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1.
Summary. The paper describes two methods of the synthesis of ethyl (3R,4S)- and (3S,4S)-4-[(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino]-5-[(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxypentanoates, useful for the syntheses of edeine analogs. Differently N-protected (S)-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid was used as a substrate in both procedures. The absolute configuration of newly generated asymmetric
carbon atoms C-3 in β-hydroxy-γ,δ-diamino products was assigned by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy after their transformation into corresponding piperidin-2-ones.
Received May 24, 2002 Accepted October 10, 2002 Published online December 18, 2002
Acknowledgment The authors are indebted to the Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University of Gdańsk for financial support.
Authors' address: Zbigniew Czajgucki, M. Sc., Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Technical University
of Gdańsk, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland, Fax +48 58 347 11 44, E-mail: zmczaj@wp.pl 相似文献
2.
H. Takahashi 《Mycoscience》2002,43(4):0343-0350
Four new species of Crinipellis and Marasmius (Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) in eastern Honshu, Japan, are described and illustrated: (1) Crinipellis conchata sp. nov. (section Excentricinae), forming a conchate pileus and a strongly excentric, short stipe, was found on a dead twig of Trachelospermum asiaticum in Mt. Takao, Tokyo; (2) Marasmius funalis sp. nov. (section Androsacei), forming a densely white-hispid, dark brown stipe bearing numerous setiform caulocystidia, was found on a dead twig of Cryptomeria japonica or on leaf litter in Tokyo and Kanagawa; (3) Marasmius maculosus sp. nov. (section Sicci), having a relatively large, reddish-brown pileus distinctly mottled with pale colored spots and Siccus-type cheilocystidia and pileipellis cells with relatively long setulae, was found on leaf litter in the lowland forest of
Kanagawa and Chiba; and (4) Marasmius sasicola sp. nov. (section Marasmius), having a small, plicate-sulcate pileus, a filiform, wiry, blackish stipe, collariate lamellae, and Siccus-type cheilocystidia and pileipellis elements, was found on fallen dead leaves of grass bamboo in Kanagawa.
Received: January 30, 2002 / Accepted: May 24, 2002 相似文献
3.
L. Wanntorp H.-E. Wanntorp B. Oxelman M. Källersjö 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》2001,226(1-2):85-107
The phylogeny of the genus Gunnera is investigated for the first time. Twelve species representing the six currently recognised subgenera are analysed. Two
chloroplast DNA regions, the rbcL gene and the rps16 intron, together provide 46 informative characters out of 2335. A combined analysis of both genes gives four most parsimonious
trees, firmly establishing the east South American G. herteri as sister group to the rest of the genus. The African G. perpensa is sister group to two well-supported clades, one including the South American subgenera Misandra and Panke, the other the Australian/New Zealand/Malayan species of subgenera Milligania and Pseudogunnera. Thus, South America is a composite area for Gunnera, showing up at two different levels in the cladogram. Our analysis supports a close biogeographic relationship between Australia
and New Zealand. The evolution of some morphological characters is discussed. Lastly, the unusual structure of some of the
rbcL sequences is reported.
Received July 6, 2000 Accepted October 24, 2000 相似文献
4.
5.
Mario C. N. Saparrat Geraldine E. Fermoselle Sebastián A. Stenglein Mónica B. Aulicino Pedro A. Balatti 《Mycopathologia》2009,168(1):41-47
Pseudocercospora griseola is the causal agent of angular leaf spot of common bean (ALS). It has undergone parallel coevolution with its host and two
major groups have been defined, “Andean” (P. griseola f. griseola) and “Mesoamerican” (P. griseola f. mesoamericana). The aim of this study was to analyze the nature and the level of the dark pigment synthesized by the representatives of
each group. After 21 days of incubation on potato dextrose agar medium, P. griseola f. griseola isolate S3b developed colonies with diameters of 17.5 ± 1.3 mm and concentric rings of pigmentation. Isolate T4 of P. griseola f. mesoamericana presented smaller colonies (9.9 ± 0.3 mm) with a uniform dark-gray color. Both isolates, S3b and T4, produced the same pigment,
a 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-melanin, although different in quantity and structural features as suggested by the IR spectrum.
