玉米幼苗地下部／根间氮的循环及其基因型差异

以两个玉米（Zea mays L.）自交系原引1号（YY1）和综31（Z31）为研究材料,采用盆裁土培的培养方法,在正常供氮（HN,K0．15gN/kg干土）和低氮量供应（ON,0.038gN/kg干土）培养条件下对玉米幼苗植株体内氮的循环量及其他在地上部／根间的分配量进行了定量地测定、计算。结果表明,在玉米幼苗地上部／根间氮的循环量很高。低氮量供应使玉米幼苗植株吸氮量下降,根中氮的分配比例增加,同时地上部／根间氮的循环量也随之减少。与氮低效自交系Z31相比,氮高效自交系YY1幼苗中地上部／根间的氮循环量大、氮向根的分配量高,因而有利于其根系的生长,表现为根／地上部之比和部根长较高。这可能有利于其中后期对氮素的高效吸收与利用。     

全膜双垄沟覆盖条件下不同施氮量对春玉米氮素吸收利用及分配的影响

通过田间试验研究了黄土旱塬旱作全膜双垄沟覆盖栽培条件下,不同施氮量（0、100、200、250、300及400 kg/hm²）对春玉米氮素吸收、利用及分配的影响,为提高春玉米氮素利用效率及合理施氮提供理论依据。结果表明:（1）春玉米植株及籽粒含氮量、氮素累积量随施氮量增加而提高,但当施氮量超过250 kg/hm²后增加效果不显著。（2）春玉米植株含氮量随生育期推进而降低,但氮素累积量则随生育期推进而增加。（3）玉米叶片及茎+叶鞘氮素转移量及对籽粒氮素贡献量高于其他器官。（4）春玉米籽粒产量随施氮量增加先增加后降低,并在施氮量为250 kg/hm²时产量最大（11 932 kg/hm²）,此时氮素收获指数最大（69.12%）并显著高于其余处理,氮肥农学效率也显著高于施氮量为300、400 kg/hm²的处理。因此,从春玉米产量、氮素利用角度考虑,该试验条件下的合理施氮量为250 kg/hm²。     

黄淮海平原玉米施氮量对后茬小麦土壤剖面硝态氮和产量的影响

在冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟模式下,玉米品种“郑单958”（植株密度9株/m^2）和小麦品种“93-9”（基本苗704株/m^2）,冬小麦基施144kg N/hm^2,研究了玉米5个施N量（0、90、180、270和360kg/hm^2）对后茬小麦期间土壤剖面硝态氮含量、无机氮总量,以及小麦氮素吸收利用和产量的影响.结果表明：（1）与不施氮相比,玉米施氮显著增加小麦季0～200cm土壤硝态氮含量;自拔节起,0～40cm、0～130cm和0～200cm硝态氮含量均随施氮量增加而递增,在硝态氮含量较高的小区增幅也大.（2）轮作一周期后,不施氮和施氮360kg/hm^2显著影响0～130cm和0～200cm无机氮总量,但在90～270 kg/hm^2之间,施氮量的影响不明显.（3）施氮小于180kg/hm^2时,成熟期小麦植株氮素和籽粒氮素积累量、氮肥利用率均随施氮量增加而递增,但不明显.（4）与不施氮相比,施氮90kg/hm^2的小麦产量和麦玉轮作总产均增加但不明显,施氮180 kg/hm^2均显著增加,施氮270kg/hm^2与180kg/hm^2无明显差异.本试验条件下,夏玉米施氮90～180 kg/hm^2是适宜的.     

