逆转录病毒与转基因鸡

摘要：随着生物制药业的迅速发展,转基因鸡输卵管生物反应器正逐渐成为人们关注的焦点,转基因鸡以其卓越的优势必将成为科学研究的热点和生物制药领域的新兴产业之一。目前,转基因鸡最成功的制备方法即逆转录病毒介导法,并已成功制备出表达标记基因的转基因鸡。本文主要综述了逆转录病毒载体制备转基因鸡的优势,逆转录病毒制备转基因鸡的方法和转基因鸡的研究进展,同时也讨论了转基因鸡的意义和存在问题。     

转基因鸡的制备方法探讨

由于鸡本身的众多优点,转基因鸡的研究逐渐受到了研究者的重视,简要介绍了转基因鸡的发展史,对各种转基因技术方法进行了比较和分析,提出了每种方法的优缺点,尤其在精子介导法上作了较为详细的论述,并展望了转基因鸡的应用前景。     

转基因鸡的研究策略

论述了禽类转基因的特殊性、生产转基因鸡的几种方法及存在的问题,指出转基因鸡的研究具有巨大潜力。     

转基因鸡研究现状及其展望

自1987年美国农业部地区家禽研究所(USDA,ARS,Regional Poultry Research Laboratory)成功地得到转基因鸡以来,有关研究已引起学术界和产业界的浓厚兴趣。今年6月25日至6月28日在美国康乃尔大学召开的第二届动物遗传工程国际学术讨论会上提交大会交流的20篇论文中,转基因鸡及有关研究就占了6篇。与其他转基因动物的研究相比较,转基因鸡的研究有其重要意义。     

转基因鸡—方法与其潜在应用

自八十年代初第一只转基因小鼠诞生以来,许多实验室已开始着手研究这一技术在家禽上的应用。转基因技术对于家禽而言不仅仅往于对生产性状的改良,还有其它一些新应用,例如利用转基因技术导入抗病基因;转基因鸡可以在其蛋中生产异源蛋白质。 生产转基因动物的常规操作在家禽上还行不通,这主要是因为鸡的独特的繁殖系统有别于哺乳动物。对鸡无论是采取天然交配方式还是人工授精,约每十天产一枚受精蛋。在正常情况下,鸡每天排出一     

各国开始在医用蛋白质的生产中立用转基因鸡

目前在世界各国,转基因鸡在产业中的应用已经开始启动了。 最近,生产临床试验用蛋白质的饲养设施似乎也已开始完善化。 用它们的“前辈”转基因大型动物所生产的产晶,已经进行了销售批准申请。后起之秀转基因鸡以其在疫苗生产中的使用成绩之优势,挑战实用化。[编者按]     

英美培育出可生产抗癌药物的转基因鸡

英国罗斯林研究所与美国沃瑞根生物技术公司合作培育出一种叫布利特尼的转基因母鸡 ,这种鸡的鸡蛋中含有特殊蛋白质 ,可用来生产抗癌药物。研究人员有意改变了鸡的基因结构 ,因此 ,在它所产的鸡蛋的蛋清中 ,含有可以制造抗癌药物的蛋白质。这种鸡每只每年可产 2 50个蛋 ,从而为大量生产这种药用蛋白质提供了可能。在此之前 ,研究人员即使在实验室中小批量生产这种蛋白质 ,也是极其困难 ,且成本十分昂贵参与此项研究的罗斯林研究所的海伦·桑博士说 ,人们培育出奶中含有药物的转基因牛和转基因羊后 ,现又培育出转基因鸡 ,说明在转基因家禽上…     