The P. griseola f. griseola isolate S3b had a higher growth rate and melanin content as well as smaller sensitivity to melanin synthesis inhibitors compared
to the isolate T4 of P. griseola f. mesoamericana. These results suggest a possible link between melanin and growth in P. griseola. 相似文献
6.
Khomaini Hasan Wangsa Tirta Ismaya Idar Kardi Yandi Andiyana Susanti Kusumawidjaya Safri Ishmayana Toto Subroto Soetijoso Soemitro 《Biologia》2008,63(6):1044-1050
α-Amylase from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera R-64 was successfully purified by butyl Toyopearl hydrophobic interaction chromatography, followed by Sephadex G-25 size
exclusion and DEAE Toyopearl anion exchange chromatography. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 54 kDa, as judged by SDS PAGE
analysis. Upon tryptic digestion, two major fragments with relative molecular masses of 39 kDa and 10 kDa, which resemble
the A/B and C-terminal domains in the homologous Taka-amylase, were obtained and were successfully separated with the Sephadex
G-50 size exclusion column. The 39-kDa fragment demonstrated a similar amylolytic activity to that of the undigested enzyme.
However, it was found that the K
m value of the 39-kDa fragment was about two-times higher than that of the undigested enzyme. Moreover, thermostability studies
showed a lower half-life time for the 39-kDa fragment. These findings suggest that the 39-kDa fragment is the catalytic domain,
while the 10-kDa fragment is the C-terminal one, which plays a role in thermostability and starch binding. Although the undigested
enzyme is able to act on raw starches at room temperature, with maize starches as the best substrate, neither the undigested
enzyme nor the fragments adsorb the tested raw starches. These results propose Saccharomycopsis fibuligera α-amylase as a raw starch-digesting but not adsorbing amylase, with a similar domain organization to that of Taka-amylase A. 相似文献
7.
Liu Long-ding Wu Wen-juan Hong Min Shi Hai-jing Ma Shao-hui Wang Jing-jing Zhao Hong-ling Liao Yun Li Qi-han 《中国病毒学》2007,22(3):207-211
The proteins encoded by the Herpesviridae β-gene play a critical role in the replication stage of the virus. In this paper, phylogenetic analyses provided evidence
that some β-gene products, such as UL2 and UL23 from HSV1, have their homologous genes in its family, and also exist in prokaryotic
organisms, indicating that these viruses appear to have been assembled over evolutionary time by numerous independent events
of horizontal gene transfer.
Fundation item: National Natural Science Funds (30570081) 相似文献
8.
Summary. This review article focuses on the synthesis and reactions of N,N-di-Boc glutamate and aspartate semialdehydes as well as related aldehydes. These building blocks are prepared according to
various strategies from glutamic and aspartic acids and find interesting synthetic applications. In the first part, the methods
for the synthesis of N,N-di-Boc-amino aldehydes are summarized. The applications of these chiral synthons for the synthesis of unnatural amino acids
and other bioactive compounds are discussed in the second section.