CO2浓度增加和不同氮肥水平对冬小麦根系呼吸及生物量的影响

依托FACE（Free-air CO2 enrichment）研究平台,利用特制分根集气生长箱,采用静态箱-GC（Gas chromatography）法,连续两年研究了大气CO2浓度升高和不同氮肥水平对冬小麦拔节期、孕穗抽穗期和灌浆末期的根系呼吸及生物量的影响。两季结果表明,CO2浓度升高和高氮肥量均不同程度地增加了3个阶段的地上部和地下部的生物量,这有利于增加根茬的还田量;CO2浓度升高对冬小麦不同生长阶段的根系呼吸影响不同,在拔节期影响较小;孕穗抽穗期显著增加了根系呼吸,2004～2005季分别增加33．8％（148．1mg N·kg^-1干土,HN）和43．9％（88．9mg N·kg^-1干土,LN）,2005～2006季分别为23．8％（HN）和28．9％（LN）;而灌浆末期显著降低了根系呼吸,2004～2005季分别降低31．4％（HN）和23．3％（LN）,2005～2006季分别为25．1％（HN）和18．5％（LN）;高施氮量比低施氮量促进了根系呼吸;随着作物生长根系呼吸与地下生物量呈显著线性负相关,高CO2环境中的R^2变小,表明随着作物生长发育高CO2浓度降低了作物根系呼吸与地下部生物量积累间的相关性。     

玉米氮素吸收的基因型差异及其与根系形态的相关性

采用溶液培养的方法,选用在田间、土培试验中对氮反应有典型差异的玉米自交系：478、H21、Wu312、Zong31、Baici,在4个供N水平（0.04、0.4、2.4mmol/L）下,研究了玉米苗期氮素吸收、分配的基因差异以及与根系形态之间的相关关系,结果表明：在一定的NO3^-浓度范围内（0.04-2mmol/L）,根系生物量随N水平的提高而增加,而高N不同程度地降低了5个自交系根系干重。低N下（0.04mmol/L）,与其它自交系相比,N高效基因型478具有较大的根系生物量,其根系干重分别为H21、Wu312、Zong31、Baici的1.1、1.74、1.6、1.18倍,并往根系分配了较大比例的N素,根系N累积占总N量的百分率比Wu312、Zong31分别高18.34％、17.08％,而N低效基因型Wu312、Zong31则往地上部分配了较大比例的氮素。随N水平的增加,显著促进了地上部的生长,并在地上部分配了较大比例的N素。当N水平增至4mmol/L时,地上部N素分配的基因型差异减小。低N下,5个自交系根系干重、总根长、根轴总长与总吸N量显著线性相关,而高N下不表现相关关系,说明在N素胁迫的条件下,根系形态对N吸收效率起重要作用。     

减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作体系中作物产量及养分吸收利用的影响

通过田间试验研究了种植方式(玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米-大豆套作)和施氮水平(0、180、240 N kg·hm-2)对玉米和大豆产量、养分吸收及氮肥利用的影响.结果表明:与单作相比,玉米-大豆套作体系中玉米籽粒产量、地上部植株N、P、K吸收量及收获指数略有降低,而大豆籽粒产量、地上部植株N、P、K吸收量及收获指数显著提高.玉米-大豆套作系统的套作优势随施氮量的增加而降低,与当地农民常规施氮量(240 kg·hm-2)相比,减量施氮(180kg·hm-2)处理下玉米和大豆产量、经济系数,以及N、P、K吸收量和收获指数、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率显著提高,土壤氮贡献率降低;与不施氮相比,减量施氮降低了玉米带土壤的全N、全P含量,提高了大豆带土壤的全N、全P、全K含量和玉米带土壤的全K含量.减量施氮水平下,玉米-大豆套作系统的周年籽粒总产量、地上部植株N、P、K总吸收量均高于玉米和大豆单作,土地当量比(LER)达2.28;玉米-大豆套作系统的氮肥吸收利用率比玉米单作高20.2%,比大豆单作低30.5%,土壤氮贡献率比玉米和大豆单作分别低20.0%和8.8%.玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥有利于提高系统周年作物产量和氮肥利用率.     

