent whereas type I cells appeared less reactive for MAO. However, both type I and type II cells of the proximal colon were heavily stained. In the stomach and in the submucous plexus of the small intestine, most positive cells were type II. There were many small positively stained cells throughout the myenteric plexus. Interstitial cells were lightly stained. The intensity of stain in many enteric neurones was similar to that of cells of the sympathetic ganglia.This work was supported by grants from the Australian Research Grants Council Commitee and the National Health and Medical Research Council. We thank Prof. G. Burnstock for his continued support.     

The Wave Form of Luminescence Emitted by Noctiluca

The wave shape, intensity, and time course of the flash were examined with the aid of electronic operations in order to characterize the luminescence response and examine the in vivo dynamics of the light reaction. The most prominent single component of the flash shape is its exponential decay, beginning several milliseconds after the intensity maximum, with a mean rate constant at 23°C of -0.088 msec^-1. Earlier components of the flash curve are more complex, exhibiting no pure exponentials with time. As predicted from previous observations, the time course of the flash triggered by a propagated action potential, and therefore influenced by the conduction time of the triggering potential, is measurably slower than that of the synchronously triggered flash. The time course of emission from individual specimens is otherwise quite stable, undergoing only limited slowing with short-interval fatigue or specimen deterioration in spite of marked changes in the amplitude of the wave form. Relative stability of amplitude is obtained when flashes are elicited at regular intervals greater than 10 sec. On the basis of an analogue computer simulation (Appendix) the dynamics of the luminescence wave shape were found to be compatible with a short sequence of first order processes acting on an initial brief transient.     

Effect of cyclosporine on the lymphoid organs of CBA mice]

The influence of cyclosporine which is an immunodepressant on morphology of the lymphoid organs was studied on CBA mice. The immunodepressant was administered intramuscularly in a single LD50 and in a dose of 7 mg/kg for the treatment course of 21 days. The examinations were performed in various periods within 28 days after discontinuation of the drug use. It was shown that cyclosporine induced cell depletion in the thymus cortical and medullar zones, inhibition of lymphocyte mitotic activity, alteration of the Hassall corpuscles and impairment of their formation. It also induced devastation of the thymus-dependent zones in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. When cyclosporine was used in the course doses the morphological changes in all the lymphoid organs were more marked. The morphological changes were reversible.     

Characteristics of the interrelationships of gliocytes with neurocyte processes in rat celiac ganglia

While studying the ultrastructure of rat celiac nodes, it was stated that lemmocytes from the intercellular plexus develop around separate neuronal processes spiral membranes and multilayer membranes in the shape of concentric "musses". Similar membranes but of simpler structure develop perisomatic glyocytes. In old rats these types of glial membranes occur considerably rare. Both varieties of complicated types of glial membranes serve, evidently, for the isolation of preterminal sections of neuronal processes from probable unwanted contacts with other terminals.     

Results and histological development of various surgical techniques for correcting eversion of the third eyelid in dogs

An experimental study was made of 20 dogs in order to compare various surgical techniques used to correct eversion of the third eyelid, namely resection of most of the cartilage, resection of the central portion of the cartilage, and cartilage homotransplantation. An analysis was made of histological results obtained 45 days after operation, the most satisfactory result being recorded for homotransplantation of the third eyelid cartilage.     

The vascular terminal network device in the anterior stomach wall

The microcirculatory bed of the anterior stomach wall has been studied in man, dog, rabbit, guinea pig and rat, starting from the fact that in the modern gastro-duodenal surgery the various sectors of this stomach part have a special importance. The stomach microvascular network has been rendered manifest by microcorrosion preparations and by intravascular injections with coloured tracers (China Ink-gelatin, silver nitrate, methylene blue). Examinations under biocular magnifying glass and microscope of the histological slides, as well as of the block-transparentized ones in tetraline, have facilitated the microvascular morphometry as well as the calculation of some hemodynamic indices of blood flow evaluation in a limited territory of the anterior stomach wall. The obtained data can be of use when evaluating the microcirculation of the stomach parietal territories in selective vagotomies, anastomoses, plasties, resections and other operations of the stomach.     

Depletion of macrophages and disappearance of postcapillary high endothelial venules in lymph nodes deprived of afferent lymphatic vessels

Summary The afferent lymphatic vessels of rat popliteal lymph nodes were interrupted, and the histological alterations in the lymph nodes occurring 1 to 14 weeks after operation were studied. One week after operation the number of macrophages was considerably reduced and continued to decrease during the subsequent time periods studied. A 6 weeks most macrophages had disappeared. Simultaneously the immunological activity diminished and had completely disappeared 8 weeks after operation. Three weeks after operation the endothelial cells of the postcapillary high endothelial venules had flattened, and the number of immigrating lymphocytes was greatly reduced. Subsequently the lymph nodes became depleted of both macrophages and lymphocytes, leaving only the reticuloendothelial framework.     

