Great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus and reed warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus respond differently to cuckoo dummy at the nest

A cuckoo Cuculus canorus dummy was exposed at 24 nests of great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus (GRW) and 34 nests of reed warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus (RW) during the egg-laying stage. The eight GRW pairs attacked the cuckoo directly, striking the dummy, but such a behaviour was not recorded in RWs. Also, other behavioural measures (closest distance from the model, duration of distress calls and number of excitement calls) indicated a lower level of defence by RWs compared to GRWs. In the study area, the parasitism rate was much lower in GRWs (1.7% of nests) than in RWs (11.3%). We suggest that one of the reasons for the lower level of cuckoo parasitism on GRWs is its stronger nest defence and hence higher risk of injury or even death for the cuckoo during egg dumping.     

Birds of a feather winter together: migratory connectivity in the Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus

To investigate migratory connectivity in the Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus, we analysed (1) all available sub-Saharan ringing recoveries and (2) stable isotopes in feathers grown in Africa sampled at 17 European breeding sites across a migratory divide. A cluster analysis of ringing recoveries showed remarkable connectivity between breeding and non-breeding grounds. Two main clusters represented populations taking the two main migratory routes [southwesterly (SW) and southeasterly (SE)]. Stable isotope analysis confirmed the separation of wintering areas of SW- and SE-migrating populations. Higher δ¹⁵N values in feathers of SE-migrating birds indicated that they occupied more xeric biome types. Values of δ¹³C that did not differ significantly among populations were higher than those from feathers of known European origin and indicated a C4 biome. Three populations with an unknown migratory direction were assigned to the SE-migrating populations on the basis of δ¹⁵N values.     

Temporal patterns of occurrence and transmission of the blood parasite Haemoproteus payevskyi in the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus

We studied the prevalence and intensity of the haemosporidian blood parasite Haemoproteus payevskyi in great reed warblers at Lake Kvismaren (6 years) and Lake Segersj? (3 years) in Sweden. Based on microscopic inspection of slides from 282 adult birds, 20.6% showed infection of H. payevskyi in circulating red blood cells in at least 1 year. For parasite prevalence, there was no difference between years, sex, and age classes. However, parasite intensity was higher in females than in males, and this was most pronounced in 1-year-old birds. Individuals scored to carry parasites in year _n were more likely to show parasite infection year _n + 1 than birds scored to be parasite-free in year _n . None of 99 juvenile birds examined at the breeding site in late summer, 4–9 weeks after hatching, showed infection of H. payevskyi. Parasite intensity in infected adult birds decreased in the course of the breeding season and no new or relapse infections were observed during this period. Thus, our data imply that in the great reed warbler, a long-distance migrant to tropical Africa, transmission of H. payevskyi occurs on wintering sites or at stopover sites during migration.     

Variable effects of climate change on six species of North American birds

Many recent studies have shown that birds are advancing their laying date in response to long-term increases in spring temperatures. These studies have been conducted primarily in Europe and at local scales. If climate change is a large-scale phenomenon, then we should see responses at larger scales and in other regions. We examined the effects of long-term temperature change on the laying dates and clutch sizes of six ecologically diverse species of North American birds using 50 years of nest record data. As predicted, laying dates for most (four of six) species were earlier when spring temperatures were warmer. Over the long-term, laying dates advanced over time for two species (red-winged blackbirds, Agelaius phoeniceus and eastern bluebirds, Sialia sialis). Laying date of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) also advanced with increasing temperature when the analysis was restricted to eastern populations. Neither laying date nor clutch sizes changed significantly over time in the remaining species (American coot, Fulica americana, killdeer, Charadrius vociferous, and American robin, Turdus migratorius), an unsurprising result given the lack of increase in temperatures over time at nest locations of these species. This study indicates that the relationship between climate change and breeding in birds is variable within and among species. In large-scale analyses of North American birds, four of seven species have shown advances in laying dates with increasing temperature (including song sparrows in the east). These variable responses within and among species highlight the need for more detailed studies across large spatial scales.     