根域限制和氮素水平对连翘幼苗生长的影响

在植物生长箱通过溶液培养试验,从叶片光合气体交换参数、叶绿素含量及其荧光参数等方面来探讨不同氮素浓度条件下根域体积对连翘幼苗光合生理特性及生长的影响,并采用^15N示踪技术对不同氮素浓度条件下根域体积对连翘幼苗体内氮素转运进行了研究。结果表明：低氮（LN）处理幼苗的地上部和根系干物质重较高氮（HN）处理的高,根域限制对地上部和根系干物质重的影响不同,LN处理幼苗地上部和根系干物质重在低根域体积（10cm×10cm×15cm,LR）处理均较高根域体积（20cm×10cm×15cm,HR）处理的低,HN处理的幼苗响应情况有所不同。LN处理幼苗的叶片净光合速率（Pn）和叶绿素含量较HN处理的高;LN处理幼苗Pn和气孔导度（Gs）在LR处理较HR处理的高,而HN处理幼苗的Pn和Gs随根域体积变化规律与LN处理相反,LN和HN处理叶绿素含量随根域体积变化规律与Pn相反。LN处理幼苗的PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率（Fv／Fm）和PSⅡ电子传递量子效率（ФPSⅡ）均较HN处理的高,不同供氮处理下LR处理幼苗的Fv／Fm均较HR处理的高;而ФPSⅡ的变化规律相反。不同供氮处理时,LR处理幼苗的光化学猝灭系数（qP）均较HR处理的低,而非光化学猝灭系数（qNP）的变化规律相反,LN处理幼苗的qNP较HN处理的高（P〈0．05）。不同供氮处理时,LR处理幼苗根系和地上部氮含量均较HR处理的低,LN处理幼苗根系和地上部氮含量较HN处理的低,幼苗根系和地上部氮含量随氮素浓度变化差异显著（P〈0．05）。LN处理幼苗根系吸收^15N在根系和叶片的分配率均较HN处理的低,而根系吸收^15N在枝和茎的分配率呈相反变化规律。根系吸收氮在叶片和枝的分配率分别为7％～10％和7％～12％,叶片和枝生长需要的氮素主要由其内源N库提供。     

不同外源氮对丛枝菌根真菌Rhizophagus irregularis侵染棉花植株和氮磷转运的影响

探究供应外源氮对接种AM真菌的棉花植株的侵染率和氮磷转运的影响。本文以棉花为研究对象,接种丛枝菌根真菌(Rhizophagus irregularis),向根外菌丝额外供应不同外源氮,测AM真菌的侵染率、棉花植株株高、地上部和地下部鲜重、叶绿素含量、菌根精氨酸含量、地上部的氮磷含量。试验结果显示:不同外源氮条件下,AM真菌对棉花植株的生物量无显著性影响;外源氮的供应均提高了AM真菌的侵染率和棉花植株地上部的氮含量,但硫酸铵和硝酸钾更能促进AM真菌侵染宿主植物,提高宿主植物菌根精氨酸水平和地上部氮含量;除了尿素,其他氮源处理均能明显提高棉花植株地上部磷含量,其中,精氨酸最为显著。说明在AM共生系统中外源氮的供应对宿主植物生长无显著作用,但促进AM真菌侵染宿主植物,并能提高宿主植物氮磷含量。     