Received April 24, 2002 Accepted August 13, 2002 Published online January 30, 2003
Authors' address: Prof. Violetta Constantinou-Kokotou, Chemical Laboratories, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens,
Greece, E-mail: vikon@aua.gr
Abbreviations: AcNH-TEMPO, 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy free radical; AIBN, 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile); Aliquat,
methyltrioctylammonium chloride; Bn, benzyl; Boc, tert-butoxycarbonyl; But, tert-butyl; m-CPBA, 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid; DAST, diethylaminosulfur trifluoride; DBU, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene; (R,R)-(+)-DET, (R,R)-(+)-diethyltartrate; DIBALH, diisobutyl aluminium hydride; DMAP, 4-dimethylaminopyridine; DMF, dimethylformamide; Et3N, triethylamine; KHMDS, potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide; (S)-LLB, lanthanium-lithium-bis-metallic binaphthol catalyst; MsCl, methanesulfonyl chloride; NEM, N-ethylmorpholine; NMO, 4-methylmorpholine N-oxide; PPA, propylphosphonic acid anhydride; TBHP, tert-butyl hydroperoxide; TFA, trifluoroacetic acid; THF, tetrahydrofuran; TMSI, 1-(trimethylsilyl)imidazole; Trt, trityl. 相似文献
9.
10.
Appearance and location of 45S rDNA and 5S rDNA signals were compared in chromosomes of nine species of the aneuploid Zamia and their taxonomically and phylogenetically closely related Ceratozamia mexicana. The 45S rDNA signal was detected in the proximal region of six chromosomes in Zamia angustifolia, Z. integrifolia, Z. pumila and Z. pygmaea (all 2n=16); in the proximal region of 6–14 chromosomes in Z. furfuracea, Z. loddigesii, Z. skinneri and Z. vazquezii (all 2n=18); and on the proximal region of 20 chromosomes in Z. muricata (2n=23). The 5S rDNA signals were commonly seen near the terminal region of the short arm of two metacentric chromosomes
in the four species with 2n=16 and Z. furfuracea, Z. loddigesii and Z. vazquezii with 2n=18. Other 5S rDNA signals were seen near the terminal region of two terminal-centromeric chromosomes in Z. skinneri and near the terminal region of a metacentric and a telocentric chromosomes in Z. muricata. In contrast, those with 45S and 5S rDNA signals were exhibited in chromosomes of Ceratozamia mexicana in a different manner from those in the nine species of Zamia; the 45S rDNA signal in the terminal region of four metacentric and two submetacentric chromosomes and the 5S rDNA signal
near the proximal region of two metacentric chromosomes.
Received November 1, 1999 Accepted January 10, 2001 相似文献
11.
L. Y. Solís-Ramos T. González-Estrada S. Nahuath-Dzib L. C. Zapata-Rodriguez E. Castaño 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2009,96(3):279-287
Capsicum chinense is a recalcitrant species for in vitro morphogenesis, and up to date there is no efficient system for genetic transformation
and regeneration of this species via somatic embryogenesis. Here, we carried out an in vitro transformation of C. chinense via Agrobacterium tumefaciens co-cultivation with a system that expresses the heterologous gene WUSCHEL from Arabidopsis thaliana. WUSCHEL has been shown to promote the transition from vegetative to embryogenic state when overexpressed. We tested if the expression
of WUSCHEL in C. chinense would promote an embryogenic response in this species. After 15 days of induction, the segments of transformed stems begun
to form globular structures, suggesting that heterologus WUSCHEL was active and involved in the process of morphogenesis. 相似文献
12.
To overexpress the chitosanase gene (csn) in F. solani, a vector based on pCAMBIA 1300 was constructed. The csn gene, which is under control of the Aspergillus nidulans
gpdA promoter and A. nidulans trpC terminator, was introduced back into the F. solani genome by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, and the herbicide-resistance gene bar from Streptomyces hygroscopicus was used as the selection marker. Transformants which showed a significant increase in chitosanase production (~2.1-fold
than control) were obtained. Southern blot analysis indicated that most transformants had a single-copy T-DNA integration. 相似文献
13.