Variation in extra-pair paternity in the polygynous Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus)

Summary In five years (1992, 1994–97) we measured the frequency of extra-pair paternity (EPP) in a Bavarian population of polygynous Great Reed Warblers (Fränkische Weiher region: 49°40'N, 10°51'E); these data were compared with corresponding findings in Sweden. Progeny from copulations with a male other than the partner (extra-pair young, EPY) were identified by multi-locus DNA fingerprinting with oligonucleotide probes. In 48 broods with 194 nestlings we found 19 EPY in 5 broods. The extra-pair fertilisation (EPF) rate as a percentage of total juveniles (9.8%) is higher, but that with reference to nests (10.4%) is only insignificantly higher than in Sweden.In contrast to Sweden, neighbour males in our population were never involved in EPF. For two EPF nests the genetic fathers of the EPY were identified; both were unpaired males several years old, with very distant territories (2.4 km away). Both had larger song repertoires than the pair males, and one sang a Great Reed Warbler x Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) mixed song. In the other cases we were unable to detect the genetic father, either among the neighbouring males or the others tested. Presumably these EPY spring from floater males or rapid mate switching. As in Sweden, EPY were observed in nests of monogamous (2x) as well as polygynous (3x primary females) males. However, in Germany the breeding density was lower and distribution more patchy and the EPF broods were produced earlier (before the median egg-laying date) than those in Sweden. Our comparison supports the hypothesis that the EPF rate is higher in populations with greater genetic variability than in those with less variability. The relatively low EPP rate in this species seems to be due to a close correlation between male and territory characteristics.

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Variation in der Häufigkeit von Fremdvaterschaften beim polygynen Drosselrohrsänger (Acrocephalus arundinaceus)

Zusammenfassung In 5 Jahren (1992, 1994–97) bestimmten wir die Häufigkeit von Fremdvaterschaften beim polygynen Drosselrohrsänger in einer bayerischen Population (Fränkisches Weihergebiet 49°40'N, 10°51'E) und verglichen sie mit entsprechenden Ergebnissen aus Schweden. Nachkommen aus Kopulationen außerhalb des Paarbundes (Fremdjunge, EPY) ermittelten wir mit Multi-locus-DNA-Fingerprinting über Oligonucleotidsonden in 48 Bruten mit 194 Nestlingen. Wir fanden 19 EPY in 5 Bruten. Die Rate an Fremdvaterschaften bezogen auf Jungvögel (9,8%) ist signifikant größer als in Schweden, jedoch nicht diejenige bezogen auf Nester (10,4%).Im Gegensatz zu Schweden waren in unserer Population nie Nachbarmännchen Väter von Fremdjungen. In 2 Nestern konnten die genetischen Väter der EPY gefunden werden. In beiden Fällen handelt es sich um unverpaarte mehrjährige Männchen, die in größerer Entfernung (2,4 km) Reviere hielten. Beide hatten größere Gesangsrepertoires als die Paarmännchen; eines war ein Drosselrohr- x Teichrohrsänger (Acrocephalus scirpaceus)-Mischsänger. In den anderen Fällen konnten wir weder unter den Nachbarmännchen noch unter den anderen überprüften Männchen die genetischen Väter ausfindig machen. Vermutlich sind diese EPY auf Floater-Männchen oder rapid mate switching zurückzuführen.Fremdjunge wurden wie in Schweden sowohl in Nestern von monogam (2x) als auch polygyn verpaarten Männchen (3x Erstweibchen) festgestellt. Im Gegensatz zu den Verhältnissen in Schweden ist die Brutdichte in Deutschland geringer, die Brutverteilung mehr lückenhaft und die EPF-Bruten lagen früher (vor dem Median der Eiablage). Unser Vergleich stützt auch die Hypothese, dass in Populationen mit größerer genetischer Variabilität die Rate von Fremdvaterschaften höher sein sollte als in Populationen mit geringer.Die enge Korrelation zwischen Männchen- und Reviermerkmalen scheint dafür verantwortlich, dass bei dieser Art die Rate von Fremdvaterschaften nicht sehr hoch, d. h. kleiner als das Mittel von polygynen Arten ist.