Cd、低Pb/Cd下冬小麦幼苗根系分泌物酚酸、 糖类及与根际土壤微生物活性的关系

采用土壤盆栽试验法研究了Cd、低于国家“土壤环境质量标准”规定的Ⅱ类土壤环境基准值300 mg/kg干土时的Pb与Cd复合处理对冬小麦幼苗根系分泌物总酚酸和简单糖类及其与根际土壤微生物活性关系的影响特征.结果表明:1)冬小麦幼苗生长3周时,随Cd浓度的升高,根系简单糖类的分泌量表现为降低-增加-降低现象,而酚酸分泌量主要表现为显著(P＜0.05)增加;幼苗生长7周时,简单糖类分泌量极显著(P＜0.01)降低,酚酸分泌量表现为降低-增加-降低现象;幼苗生长12周时,简单糖类分泌量在Cd≤50.00 mg/kg干土时降低,Cd浓度为70.00 mg/kg干土时极显著(P＜0.01)增加,酚酸分泌量在Cd≤20.00mg/kg干土时降低,Cd＞20.00 mg/kg干土时增加.2)低于国家“土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)”规定的Ⅱ类土壤环境基准值(300 mg/kg)时,Pb的存在会对Cd胁迫下冬小麦根系酚酸和简单糖类分泌特征有明显影响,主要表现为可使Cd处理下幼苗根系酚酸分泌量增加,而简单糖类分泌量降低.3)低Pb/Cd处理与Cd处理之间,冬小麦幼苗根系酚酸和简单糖类分泌量与细菌、真菌和放线菌数量、脲酶、转化酶和脱氢酶活性、有机质和全氮含量、微生物量碳等根际土壤微生物生化活性之间的相关性特点明显不同.     

玉米幼苗对湿害的形态和生理反应

玉米幼苗期受涝后光合能力下降,植株干物质积累速度变慢。根变得短而粗,侧根和根毛少,且向地面生长,孔隙度增大,吸收~(32)P的量减少。光合产物分配给地上部的比例增大,留在根部的减少。但淹水期间产生的节根早发、多生、生长快,所分配的光合产物反比对照增多。     

Root growth in response to nitrogen supply in Chinese maize hybrids released between 1973 and 2009

Root growth has a fundamental role in nitrogen (N) use efficiency. Nevertheless, little is known about how modern breeding progress has affected root growth and its responses to N supply. The root and shoot growth of a core set of 11 representative Chinese maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids released between 1973 and 2009 were investigated under high N (4 mmol L⁻¹, HN) and low N (0.04 mmol L⁻¹, LN) levels in a solution culture system. Compared with LN, HN treatment decreased root dry weight (RDW), the root: shoot ratio (R/S), and the relative growth rate for root dry weight (RGR_root), but increased the total root length (TRL) and the total lateral root length (LRL). The total axial root length (ARL) per plant was reduced under HN, mostly in hybrids released before the 1990s. The number of seminal roots (SRN) was largely unaffected by different N levels. More recently released hybrids showed higher relative growth rates in the shoot under both HN and LN. However, the roots only showed increased RGR under HN treatment. Correspondingly, there was a positive linear relationship with the year of hybrid release for TRL, LRL and ARL under HN treatment. Together, these results suggest that while shoot growth of maize has improved, its root growth has only improved under high N conditions over the last 36 years of selective breeding in China. Improving root growth under LN conditions may be necessary to increase the N use efficiency of maize.     

Mapping QTLs for nitrogen uptake in relation to the early growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The objective of this study was to map QTLs for N uptake (NUP) in wheat, and to investigate factors influencing NUP. Two independent field trials with low N (LN) and high N (HN) treatments were conducted in the growing seasons of 2002–2003 (trial 1) and 2003–2004 (trial 2) to measure NUP per plant (N accumulated in the aerial part at maturity stage) of a doubled haploid (DH) population consisting of 120 DH lines derived from winter wheat varieties Hanxuan 10 and Lumai 14. A hydroponic culture with all nutrients supplied sufficiently was conducted to investigate shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), tiller number (TN) and NUP (total plant N uptake) per plant of this mapping population at seedling stage. SDW, RDW, TN and NUP investigated in the hydroponic culture were significantly and positively correlated with each other, and with NUP under both LN and HN conditions in the field trials. Nine and eight QTLs for NUP were detected under LN and HN conditions in the field trials, respectively. Four to five QTLs for SDW, RDW, TN and NUP were detected in the hydroponic culture. One SDW QTL, three RDW QTLs, two TN QTLs detected in the hydroponic culture were linked with QTLs for NUP under LN or HN condition in the field trials. The positive correlation and genetic linkage for the traits between the field trials and the hydroponic culture demonstrated that greater seedling vigor of root and shoot is an important factor influencing N uptake in wheat. Diaoguo An and Junying Su: These authors contributed equally to this work. Section Editor: H.J. Kronzucker     