禽类的基因转移

动物基因转移技术用得最早最多的是微注射法,鱼类因是体外受精受精卵易于获取,哺乳动物则因受精卵原核较大易于进行遗传操作,所以,这两类动物的转基因研究起步较早,进展也很快。禽类因难于用微注射法直接对受精卵进行操作,故其转基因研究的进展较慢。最早进行禽转基因途径的尝试,是Pandey和Patehell(1982)用辐射处理精子,因此法转入的DNA是完全随机的,故难于实现目标基因的转移。Souza(1984)用反转录病毒作为载体,通过感染幼鸡而导入,使外源鸡生长激素(cGH)基因得到了表达,血浆cGH水平增高,但转基因鸡并无促生长效应。后来,Scanes和Leung(1986)给鸡注射外源cGH,发现试验鸡仅早期有增重效果,1月龄之后与对照组则无体重差异。故近年     

美培育出制药转基因鸡

英国《自然生物技术》杂志 4月号报道 :美国乔治亚大学和ＡｖｉＧｅｎｉｃｓ公司宣布 ,他们在家禽转基因研究领域获得突破性进展 ,已培育出能产下含人体所需蛋白质的转基因鸡蛋的克隆鸡。它将加盟能生产药用蛋白质转基因动物如绵羊、山羊和兔子等行列 ,有望成为一种新型活体生物反应合成器和动物制药工厂。由公司科学家亚历克斯·哈维领导的研究小组将一种细菌的基因片段改造后导入鸡胚胎 ,培育出了可充当 β内酰胺酶制造器的转基因鸡。他们先用这种技术对 5 4 6个孵卵鸡蛋进行处理 ,孵化出了 12 6只小鸡 ,其中 10 %携带新基因 ;然后将携带…     

慢病毒载体导入种蛋内鸡胚技术研究

种蛋内鸡胚含有潜在的胚胎干细胞(BCs)或原生殖细胞(PGCs),是目前主要的转基因鸡研究方法。采用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因的pLenti6/v5-DEST-GFP慢病毒表达载体,白来航鸡与伊萨鸡种蛋,结合种蛋赤道面开窗专利技术,对含这两种细胞胚的转基因技术进行了比较研究:转染白来航鸡囊胚,孵化13天时,GFP基因的PCR检出率为64.7%,孵化率极低;转染孵化72h伊萨鸡胚血液循环中PGCs,实验蛋孵化率为35.0%,在出壳后死亡的3只小鸡肝脏中,GFP基因的PCR检出率为100%,存活的4只鸡中有3只在12月龄的血液样品中,经PCR扩增出了GFP基因;转染孵化72～79h白来航鸡胚PGCs,7批次实验的平均孵化率为21.1%,能在赤道面窗口注射胚的种蛋比率,以73～77h胚龄的最高,为75.0%～92.9%,注射病毒组出壳雏鸡血液DNA中,GFP基因PCR检出率为44.4%。两种方法比较,PGCs方法在实验蛋孵化率、胚定位在赤道面窗口率等方面有较强优势。因此为种蛋内胚细胞的转基因鸡技术研究提供了系统、可操作性强的方法。     

Production of transgenic chickens constitutively expressing human erythropoietin (hEPO): Problems with uncontrollable overexpression of <Emphasis Type="Italic">hEPO</Emphasis> gene

The chicken is a promising candidate as a bioreactor for the economical mass production of human therapeutic proteins. Here, we report the successful generation of transgenic chickens that produce high concentrations of human erythropoietin (hEPO) in the blood. Using a Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV)-based pseudotyped retrovirus vector packaged with vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSV-G), the hEPO gene under the control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter was introduced to the blastoderm of freshly laid chicken eggs (stage X). Out of 200 injected eggs, 12 chicks were hatched after 21 days of incubation, and all of the G₀ hatched chicks expressed the vector-encoded hEPO gene. One of the G₀ roosters successfully transmitted the hEPO gene to its G₁ progeny by crossing with non-transgenic hens. The concentration of hEPO protein in the chicken blood serum was as high as 90 μg/mL. Although humans and chickens belong to different classes of the phylogenetic tree, human EPO caused devastating problems in transgenic chickens, including sudden death, polycythemia, vasodilation, and so on, which may be due to the uncontrolled constitutive expression of exogenous protein in the chicken body. Despite many disorders, however, we were able to generate chicks of G₂ generation sired by a rooster of G₁ generation confirming successful establishment of a new line of transgenic chicken characterized by high expression of the hEPO gene. With these chickens, we believe that studies on the evaluating the possibilities of the transgenic animal-mediated bio-pharming and on the hEPO-induced physiological side effects will be greatly facilitated.     