     

On the song resumption, polyterritorial behaviour and their population context in the Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus

Mating tactics in species with facultative polygyny seem to be very flexible and to depend on local environmental conditions. We analysed the habitat and population contexts of territorial behaviour, associated with polygyny, in a population of Sedge Warblers Acrocephalus schoenobaenus inhabiting natural wetlands. Nearly one-third of all breeding males (46 individuals) resumed song after completing their mating with the first female, in order to attract another one. Resuming males were usually the earliest arrivals. There was a continuity in the territorial behaviour between resuming song on first territory and polyterritorial behaviour. Fifty-nine percent of resuming males set up second territories, clearly separated from the first. The second territory was usually located close to the primary female activity area. The quality of the first and second territories were correlated, with second territories being significantly inferior. However, their quality was not significantly different from the territories of non-breeding males. The quality of the second territories was also negatively related to the distance from the first territories. Polyterritorialism was influenced by population numbers: the higher the number of territorial males, the lower the number of second territories settled and the lower their average quality. Although the polygyny frequency in the studied population was very low, polyterritorial males were significantly more likely to be polygynous. We concluded that polygyny frequency can be significantly influenced by population numbers, which might be one of the main factors responsible for the variability in the mating system in this species.     

Rapid deterioration of Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola habitats at the western margin of the breeding range

In the last German breeding area of the rapidly declining “Pomeranian” population of the Aquatic Warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola), the Lower Oder Valley National Park, we investigated changes in habitat suitability between 1993 and 2006 by combining monitoring results with repeated assessments of vegetation structure and composition, site conditions, and land use. Sites with recent Aquatic Warbler records showed shorter and sparser vegetation, a thinner litter layer, and a higher total plant species richness and cover of small and least competitive (CSR) species than abandoned or unoccupied sites. On a long-term study plot, during a period of late mowing and subsequent cessation of land use, vegetation height increased, the cover of CSR species decreased, and the site became abandoned by Aquatic Warblers. The probability of Aquatic Warbler occurrence was dependent on elevation and increased with the proportion of early mown or grazed area in the preceding year, with early use being most important on slightly higher elevated sites. This rapid deterioration of eutrophic habitats by delayed or discontinued land use is atypical for the majority of Aquatic Warbler breeding habitats. We conclude that both late or no land use and land use during the breeding season negatively affect the Pomeranian breeding sites and that a more sophisticated and flexible land management is urgently needed.     

甘蔗与斑茅BC1分子鉴定、抗黑穗病和花叶病初步评价

为了解甘蔗(Saccharum)与斑茅(Erianthus arundinaceus)杂交后代作为抗病亲本的利用价值,通过特异引物PCR鉴定出78份甘蔗与斑茅杂交BC_1真实杂种;通过人工接种花叶病毒和黑穗病菌,初步评价了甘蔗和斑茅杂交BC_1的抗病表现。结果表明,甘蔗和斑茅杂交BC_1的抗花叶病具有普遍性,而黑穗病抗性则出现分离。初步筛选出BC_1无性系YCE01-48、YCE01-71、YCE01-105、YCE01-125、YCE02-184和YCE01-118可同时抗花叶病和黑穗病,有望成为甘蔗杂交利用的高抗病源亲本。     

大兴安岭林区南、北部天然樟子松生长对气候变化的响应差异

利用树木年代学方法,建立大兴安岭林区南、北部樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)年轮宽度年表,探讨樟子松径向生长对气候变化的响应差异。结果表明,南部(阿尔山、海拉尔)树轮宽度主要与当年4—9月的平均标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI(Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index)极显著正相关(r=0.639,P0.01),而北部(漠河、塔河)树轮宽度主要与同时期的平均最低温极显著正相关(r=0.488,P0.01)。说明南部樟子松径向生长主要受当年4—9月的水分限制,北部主要受同期平均最低温调控。两个地区树木生长对降水的响应一致,对当年4—9月(6月除外)的温度响应相反。近几十年来随着温度显著升高(P0.01),南部树木生长对4—9月平均最高温的负响应不断增强,而北部树木对同时段平均最低温的正响应更加明显。同时,南部樟子松生长量快速下降(r=0.612,P0.001),而北部生长量显著增加(r=0.474,P0.001)。研究发现,高温加剧干旱胁迫是南部樟子松生长量下降的主要原因,而北部樟子松生长量增加是受到4—9月平均最低温和降水量的相互作用。如果持续变暖,未来樟子松分布区可能北移。     