Root growth dynamics of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) seedlings in relation to shoot elongation, plant size and tissue nitrogen concentration

Large and high nitrogen (N) concentration seedlings frequently have higher survival and growth in Mediterranean forest plantations than seedlings with the opposite traits, which has been linked to the production of deeper and larger root systems in the former type of seedlings. This study assessed the influence of seedling size and N concentration on root growth dynamics and its relation to shoot elongation in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) seedlings. We cultivated seedlings that differed in size and tissue N concentration that were subsequently transplanted into transparent methacrylate tubes in the field. The number of roots, root depth, and the root and shoot elongation rate (length increase per unit time) were periodically measured for 10 weeks. At the end of the study, we also measured the twig water potential (ψ) and the mass of plant organs. New root mass at the end of the study increased with seedling size, which was linked to the production of a greater number of new roots of lower specific length rather than to higher elongation rate of individual roots. Neither plant size nor N concentration affected root depth. New root mass per leaf mass unit, shoot elongation rate, and pre-dawn ψ were reduced with reduction in seedling size, while mid-day ψ and the root relative growth rate were not affected by seedling size. N concentration had an additive effect on plant size on root growth but its overall effect was less important than seedling size. Shoot and roots had an antagonistic elongation pattern through time in small seedlings, indicating that the growth of both organs depressed each other and that they competed for the same resources. Antagonism between shoot and root elongation decreased with plant size, disappearing in large and medium seedlings, and it was independent of seedling N concentration. We conclude that root and shoot growth but not rooting depth increased with plant size and tissue N concentration in Aleppo pine seedlings. Since production of new roots is critical for the establishment of planted seedlings, higher absolute root growth in large seedlings may increase their transplanting performance relative to small seedlings. The lack of antagonism between root and shoot growth in large seedlings suggests that these plants can provide resources to sustain simultaneous growth of both organs.     

局部灼伤对小麦幼苗外源茉莉酸吸收与运转的影响

采用示踪技术探索了3H-JA的运输和分配规律及其受伤害胁迫的影响.外源3H-JA能够在小麦幼苗体内向上和向下运输,局部灼伤其运输与分配都发生了改变.从小麦根系饲喂的3H-JA,在植株内的分布量依序为根＞茎＞叶,时间较长(4h)时分配于心叶的3H-JA大大增加.当叶片受到局部灼伤时3H-JA向地上部的输出量减少;但局部灼伤可加快由心叶饲喂的3H-JA的向下运输,改变3H-JA在小麦幼苗各部位的分配比率.心叶饲喂短时间(5min)时,3H-JA主要积累在受到伤胁迫的展开叶(第2叶)中.向展开叶(第2叶)饲喂的3H-JA向下运输的速率高于向上运输的速率.推测JA运输及分配的变化可能在植株的防御反应中起重要作用.     

A comprehensive analysis of root morphological changes and nitrogen allocation in maize in response to low nitrogen stress

The plasticity of root architecture is crucial for plants to acclimate to unfavourable environments including low nitrogen (LN) stress. How maize roots coordinate the growth of axile roots and lateral roots (LRs), as well as longitudinal and radial cell behaviours in response to LN stress, remains unclear. Maize plants were cultivated hydroponically under control (4 mm nitrate) and LN (40 μm ) conditions. Temporal and spatial samples were taken to analyse changes in the morphology, anatomical structure and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the axile root and LRs. LN stress increased axile root elongation, reduced the number of crown roots and decreased LR density and length. LN stress extended cell elongation zones and increased the mature cell length in the roots. LN stress reduced the cell diameter and total area of vessels and increased the amount of aerenchyma, but the number of cell layers in the crown root cortex was unchanged. The C/N ratio was higher in the axile roots than in the LRs. Maize roots acclimate to LN stress by optimizing the anatomical structure and N allocation. As a result, axile root elongation is favoured to efficiently find available N in the soil.     

