中华绒蟹幼体消化道甲壳质消化细菌的研究

1　引　　言随着中华绒螯蟹 (Eriocheirsinensis)人工育苗规模的扩大 ,生产实践中有关小型甲壳类活体饵料投喂问题受到生产者和一些学者的重视[1,3 ,4] ,本研究分析中华绒螯蟹幼体消化道内甲壳质消化细菌 ,试图从该方面探讨中华绒螯蟹幼体与甲壳类活体饵料动物之间的关系 .有关水生动物消化道内甲壳质消化细菌 ,曾在鱼胃中有发现 .中华绒螯蟹消化道内微生物的研究未见有报道 ,我们对中华绒螯蟹 氵蚤Ⅰ大眼幼体消化道内甲壳质消化细菌进行了分离筛选 ,以探讨其消化机理 ,并为人工育苗生产中合理选择时机投喂卤虫 (Artemiasalina)、枝角类等…     

果胶和木聚糖对中华绒螯蟹肠道菌群结构的影响

本研究旨在揭示果胶和木聚糖对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)肠道菌群结构的影响。将果胶和麦麸(木聚糖源)分别以8%和30%的比例添加到饲料中制成试验饲料,将经过酶解的果胶和麦麸添加到饲料中制备成对照饲料,饲养初始体重为(5.9依0.4)g的中华绒螯蟹8周。养殖试验结束后,采用16S r DNA荧光定量PCR法分析测定了中华绒螯蟹肠道菌群结构。结果显示中华绒螯蟹肠道细菌主要由变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)的细菌组成。果胶组肠道菌群丰度指数Ace和Chao分别低于其对照组31%和39%,肠道菌群多样性指数Simpson比对照组高25%,而Shannon指数比对照组低48%。木聚糖组Ace和Chao指数均比果胶组高约25%,比其酶解对照组高约14%。木聚糖组的多样性指数与其酶解木聚糖组及果胶组的差异较小。上述结果表明,果胶和木聚糖均影响中华绒螯蟹肠道的菌群结构,但两者对肠道菌群丰度的影响不同。     

中华绒螯蟹呼肠孤病毒样病毒病研究

为了探讨中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)颤抖病的发生原因,从表现出颤抖症状的中华绒螯蟹中初步分离纯化出一种病毒,人工感染健康触,出现明显的阳性反应,并从人工感染的蟹的血液、肠道、性腺等组织中检测到病毒,表明分离到的病毒为中华绒螯蟹的病原 ,且对野生锯齿华溪蟹(Sesarnadehanni)也具感染性.电镜观察结果显示该病毒粒子呈球状,无囊膜,大小为55nm左右.病毒核酸在1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳中,电泳图谱呈现3/3/4/2型,总分子量约20kb.该核酸对DNaseⅠ不敏感,对RNase敏感,推测病毒核酸为dsRNA,从病毒形态大小、病毒核酸等特性初步确定该病毒为呼肠孤病毒样病毒(Reovirus-like Virus).该研究为探讨中华绒螯蟹颤抖病的发生原因及防治方法有很大的指导意义.     

中华绒螯蟹肠道内间质样细胞的显微和超微结构观察

目的探究中华绒螯蟹(Eriocher sinens is)肠道中是否存在间质样细胞。方法通过对中华绒螯蟹中肠和后肠进行全层铺片和肠cajal间质细胞(interstitial cells of cajal,ICC)特殊染色法碘化锌-锇酸(zinc iodide-osmium,ZIO)染色,并结合后肠透射电镜观察中华绒螯蟹后肠ICC样细胞分布及形态。结果光镜检查结果显示:中华绒螯蟹间质样细胞常分布在中肠和后肠的黏膜下层。这些细胞形态相似,多为圆形或卵圆形,胞体直径约为10μm左右,呈灰黑色,常成群呈块状或片状分布,在后肠中的分布更为密集。电镜检测结果显示:这些细胞分布于黏膜下层、肌层与肌层之间和肌肉束边缘。后肠中间质样细胞多为梭形及纺锤形,也有不规则型,常有两个或两个以上突起,与邻近的细胞连接方式多为缝隙连接。此外,本研究还在后肠肠道固有膜层、肌层间和黏膜下层发现了大量颗粒细胞的分布。结论本研究通过传统的特异性ZIO染色和超微形态的观察初步发现中华绒螯蟹肠道内有ICC样细胞的分布。     

高浓度组织胺促进中华绒螯蟹肠道组织胺及PCNA免疫反应性

目的探讨外源组织胺对中华绒螯蟹肠道组织胺及增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)的组织分布和表达的影响。方法用免疫组织化学方法,对组织胺处理前后中华绒螯蟹肠球,中肠和后肠进行染色。结果组织胺和PCNA阳性物质在肠球、中肠及后肠中均有分布,且不同浓度组织胺对肠道内组织胺及PCNA阳性物质数量及分布影响存在差异,高浓度组织胺组其肠球组织胺及PCNA阳性物质较对照组增多,低浓度组织胺对肠道的组织胺及PCNA的阳性物质影响无明显影响。结论外源组织胺能够影响中华绒螯蟹肠道内组织胺及PCNA的表达。     

白背飞虱雌雄成虫肠道可培养细菌种类组成及差异分析

为弄清白背飞虱成虫肠道细菌组成及雌雄成虫之间的组成差异,本研究采用传统培养法,对云南省元江县水稻田白背飞虱雌雄成虫肠道可培养细菌种类组成进行了分离培养,并采用形态及16S rDNA序列比对方法进行细菌的种属鉴定.结果表明:从白背飞虱肠道内分离鉴定出细菌3门8科12属20种,优势菌门均为厚壁菌门Firmicides(50...     