Known and predicted African winter distributions and habitat use of the endangered Basra reed warbler ( Acrocephalus griseldis) and the near-threatened cinereous bunting ( Emberiza cineracea)

The Basra reed warbler (Acrocephalus griseldis) and the cinereous bunting (Emberiza cineracea) are the only two Western Palearctic passerine bird species that overwinter in East Africa and are classified by BirdLife International as endangered and near-threatened, respectively. To refine the African wintering ranges of these two species, we made an effort to collect as much distributional data as possible. We then used the available point-locality data to predict the wintering distributions using a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based inductive modelling technique called BIOCLIM. For this purpose, we developed four environmental GIS layers that are presumed to reflect the environmental preferences of migrant birds. Our data showed that the known winter distribution of the Basra reed warbler was concentrated in Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique, where it was usually found in dense vegetation growing in coastal scrub, woodland thickets, swamps, marshes, flooded pools and grasslands, and along ditches and edges of rivers, ponds, lagoons and lakes. The predicted winter distribution of this species includes most of East Africa but, given the habitat preferences of this species, is probably limited to low-lying areas near the coastline. The known winter distribution of the cinereous bunting is so far limited to Eritrea, where the species has been observed in October, November, February and March, in sparsely vegetated, sandy or rocky habitats on coastal plains and deserts. The predicted winter distribution of this species includes the plains and hills along the Red Sea coasts in southern Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Sudan, as well as a few inland areas in Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya.Communicated by F. Bairlein     

吉林省落叶松林净初级生产力时空特征及其对气候变化的响应

为评估吉林省落叶松林的生产力现状并为我国森林生态系统生产力和植被监测研究提供基础数据,以吉林省落叶松林为研究对象,基于吉林省及其周边100 km范围内41个气象站点资料,采用LPJ-DGVM模型模拟了2000—2019年吉林省落叶松林近20年的净初级生产力,并采用线性回归趋势分析、变异系数、Hurst指数和相关性分析法对其时空变化、稳定性及其与气候因子的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明：(1)2000—2019年吉林省落叶松林年均净初级生产力(NPP)为592 g C m^-2 a^-1,年均增长率为2.81%,随时间推移呈现波动增长的趋势(β=14.55,R~2=0.784,P<0.01)。(2)NPP变异系数为0.07—2.33,均值为0.48,除幼龄林外,整体波动较小。Hurst指数介于0.441—0.849之间,均值为0.612,未来吉林省落叶松林NPP呈增加趋势。(3)吉林省落叶松林NPP存在明显的空间异质性,北部和南部区域NPP较高,是近20年NPP增长较快的区域。(4)2000—2019年吉林省落叶松林年均NPP与年总降水、生长季...     

Short records of marsh warbler ( Acrocephalus palustris) song provide indices that correlate with nesting success

The migrant Marsh Warbler (Acrocephalus palustris) has a complex song repertoire, but such complexity makes quantitative comparison of songs between individual males both time consuming and challenging. We investigate a streamlined method of song analysis that uses 2-min records of song to provide simpler relative indices of repertoire size, including the use of capture-recapture and species-richness models. For each male, three attributes of song were determined: the song complexity, the total repertoire elements and the estimated repertoire size based on the Burnham and Overton jackknife method. Males with higher song indices tend to have greater nesting success, suggesting that even short records of song can indicate male quality to prospective female mates. Why should male Marsh Warblers have long and sustained songs when only 2-min records correlate with nesting success? Assuming that song advertises the quality of the male, and that the quality of such advertisement is sustained throughout the males song period, we argue that the female may need to have only brief exposure initially to that song to assess its quality and hence the quality of the male. More continuous periods of song may reinforce that initial choice by the female, and allow males to remain conspicuous to transient females moving around the territories of potential male mates.     