Changes of the dermal-fascial autograft after transplantation on the vascular-nervous connections using a microsurgical technique

In 56 dogs 86 microsurgical operations on transplantation of free dermal-facial autografts from the internal knee surface have been performed on the hidden vascular-nervous bundle. The animals have been observed for 1 day up to 1 year. The implanted grafts (63) have been studied, using a complex of anatomical, histological and roentgenological methods. During early time (up to 7 days) after the operation in the flap signs of edema, dystrophy and inflammatory infiltration of tissues predominate. The graft gets blood at the expense of the restored main artery and has no vascular connections with the surrounding tissues. Its nervous conductors are fragmented. During 2 weeks--1 month epidermis completely regenerates along the line of the dermal suture. In the flap bed mature granulations result in vascular connections with its surrounding tissues. These connections become stable by the end of the first month, this means that the graft has implanted. Its nervous fibers are also restored. Long-term observations demonstrate that the adaptive changes of the flap and its vascular bed are near to completion. By the end of the 1st year restoration of the main innervational connections of the graft takes place. According to the data obtained, the nervous conductors grow into it along the sewed hidden nerve and along the course of paravasal nerve plexuses. Across the scar from the surrounding tissues the dermal-fascial autograft does not reinnervate.     

Synaptoarchitectonics of the ganglia of the celiac plexus in white rats

In 50 intact white rats at the age of 6, 15, 23 and 30 months synapsoarchitectonics of the celiac plexus nodes was studied by an electron microscopy method. Peculiarities in synapsoarchitectonics are stipulated by pericaryon processes in neurons, some of them have no contacts with the axonal terminals, while others have contacts with the axonal terminals. The former include small (about 0.5 mkm) drop-like and large (up to 1.5 mkm) polymorphous processes within the limits of perisomatic membrane, as well as processes penetrating the neuronal capsule. All of them contain, in different combinations, vesicles, ribosomas, fibrillae, and the largest processes--small cisterns of granular cytoplasmatic network and single mitochondria. The processes of the first group are considered as original stages for the development of the second group processes. The latter are represented by different in size (about 1.0--2.0 mkm) in form (digital, cone-, pin-, goblet-shaped, cylindrical, branching) and in content formations. There is, as a rule, one contact on the processes of an uncomplicated form, while on the branching processes there can be up to three and more contacting axonal terminals. Peculiar features in the composition of the processes taken as a whole (specific forms, absence of dendritic tubes, sometimes numerous contacts with axonal terminals in spite of small size) distinguish them from newly forming dendritic processes and these formations are considered as independent specialized receptor apparatus in the pericaryon of neurons of the celiac plexus.     

腹腔镜与开腹胃楔形切除术对GIST患者营养状况、T细胞亚群和预后的影响

摘要 目的：探讨腹腔镜与开腹胃楔形切除术对胃间质瘤（GIST）患者营养状况、T细胞亚群和预后的影响。方法：回顾性分析2013年1月~2014年2月期间我院收治的GIST患者97例的临床资料,根据手术方式的不同将患者分为对照组（n=47,开腹胃楔形切除术）和研究组（n=50,腹腔镜胃楔形切除术）,对比两组患者手术相关指标、营养状况、T细胞亚群、预后情况。结果：研究组住院时间、肛门排气时间、切口长度、手术时间短于对照组,术中出血量少于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者术后7 d前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、白蛋白均降低,但研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后7 d的 CD4⁺/CD8⁺、CD3⁺、CD4⁺较术前下降,CD8+较术前升高（P<0.05）;研究组术后7 d 的CD4⁺/CD8⁺、CD3⁺、CD4⁺高于对照组,CD8⁺则低于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组并发症总发生率低于对照组（P<0.05）;两组术后复发率、5年生存率比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：与开腹胃楔形切除术相比,GIST患者采用腹腔镜胃楔形切除术治疗的远期预后效果相当,可有效改善围术期相关指标,对患者营养状况、T细胞亚群的影响较轻,且可减少术后并发症的发生率。     

Lung Resection for Tuberculosis in Children

At the Nova Scotia Sanatorium from 1944 to 1959 lung resection for tuberculosis was carried out in 1257 instances. Of these, 44 operations were performed on 41 children from 5 to 15 years of age. Two patients had bilateral surgery, and in two others a second homolateral resection was necessary. Twenty-five per cent of the operations were done for the “middle lobe syndrome”, the remainder for the reinfection type of tuberculosis. Two children died, one in the early postoperative period, of pulmonary edema, and the other six years after a second homolateral resection for progression of her tuberculous disease. Complications occurred in 20% of cases, of which 18% were early and reversible. Thirty-eight of the survivors have fully recovered and the other has improved.Pulmonary resection is required infrequently in children with tuberculosis. When it is indicated, the results are excellent. These young patients withstand major thoracic surgery extremely well.