低氧胁迫和螺原体感染对中华绒螯蟹存活和细胞凋亡的影响

为了探究低氧胁迫对螺原体(Spiroplasma eriocheiris)感染中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的影响,以中华绒螯蟹为研究对象,在低氧胁迫后,取中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺和鳃组织加入组织固定液,进行HE染色。在低氧条件下使螺原体感染中华绒螯蟹,计算螺原体拷贝数,并对血淋巴细胞进行细胞凋亡、细胞坏死和线粒体膜电位检测。结果显示,与对照组相比,处于长时间低氧胁迫状态下的中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺组织疏松,出现大量小空泡,鳃轴结构弥散,组织结构被破坏。此外,低氧组的中华绒螯蟹感染螺原体后的死亡速度相对于常氧组明显加快,血细胞内的螺原体数量、线粒体膜电位、血细胞凋亡率和坏死率相较于常氧组均显著升高。以上研究说明低氧胁迫可以加速螺原体的感染,使河蟹死亡速度变快,使血淋巴细胞凋亡和坏死更显著,不利于河蟹的生理生化。     

一株增强中华绒螯蟹抗病力的固氮红细菌SY5的分离鉴定与表征

为丰富在中华绒螯蟹病害防控中具有潜在应用价值的微生物资源,以类胡萝卜素产生能力作为评价指标,从养殖池底泥中分离获得一株优良的好氧光合细菌SY5,在形态与生理生化鉴定以及分子鉴定的基础上对其进行药敏特性分析,并进一步评价了其对中华绒螯蟹抗弗氏柠檬酸杆菌感染的保护效果。结果表明,菌株SY5为固氮红细菌(Rhodobacter azotoformans),革兰氏染色阴性,在营养琼脂平板上的菌落特征为深红色、圆形、边缘整齐、光滑、湿润,与固氮红细菌YLK20的亲缘关系最近,对阿莫西林、新霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、多黏菌素B、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、卡那霉素、氨苄西林、罗红霉素、磷霉素、链霉素高度敏感,对多西环素中度敏感;在饲料中添加终浓度为(6.0×10⁵)-(6.0×10⁹)CFU/g时对中华绒螯蟹抗弗氏柠檬酸杆菌感染的有效保护率为60.0%-100%。这些研究结果为固氮红细菌SY5作为中华绒螯蟹养殖用饲料添加剂的后期开发奠定了基础。     

中华绒螯蟹对苦草生境的依赖与破坏

确定浅水草型湖泊水草资源对放养中华绒螯蟹的承载量是探明水草多元功能的途径之一。本研究通过构建中华绒螯蟹栖息与生长所需的小生境,观察和分析了蟹-草之间的相互关系。试验结果显示苦草对放养中华绒螯蟹的承载量为1.08ind/100g/m~2,中华绒螯蟹的生长比速SGR(％/day)与其对苦草的拥有量Vp(g/m~2/ind)呈正相关,即SGR=0.464 0.003Vp。中华绒螯蟹特别是雄蟹对苦草的影响主要表现为破坏性,破坏率VD(g/ind/m~2/d)与雌、雄蟹的放养密度(S_F,S_m,ind/m~2)有显著的线性关系,即V_D=2.08 0.11S_F 5.83S_M。实验结果为草型湖泊渔-蟹混养生态渔业管理提供了理论依据。     

从线粒体16S rDNA序列探讨绒螯蟹类的系统发生关系

测定了绒螯蟹类各物种的线粒体16SrDNA部分片段的序列,构建了NJ树、ML树和MP树。序列歧异数据比较和各系统发生树都支持新绒螯蟹属(Neoeriocheir)为一个独立的属。在3种系统发生树中,直额绒螯蟹(Eriocheir recta)都是绒螯蟹属(Eriocheir)所有其它成员的姐妹群,并且广东珠江1只直额绒螯蟹标本的16SrDNA部分序列与台湾产台湾绒螯蟹(Eriocheir formasa)的相应序列相同。这些结果不支持平绒螯蟹属(Platyeriocheir)是一个有效的属,并表明E．formosa是E．recta的同物异名。绒螯蟹属(Eriocheir)所有其它成员聚为一个单系的分支,支持中华绒螯蟹、合浦绒螯蟹与日本绒螯蟹属于同一个物种Eriocheir japonica。16SrDNA部分序列的比对表明,产于台湾的日本绒螯蟹的此段序列与合浦绒螯蟹的相同,产于崇明岛的和产于美国旧金山海湾的中华绒螯蟹的此段序列与中华绒螯蟹单元型B的序列相同。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.