An autolysin gene, atlh, was identified and sequenced from Streptococcus downei MFe28 using degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the gene-walking method. Atlh protein encoded by atlh is composed of 879 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 95,902.26. Atlh possesses four 15-amino-acid residue repeats in
the putative cell-wall-binding domain and has a catalytic domain in the C-terminus. The deduced amino acid sequence of atlh showed homology to S. mutans autolysin AtlA (68.4% similarity). Inactivation of atlh resulted in elongated chain formation compared to the parent strain. Recombinant proteins Atlh and its derivatives were constructed
and analyzed by zymography. Zymographic analysis revealed that the Asp-771 residue of Atlh was essential for lytic activity
and that lytic activity was not diminished by the deletion of repetitive regions in the putative cell-wall-binding domain
of Atlh. Biofilm assay showed that the wild-type strain formed glucose- and sucrose-dependent biofilms, the atlh mutant diminished this ability. These results suggest that Atlh is associated with cell separation and biofilm formation. 相似文献
14.
Binh-Nguyen Truong Koei Okazaki Toshimitsu Fukiharu Yuko Takeuchi Kazuyoshi Futai Xuan-Tham Le Akira Suzuki 《Mycoscience》2007,48(4):222-230
Toxocysts of the genus Pleurotus are blastoconidia-like ovoid structures surrounded by a liquid droplet containing a toxin that paralyzes nematodes. This
study investigated toxocyst development using a strain S396 of Pleurotus cystidiosus subsp. abalonus (subgen. Coremiopleurotus). The surface of the liquid droplet was found to be an elastic envelope. When a nematode touches the toxocyst, the envelope
adheres to the worm and bursts. Toxocysts are induced simultaneously with coremia formation in the absence of nematodes and
developed only from aerial hyphae in which nuclear division had ceased. In the early stage of toxocyst development, liquid
springs repeatedly from the tip of the sterigma-like stipe before ovoid (blastoconidium-like structure) formation. A certain
substance in the liquid might polymerize to form the envelope while the ovoid simultaneously budded in the droplet. The nucleus
tends to locate near the toxocyst, especially in early stage of toxocyst development. Each dikaryotic cell predominantly formed
one or two toxocyst(s) while each monokaryotic cell predominantly formed one. In rare cases, a nucleus existed in the toxocyst,
suggesting the possibility that the toxocyst is a vestigial blastoconidium. 相似文献
15.
Olivier Monteuuis 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2004,40(1):102-107
Acacia mangium microshoots from juvenile and mature genotypes were micropropagated through a regular subculture regime for more than 3 yr
in vitro. Average multiplication rates of 5.5 for the juvenile source and of 3.9 for the mature clone were obtained during this period
on the 6-benzylaminopurine-enriched multiplication medium. Although the juvenile material displayed higher potential for axillary
shoot and root formation than the mature clone overall, the differences were not statistically significant with noticeable
variations in the course of time from one subculture to another. On specific rooting media, the juvenile material rooted overall
in greater proportions than the mature material, notwithstanding noteworthy interactions between the age of the plant material
and the various experimental factors tested, i.e. sucrose concentration, macrosalt formulation and light regime. The stimulating
effect of darkness on juvenile plant material rooting rates was more obvious than for the mature clone, which responded more
inconsistently. Addition of 4 μM indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyrie acid, or 1-naphthaleneacetic acid in the rooting medium significantly increased the
proportion of rooted microshoots of both origins. The rooting criteria observed were also prone to vary depending on the experimental
date. The data indicate that rooting of juvenile and mature Acacia mangium materials have average rates of 90% and 77%, respectively. These are high enough to consides possible applications of these
procedures toward operational activities. 相似文献
16.
Pseudolagarobasidium calcareum (Basidiomycotina, Corticiaceae s.l.) is newly reported for Japan, and its cultural characteristics are described for the
first time. Seven of nine Japanese and Taiwanese specimens examined produce arthroconidia associated with the basidiomata.
Variability in color of the hymenial surface is also observed among the specimens. In culture, this species is characterized
by fiber hyphae (quasi-binding hyphae) and arthroconidia. Mating tests reveal a multiallelic, bifactorial incompatibility
system of this fungus and intercompatibility between Japanese and Taiwanese strains. This species resembles Pseudolagarobasidium subvinosum but differs in producing the fiber hyphae not only in culture but also in the basidiomata.
