第3代头孢菌素的应用与细菌耐药性

近年来,随着我国人民生活水平的提高,用药需求不断增长,抗菌药物不合理使用、滥用的问题也日益严重,不仅造成细菌耐药性逐年增长,而且增加了药品不良反应的发生.头孢菌素类抗生素具有抗菌作用强、耐青霉素酶、临床疗效高、毒性低、过敏反应较青霉素类少见等优点,尤其是第3代头孢菌素对多种内酰胺酶稳定,对革兰阴性杆菌的抗菌活性强.近年来,伴随着头孢菌素（特别是第3代头孢菌素）药物在临床的广泛应用,细菌对该类抗生素的耐药性也迅速增长.现对第3代头孢菌素用药的现状,临床分离致病菌对头孢类抗生素的耐药机制及防治综述如下.     

佳木斯地区女性泌尿系统感染大肠埃希菌耐药性分析

目的分析女性患者泌尿系统感染大肠埃希菌的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法采用全自动微生物鉴定系统对女性泌尿系统感染患者分离出的病原菌进行鉴定和药敏分析。结果大肠埃希菌非产ESBLs株对氨苄西林、第一、二代头孢菌素类药品高度耐药。大肠埃希菌非产ESBLs株对碳青霉烯类药物美罗培南无耐药,对第三代头孢菌素敏感率高,耐药率低。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,仅碳青霉烯类抗生素美罗培南敏感。结论女性泌尿系统感染大肠埃希菌的多重耐药性日趋严重,需加强对抗生素使用的规范化管理,合理使用抗菌药物,控制耐药菌的传播和流行。     

头孢吡肟的研究进展分析

头孢吡肟属于第四代的头孢菌素类的抗生素,药物继承第四代头孢良好的抗菌效果,且抗菌谱比较广,有较强抗菌活性。头孢吡肟的毒性比较低且对于酶具有很强的耐受力等优势,在临床抗生素的应用中具有重要价值。本文主要介绍了头孢吡肟的化学分子式和作用机制,并对头孢吡肟的药理作用、药代动力学、临床疗效和应用前景等进行分析。     

上海第三制药厂开发头孢菌素系列产品

目前抗生素生产在国际医药市场已占主要地位、从50年代发展的β-内酰胺类抗生素,到80年代在发达国家中其产值已列为各种药物之首。因该系列药物具有高效,低毒,抗菌谱广等优点。美国半合成青霉素产量已达4000(吨)、头孢菌素的产量为1200(吨)。在日本半合成头孢菌素占该国销售药物的     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌诱导产ESBLs的危险因素和耐药分析

目的探讨大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌诱导产ESBLs的危险因素和耐药情况。方法调查2005年1月至2006年12月院内感染大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌82例原发疾病、免疫抑制剂的使用、侵入性操作、住院时间、抗菌药物使用时间和品种、致病菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,按产ESBLs组和非产ESBLs组对上述各因素进行比较。结果大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率分别为72．3％、5．3％,产ESBLs组对广谱青霉素、头孢菌素耐药率近100％,对环丙沙星、庆大霉素、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、复方磺胺甲曝唑高达75％以上,对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦较低分别为6．4％、16．7％,头孢西丁、阿米卡星为20％,对亚胺培南均敏感。产ESBLs组住院时间和广谱抗菌药物使用时间显著长于非产ESBLs组（P〈0．01）。产ESBLs组3代头孢菌素使用率显著高于非产ESBLs组（P〈0．01）,而广谱青霉素使用率显著低于非产ESBLs组（P〈0．01）。产ESBLs组使用3代头孢菌素平均9．3d诱导出产ESBLs菌株。结论住院时间长,长期使用广谱抗菌药物,特别是3代头孢菌素的广泛使用是大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌诱导产ESBLs的危险因素。产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对广谱青霉素、头孢菌素、单环类等β-内酰胺类抗生素、喹诺酮类、庆大霉素、磺胺类耐药严重。     