PiggyBac transgenic strategies in the developing chicken spinal cord

The chicken spinal cord is an excellent model for the study of early neural development in vertebrates. However, the lack of robust, stable and versatile transgenic methods has limited the usefulness of chick embryos for the study of later neurodevelopmental events. Here we describe a new transgenic approach utilizing the PiggyBac (PB) transposon to facilitate analysis of late-stage neural development such as axon targeting and synaptic connection in the chicken embryo. Using PB transgenic approaches we achieved temporal and spatial regulation of transgene expression and performed stable RNA interference (RNAi). With these new capabilities, we mapped axon projection patterns of V2b subset of spinal interneurons and visualized maturation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Furthermore, PB-mediated RNAi in the chick recapitulated the phenotype of loss of agrin function in the mouse NMJ. The simplicity and versatility of PB-mediated transgenic strategies hold great promise for large-scale genetic analysis of neuronal connectivity in the chick.     

Identification of transgene integration site and anatomical properties of fluorescence intensity in a EGFP transgenic chicken line

Transgenic birds are commonly used for time-lapse imaging and fate mapping studies in developmental biology. When researchers use transgenic birds expressing fluorescent protein, they need to understand the integration site of the transgene in the genome and the intensity of fluorescence in the tissues of interest. In this study, we determined the integration site of the transgene and fluorescence property of developing organs in our transgenic chicken line generated by lentivirus infection. The transgene was localized between exons 3 and 4 of MED27. Some homozygotes and heterozygotes appeared to be lethal at early embryonic stages. We performed histological analysis of EGFP expression in transgenic embryos at St. 14, 17, and 24 by immunohistochemistry with anti-GFP antibody on paraffin sections. Next, we cut cryosections and quantified direct EGFP intensity from the transgene in each tissue without performing immunohistochemistry. These results revealed that EGFP intensity in each tissue was unique in developing embryos and changed according to developmental stages. Finally, we demonstrated that EGFP-expressing cells in a micromass culture with co-culturing wild-type cells were clearly distinguishable via live cell imaging. These results provide essential information on the potential of our transgenic line and indicate that these transgenic chicken lines are useful for research associated with developmental biology.     

Oviduct-Specific Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein Expression in Transgenic Chickens

In this study, we confirmed the ability of the 2-kb promoter fragment of the chicken ovalbumin gene to drive tissue-specific expression of a foreign EGFP gene in chickens. Recombinant lentiviruses containing the EGFP gene were injected into the subgerminal cavity of 539 freshly laid embryos (stage X). Subsequently the embryos were incubated to hatch using phases II and III of the surrogate shell ex vivo culture system. Twenty-four chicks (G0) were hatched and screened for EGFP with PCR. Two chicks were identified as transgenic birds (G1), and these founders were mated with wild-type chickens to generate transgenic progeny. In the generated transgenic hens (G2), EGFP was expressed specifically in the tubular gland of the oviduct. These results show the potential of the chicken ovalbumin promoter for the production of biologically active proteins in egg white.     