Received: July 10, 2001 / Accepted: March 29, 2002 相似文献
17.
In this paper we investigate the relationships among intron density (number of introns per kilobase of coding sequence), gene
expression level, and strength of splicing signals in two species: Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. We report a negative correlation between intron density and gene expression levels, opposite to the effect previously observed
in human. An increase in splice site strength has been observed in long introns in D. melanogaster. We show this is also true of C. elegans. We also examine the relationship between intron density and splice site strength. There is an increase in splice site strength
as the intron structure becomes less dense. This could suggest that introns are not recognized in isolation but could function
in a cooperative manner to ensure proper splicing. This effect remains if we control for the effects of alternative splicing
on splice site strength.
Reviewing Editor: Dr. Nicolas Galtier 相似文献
18.
Hiroyoshi Kubo 《Mycoscience》2009,50(5):400-406
Pilobolus crystallinus shows unique photoresponses at various growing stages. cDNAs for putative photoreceptors were cloned from this fungus. Three
genes named pcmada1, pcmada2, and pcmada3 were identified from the PCR fragments, and amplified with degenerated primers for the LOV domain, which is conserved in
many blue-light receptors. Deduced amino acid sequences for PCMADA1, PCMADA2, and PCMADA3 had one light-oxygen-voltage (LOV)-sensing
and two PER-ARNT-SIM (PAS) domains. A zinc finger DNA-binding motif was conserved in the C-terminals of PCMADA1 and PCMADA3.
However, PCMADA2 lacked the zinc finger motif. Expression of pcmada1 was suppressed by blue light whereas that of pcmada3 was promoted by blue-light irradiation. 相似文献
19.
To study the evolution of the polymeric β-fructosidase (invertase) genes (SUC) of yeasts Saccharomyces, new SUC gene of S. cariocanus was cloned and sequenced and the nucleotide and amino acid sequences were compared for all known β-fructosidases of Saccharomyces species. The proteins showed 90–97% homology. The most divergent was S. bayanus β-fructosidase. The results testified again to high conservation of yeast β-fructosidases. Transitions C-T prevail in the total spectrum of nucleotide substitutions observed in the coding regions of the SUC genes; most of these transitions are in the third codon position and cause no changes in the amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins. The six Saccharomyces species each carry one (probably, non-telomeric) β-fructosidase gene. SUC is on chromosome IX in S. cerevisiae, S. bayanus, S. kudriavzevii, S. mikatae, and S. paradoxus and in a translocation region on chromosome XV in S. cariocanus.__________Translated from Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, Vol. 39, No. 3, 2005, pp. 413–419.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Korshunova, Naumova, Naumov. 相似文献
20.
The presence of litter has the potential to alter the population dynamics of plants. In this paper, we explore the effects
of litter on population dynamics using a simple experimental laboratory system with populations of the annual crucifer, Cardamine pensylvanica. Using a factorial experiment with four densities and three litter levels, we determined the effect of litter on biomass
and plant fecundity, and the life stages responsible for these changes in yield. Although litter had significant effects on
seed germination and on seedling survivorship, we show, using a population dynamics model, that these effects were not demographically
significant. Rather, the potential effect of litter on population dynamics resulted almost entirely from its effect on biomass.
Persistent litter suppressed plant biomass and apparently removed the direct density effect present in the absence of litter.
Thus, litter changed the shape of the recruitment curve from slightly humped to asymptotic. In addition to changing the shape
of the recruitment curve, litter reduced the carrying capacity of the populations. Thus, the population dynamics model indicated
that not all statistically significant responses were dynamically significant. Given the potential complexity of litter effects,
simple population models provide a powerful tool for understanding the potential consequences of short-term responses.
Received: 8 September 1999 / Accepted: 5 April 2000 相似文献