铜绿假单胞菌的临床分布和耐药性变迁

目的调查温州医学院附属第一医院铜绿假单胞菌的临床分布和耐药性及其变迁情况,指导临床合理用药和控制耐药菌的产生。方法对该院2003年至2005年437株铜绿假单胞菌进行回顾性分析,用17种抗菌药物进行体外药敏试验。结果铜绿假单胞菌分布以呼吸道感染和创口分泌物感染为主。细菌对第3代头孢菌素耐药率高,对头孢他啶、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药率均有逐年增加的趋势。耐药率增加与临床广谱抗菌药物用药量增加有关。结论铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性十分突出,应在药敏指导下合理选用抗菌药物,应该适当控制碳青霉烯类和第3代头孢菌素的使用,减缓耐药菌株的产生。     

专项整治对综合医院抗菌药物使用强度的影响

??????? 目的 探讨抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动对综合医院住院患者抗菌药物使用强度的影响。方法 以限定日剂量（DDD）为单位,对某综合性医院在实施专项整治前、后住院患者抗菌药物使用强度（AUD）进行统计、分析。结果 专项整治活动降低了住院患者累计AUD值,大环内酯类等药物AUD明显下降,第二代、第三代和第四代头孢菌素和不同管理级别抗菌药物AUD均下降。但还存在用药集中、注射用头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠AUD下降不明显等问题。结论 专项整治有效降低了综合医院住院患者AUD,但与卫生行政部门标准仍存在差距,应进一步加强管理。     

头孢噻肟钠致过敏性休克1例护理体会

头孢噻肟钠为第三代头孢菌素．抗菌谱广。适用于敏感细菌所致的肺炎及其他下呼吸道感染、尿路感染、脑膜炎、败血症等．广泛应用于临床,其引起的过敏性休克少见。现就我科应用头孢噻肟钠后出现过敏性休克1例患者的救治及护理报告如下。     

甲型副伤寒药敏与临床分析

目的：探讨耐氟喹诺酮甲型副伤寒的防治对策。方法：按稀释法药物敏感试验（MIC法）测定细菌对抗菌药物的敏感度。结果：30株甲型副伤寒杆菌,药敏试验对培氟沙星耐药率为46．7％（14／30）、中敏率为43．3％（13／30）、敏感率仅10％（3／30）,而对哌拉西林与第三代头孢菌素均敏感。5例患者静滴环丙沙星治疗仅1例有效,4例环丙沙星治疗无效及其他25例患者予静滴哌拉西林、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮2－7d体温降至正常。结论：本地区甲型副伤寒对氟喹诺酮耐药率高,宜选用哌拉西林或第三代头孢菌素治疗。     

肠杆菌诱导型AmpC酶对第三代和第四代头孢菌素的影响

目的探讨诱导型AmpC酶对三代、四代头孢菌素的影响及其治疗策略。方法采用药敏纸片扩散法,用FOX药敏纸片作为诱导剂,以CAZ、CTX和FEP作为指示剂,检测肠杆菌的诱导AmpC酶的产生。结果待测的196株菌株中有101株为产诱导型AmpC酶阳性（51．5％）,其中阴沟肠杆菌58株（67．4％）,产气肠杆菌18株（52．9％）,沙雷菌属共8株（40％）,费劳地枸椽酸杆菌6株（42．8％）,聚团肠杆菌6株（33．3％）,奇异变形杆菌5株（20．8％）,其余95株产诱导型AmpC酶为阴性。产诱导型AmpC酶阳性菌株中无一株对FEP纸片的抑菌圈直径有影响,诱导型AmpC酶试验均为阴性。结论对于鉴定确认为诱导型AmpC酶阳性菌株的感染,即使实验报告三代头孢菌素为敏感,也应慎用或避免使用第三代头孢菌素的治疗,以第四代头孢菌素如头孢吡肟为首选药。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.