Oviduct-specific enhanced green fluorescent protein expression in transgenic chickens

In this study, we confirmed the ability of the 2-kb promoter fragment of the chicken ovalbumin gene to drive tissue-specific expression of a foreign EGFP gene in chickens. Recombinant lentiviruses containing the EGFP gene were injected into the subgerminal cavity of 539 freshly laid embryos (stage X). Subsequently the embryos were incubated to hatch using phases II and III of the surrogate shell ex vivo culture system. Twenty-four chicks (G0) were hatched and screened for EGFP with PCR. Two chicks were identified as transgenic birds (G1), and these founders were mated with wild-type chickens to generate transgenic progeny. In the generated transgenic hens (G2), EGFP was expressed specifically in the tubular gland of the oviduct. These results show the potential of the chicken ovalbumin promoter for the production of biologically active proteins in egg white.     

Heterologous CpG island becomes extensively methylated in the genome of transgenic mice

It is demonstrated that a heterologous (chicken) CpG island containing five Sp1 canonical recognition sequences becomes highly methylated in the genome of transgenic mice bearing one or several copies of the transgene. Similar levels of methylation of the chicken CpG island were observed in different tissues of transgenic mice except the brain where the level of methylation of this chicken CpG-rich fragment was significantly lower than in other tissues. Analysis of susceptibility of the "transgenic" CpG island to Hpa II and Msp I restriction nucleases revealed an unusual methylation pattern interfering with the action of both of these enzymes. A conclusion has been drawn that heterologous CpG island per se does not contain all necessary signals permitting to maintain its own non-methylated status in the genome of transgenic animals.     

Cholaminchloride hydrochloride-cationized gelatin/calcium-phosphate nanoparticles as gene carriers for transgenic chicken production

Currently, transgenic chickens are a popular method for pharmaceutical protein production. In this study, we employed cationized gelatin/calcium phosphate nanoparticles (ca-GCaPs) with surface modification by cholaminchloride hydrochloride as gene carriers to produce transgenic chickens. To evaluate the transfection efficiency, a plasmid (pEGFP-C1) was encapsulated in the ca-GCaPs for HeLa cells transfection. The ca-GCaPs were applied as gene carriers by direct injection into the area opaca of the chicken embryo blastodisc to produce the transgenic chicken. The particle size of the ca-GCaPs was 350 nm and the zeta potential was +15 mV. Plasmids encapsulated in the ca-GCaPs prevented from DNase I degradation. Based on biocompatibility analysis, the ca-GCaPs produce higher cell viability and less cytotoxicity compared to the commercially available product Lipofectamine? 2000. The in vitro study indicated that the transfection rate using ca-GCaPs was higher than using cationized gelatin nanoparticles (ca-GPs) because calcium phosphate can provide osmotic pressure to break down lysosomes. In the in vivo study, the egg hatch rate was 100% after ca-GCaPs transfection, and green fluorescence protein expression could be observed in chicken tissue on the fourth day after transfection.     

转基因鸡生物反应器载体的构建及其表达特性分析

以增强型绿色荧光蛋白和萤火虫荧光素酶为报告基因,构建了鸡卵清蛋白启动子表达载体和慢病毒载体,以巨细胞病毒 (Cytomegalovirus,CMV)启动子表达载体为对照,转染或感染鸡原代输卵管上皮细胞、鸡胚成纤维细胞、鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞和牛乳腺上皮细胞,通过荧光和酶活性检测,旨在筛选出用于实现转基因鸡生物反应器的高效特异性表达载体。结果发现,鸡卵清蛋白启动子表达载体转染以上4种细胞后2种标记基因均有表达,没有表现出明显的细胞特异性,且荧光素酶检测结果表明其在各细胞组中表达活性都低于CMV启动子表达载体100倍以上;慢病毒载体感染以上4种细胞后2种标记基因均有表达,在鸡输卵管上皮细胞组感染单个细胞的病毒颗粒 (Multiplicity of infection,MOI) 为20时绿色荧光蛋白表达量就可以达到CMV启动子表达载体的水平。上述结果表明,基于卵清蛋白基因调控序列构建的表达载体无法实现外源基因的高效、特异性表达,而慢病毒载体在表达活性和广泛性上可以用于进行鸡输卵管生物反应器的研究。