气候变化条件下曲纹紫灰蝶在中国的潜在适生区预测

曲纹紫灰蝶(Chilades pandava)是一种以幼虫危害苏铁(Cycas revolute)嫩枝嫩叶的园林害虫,对苏铁的生长繁殖、生产者的经济效益以及城市园林的美观造成严重影响。基于曲纹紫灰蝶和苏铁的现存分布点,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)、ArcGIS、R软件对当前和未来气候条件下曲纹紫灰蝶在中国的潜在适生区分布及当前气候条件下寄主苏铁在中国的潜在适生区分布进行了预测,其中当前气候数据基于1970—2000年的历史数据,未来气候数据(2021—2040年、2041—2060年和2061—2080年)选择第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)中中国北京气候中心中等分辨率气候系统模式(BCC-CSM2-MR)下的3种共享社会经济路径(SSP126(属于低强迫情景), SSP370(属于中等至高等强迫情景), SSP585(属于高强迫情景))。结果表明：(1)模型预测结果非常好,各组模型的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)值均高于0.95,昼夜温差月均值(bio2)、等温性(bio3)、最热季平均温度(bio10)、最湿月份降水量(bio13)是影响曲纹紫灰蝶分布的主导...     

贝加尔针茅响应降水变化敏感指标及关键阈值

降水是影响中国北方草原群落结构和生产力的关键环境因子,弄清植物响应降水变化敏感指标,确定关键阈值,可为草原的科学管理与制定应对气候变化措施提供依据。以贝加尔针茅为材料,基于不同降水的模拟实验,采用正态总体统计容忍区间及容忍限的估算方法,对测定的叶面积、株高、叶绿素和叶N含量等14个植物生理生态指标响应降水变化的敏感性及其阈值进行了研究。结果表明,植株总叶面积、水势(或叶绿素含量)和地上生物量可分别从形态、生理和生物量积累三方面较好地指示贝加尔针茅对降水变化的敏感性,受到胁迫时的降水量(6、7和8月3个月份总降水量)阈值分别是283、276(276)mm和280 mm。研究结果可为客观辨识贝加尔针茅草原干旱的发生发展与监测预警提供参考。     

气候变化对柴胡与狭叶柴胡适生分布的影响

研究气候变化下物种适生区的分布格局与变迁,对于物种的保护和资源的可持续利用具有重要的理论和实践意义。选取柴胡(Bupleurum chinense)与狭叶柴胡(Bupleurum scorzonerifolium)在中国地域内的381个有效分布点和36个环境因子,利用MaxEnt模型模拟当前以及未来(2050和2070年)两种气候情景下(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)其适生区的分布格局,并分析了制约其适生区分布的主导环境因子。结果表明：(1)影响柴胡适生区分布的主导环境因子为最湿月份降水量、最干季度平均温度以及海拔。影响狭叶柴胡适生区分布的主导环境因子为最湿月份降水量、温度季节性变化标准差以及海拔;(2)当前气候条件下,柴胡适生区总面积为1.4755×10⁶km²,约占我国国土面积的15.37%,中、高度适生区主要分布在陕西南部、山西东部、甘肃东南部、山东中部、河北中西部等地;狭叶柴胡适生区总面积为1.8034×10⁶km²,约占我国国土面积的18.78%,中、高度适生区主要分布在黑龙江西部和东部、内...     

伊春地区红松和红皮云杉径向生长对气候变化的响应

树木生长-气候关系对准确评估气候变化对森林生态系统影响、预测森林生产力与植被动态及揭示树木对气候变化的响适应策略至关重要。在全球变暖背景下,升温可能会对树木的生长产生影响,从而改变区域森林生态系统的生产力或碳储量。本研究利用生长-气候响应函数、滑动相关分析等树木年轮学方法,探讨伊春地区阔叶红松林内红松和红皮云杉径向生长的主要限制因子及两者径向生长对快速升温(1980年后)响应的异同。结果表明:1980年前红松径向生长有明显加速的趋势,红皮云杉上升趋势较弱;而1980年后红松径向生长趋势显著下降,红皮云杉则下降不明显。红皮云杉径向生长与上一年9月及当年6月平均气温显著负相关,而红松径向生长与上一年12月及当年1月、4月和6月最低气温显著正相关。1980年快速升温后,高温对两树种生长的抑制作用增强,尤其是红松。生长季末(9月)降水对红松和红皮云杉的限制作用由升温前的负相关转变为升温后的显著正相关。温度是限制红松和红皮云杉径向生长的主要气候因子,降水影响相对较弱;其中红松径向生长对气候变化的响应比红皮云杉更敏感。快速升温后,红松和红皮云杉生长-气候关系的变化可能与升温导致的暖干旱化有关。若气...     