Carbon and nitrogen allocation in Lolium perenne in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 with emphasis on soil carbon dynamics

The effect of elevated CO2 on the carbon and nitrogen distribution within perennial ryegrass (L. perenne L.) and its influence on belowground processes were investigated. Plants were homogeneously 14C-labelled in two ESPAS growth chambers in a continuous 14C-CO2 atmosphere of 350 and 700 L L-1 CO2 and at two soil nitrogen regimes, in order to follow the carbon flow through all plant and soil compartments.After 79 days, elevated CO2 increased the total carbon uptake by 41 and 21% at low (LN) and high nitrogen (HN) fertilisation, respectively. Shoot growth remained unaffected, whereas CO2 enrichment stimulated root growth by 46% and the root/soil respiration by 111%, irrespective of the nitrogen concentration. The total 14C-soil content increased by 101 and 28% at LN and HN, respectively. The decomposition of the native soil organic matter was not affected either by CO2 or by the nitrogen treatment.Elevated CO2 did not change the total nitrogen uptake of the plant either at LN or at HN. Both at LN and HN elevated CO2 significantly increased the total amount of nitrogen taken up by the roots and decreased the absolute and relative amounts translocated to the shoots.The amount of soil nitrogen immobilised by micro-organisms and the size of the soil microbial biomass were not affected by elevated CO2, whereas both were significantly increased at the higher soil N content.Most striking was the 88% increase in net carbon input into the soil expressed as: 14C-roots plus total 14C-soil content minus the 12C-carbon released by decomposition of native soil organic matter. The net carbon input into the soil at ambient CO2 corresponded with 841 and 1662 kg ha-1 at LN and HN, respectively. Elevated CO2 increased these amounts with an extra carbon input of 950 and 1056 kg ha-1. Combined with a reduced decomposition rate of plant material grown at elevated CO2 this will probably lead to carbon storage in grassland soils resulting in a negative feed back on the increasing CO2 concentration of the atmosphere.     

Morphological compatibility of white clover and perennial ryegrass cultivars grown under two nitrate levels in flowing solution culture

The effects of nitrate (NO3-) supply on shoot morphology, vertical distribution of shoot and root biomass and total nitrogen (N) acquisition by two perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars (AberElan and Preference) and two white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars (Grasslands Huia and AberHerald) were studied in flowing nutrient culture. Cultivars were grown from seed as monocultures and the clovers inoculated with Rhizobium. The 6-week measurement period began on day 34 (grasses) and day 56 (clovers) when the NO3- supply was adjusted to either 2 mmol m-3 (low nitrogen, LN) or 50 mmol m-3 (high nitrogen, HN). These treatments were subsequently maintained automatically. Plants were harvested at intervals to measure their morphology and N content. Cultivars of both species differed significantly in several aspects of their response to NO3- supply. In the grasses, the LN treatment increased the root : shoot ratio of AberElan but did not affect the distribution of root length in the root profile. In contrast, this treatment changed the root distribution of Preference compared with HN, resulting in a larger proportion of root length being distributed further down the root profile. The morphology of white clover Grasslands Huia was for the most part unaffected by the level of NO3- supply. In contrast, AberHerald exhibited different growth strategies, with LN plants increasing their stolon weight per unit length at the expense of leaf production, leaf area and stolon length, whereas HN plants showed reduced stolon thickness, greater leaf area production and stolon length per plant. Cultivars with different morphological/physiological strategies in response to NO3- supply may be of value in the construction of 'compatible mixtures' aimed at reducing oscillations in sward clover content by extending the range of conditions that allow balanced coexistence of species to occur.     

Salinity-induced tissue-specific diurnal changes in nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in tomato seedlings grown under high or low nitrate medium.

We studied the salt stress (100 mM NaCl) effects on the diurnal changes in N metabolism enzymes in tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Chibli F1) that were grown under high nitrogen (HN, 5 mM NO(3)(-)) or low nitrogen (LN, 0.1 mM NO(3)(-)). NaCl stress led to a decrease in plant DW production and leaf surface to higher extent in HN than in LN plants. Total leaf chlorophyll (Chl) content was decreased by salinity in HN plants, but unchanged in LN plants. Soluble protein content was decreased by salt in the leaves from HN and LN plants, but increased in the stems-petioles from LN plants. Nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.1.6) showed an activity peak during first part of the light period, but no diurnal changes were observed for the nitrite reductase (NiR, EC 1.7.7.1) activity. Glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2) and glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT, EC 1.4.7.1) activities increased in HN plant leaves during the second part of the light period, probably when enough ammonium is produced by nitrate reduction. NR and NiR activities in the leaves were more decreased by NaCl in LN than in HN plants, whereas the opposite response was obtained for the GS activity. Fd-GOGAT activity was inhibited by NaCl in HN plant leaves, while salinity did not shift the peak of the NR and Fd-GOGAT activities during a diurnal cycle. The induction by NaCl stress occurred for the NR and GS activities in the roots of both HN and LN plants. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.2) activity shifted from the deaminating activity to the aminating activity in all tissues of HN plants. In LN plants, both aminating and deaminating activities were increased by salinity in the leaves and roots. The differences in the sensitivity to NaCl between HN and LN plants are discussed in relation to the N metabolism status brought on by salt stress.     

Nitrogen remobilization response to current supply in young citrus trees

Internal nitrogen (N) storage and remobilization processes support seasonal growth (flowering/fructification and subsequent leaf development) in particular in early spring, when soil temperatures are unfavourable for adequate N uptake. Storage nitrogen mobilization in young citrus trees was studied under two contrasting N supplies; high N (HN) and low N dose (LN) in the critical period of flowering and fruit set. ¹⁵N labelling technique was used to distinguish N derived from internal remobilization from that taken up by the roots. Regardless N supply, the greatest N remobilization took place from the beginning of the vegetative activity until flowering. Low N availability significantly increased (+14%) N retranslocation at the end of June drop agreeing with the hypothesis that reserve mobilization depends on soil N availability during flowering and fruit set. At the end of fruit drop, N remobilization contributed up to 70% and 61% of total N of young organs for LN and HN, respectively. Remobilized N was mainly recovered in abscised organs of both HN and LN trees and to a lesser extent in new flush leaves; however a greater percentage partitioned to abscised organs of LN as a consequence of the greater remobilization rate and the increased fruit abscission. Old leaves of LN remobilized significantly higher N, while woody organs and root system did not show differences between HN and LN supplied trees. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the amount of N remobilized by young citrus plants depends on external N availability. Thus, low N application rates in early stages (flowering and fruit set) lead to higher translocation of N stored during the previous cycle to developing new organs.     

NaCl胁迫对高粱根、叶鞘和叶片液泡膜ATP酶和焦磷酸酶活性的影响

NaCl胁迫初期 ,Na 主要在根和叶鞘中积累。相应地 ,根和叶鞘液泡膜ATP酶和焦磷酸酶水解活性、依赖ATP和PPi的质子泵活性及Na /H 逆向转运活性均明显增加 ,根和叶鞘的生长没有受到抑制。NaCl胁迫后期 ,Na 开始向地上部分运输并在叶片中积累。此时 ,叶片液泡膜质子泵和Na /H 逆向转运活性开始增加 ,根和叶鞘的Na/K比增加 ,其液泡膜ATP酶和焦磷酸酶水解活性、质子泵活性和Na /H 逆向转运活性下降。相应地 ,根和叶鞘的生长也下降。当保温介质中Na/K比超过 1时 ,液泡膜微囊ATP酶和焦磷酸酶活性均随Na/K比的增加而下降。表明非盐生植物液泡膜质子泵在盐胁迫的初期对Na 在液泡内的积累及其耐盐性起重要作用