气候变化对黄腹角雉潜在栖息地的影响

气候变化直接影响物种赖以生存的栖息地环境条件,进而影响物种的分布、数量和存活率。基于优化后最大熵(MaxEnt)模型预测气候变化下黄腹角雉(Tragopan caboti)过去、当前、未来时期的潜在栖息地格局。结果表明,降水量、温度、海拔是栖息地的主要影响因子。当前时期适宜栖息地面积较过去时期下降24.69%;未来2041—2060年间,共享社会经济路径(SSP)3-7.0与SSP5-8.5情景下黄腹角雉适宜栖息地面积较当前时期分别下降55.19%、58.10%。浙江、江西和福建是当前以及未来黄腹角雉核心适宜栖息地,适宜栖息地面积呈现下降的趋势,并往高纬度区域移动。     

Ecological hindcasting of biogeographic responses to climate change in the European intertidal zone

Intertidal organisms are often assumed to live close to their thermal limits, and have emerged as potential early indicators of the effects of climate change. We compared our survey of the 2004–2006 geographic distribution of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides to its distribution in 1872, 1955, 1963, 1971, and 1985, from surveys by Fischer, Crisp, Fischer-Piette, Barnes, Powell, and Southward. The southern geographic limit has retreated 300 km in France since 1872, at a rate of 15 to 50 km per decade. We compared our 2006 survey of the geographic distribution of the polychaete Diopatra neapolitana to its distribution in 1893–1923, from surveys by Saint-Joseph and Fauvel, and its distribution in 1969–1976 from surveys by Glémarec. The northern geographic limit of this species has advanced 300 km in France since 1893 at similar rates to Semibalanus. We used NOAA weather reanalysis data and our mechanistic simulation model of intertidal animal body temperatures to hindcast the thermal environmental change near historical geographic limits in Europe for the past 55 years. Results indicate that changes in the southern limit of S. balanoides are due to intolerance of winter body temperatures above 10°C, leading to reproductive failure. Results for Diopatra are ambiguous: based on the northern extension of its range, either cold winters or cool summers limit its range, while gaps in its distribution are consistent with limitation by cooler summer conditions. The parallel shifts of D. neapolitana on sedimentary shores and Semibalanus on rocky shores suggest that similar climatic factors control the geographic limits of both species. The intertidal zone is a model system for examining the effects of climate change on biogeographic change both because of the rapidity of its response, and because the rich historical record allows direct tests of hypotheses. Guest editors: J. Davenport, G. Burnell, T. Cross, M. Emmerson, R. McAllen, R. Ramsay & E. Rogan Challenges to Marine Ecosystems     

小兴安岭红松径向生长对未来气候变化的响应

基于SRES A1B温室气体排放情景,由全球气候模式(MPI_ECHAM5)产生的逐日气候模拟数据驱动TREE-RING树轮生态机理模型,模拟了小兴安岭红松(Pinus koraiensis)树木径向生长变化.结果表明:在A1B情景下,随着大气CO2浓度的不断增加以及局地气温的不断升高,红松树木生长开始和结束时间显著提前,2011-2060年比1961-2010年径向生长开始时间平均提前约5d左右,生长结束时间平均提前约3d左右.红松树木的径向生长量不断增加,2011-2060年比1961 -2010年径向生长量平均增加约35％,径向生长量的增加主要是CO2施肥作用的结果,在不考虑CO2施肥效应下,只考虑降水量变化使树木径向生长量增加约2％,而未来50a的气温变化使树木径向生长量相对于1961 -2010年减少约23％.