脊髓灰质炎病毒C3表位和C—myc＋肽表位在细菌表面的表达

为了进一步验证载体pCSB136和pCSX72作为表面呈现载体的可行性,化学合成脊髓灰质炎病毒C3表位和C-myc十肽有位的基因片段,并插入到上述载体的相应位点间,采用全菌PCR筛选到正向插入的重组子,全细胞ELISA和电镜观察显示,重组蛋白以杂和菌毛的形式得到了表达,并保持CS3和外源位的抗原性,表明脊髓灰质炎病毒C3表位和C-myc十肽捕位在细菌表面得到了表达,证实载体pCSB136和pCSX72可用于外源表位的呈现,为构建基因工程活苗疫苗奠定了基础。     

用人源肠毒素性大肠杆菌CS3菌毛构建新型呈现载体

根据对人源大肠杆菌菌毛CS3亚单位亲水性、表位、二级结构和柔韧性计算机预测结果,以CS3亚单位第72位氨基酸残基之后作为外源表位的插入位点,构建了一种新的表面呈现载体pCSX72。用该载体分别表达口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）的VP1表位和C-myc的十肽表位（410-419aa）。SDS-PAGE结果以及电镜和免疫电镜观察证明,插入的外源表位和CS3亚单位以杂合菌毛的形式呈现在菌体表面。ELISA检测结果表明,pCSX72表达的杂合蛋白的抗原性较之其他插入位点的载体要高得多。用重组细菌腹腔免疫小鼠,能够诱发机体对杂合蛋白的双重免疫应答。构建的表面呈现载体可望成为构建多价疫苗的有力工具。     

幽门螺杆菌Ure B串联融合表位的表面呈现表达

目的:应用表达载体pHIE3N表面呈现表达幽门螺杆菌Ure B串联融合表位。方法:通过引入多克隆位点的方法改造表达呈现表达载体pHIE11,并用改造后的质粒表达幽门螺杆菌Ure B串联融合表位,用SDS-PAGE、Western blot和全菌ELISA检测所得到的重组菌。结果:改造的质粒插入序列正确,能够特异性呈现表达Ure B串联融合表位,表达产物的分子量约为60kDa,与预期大小一致。全菌ELISA结果表明Ure B串联融合表位表达于菌体表面。结论:pHIE3N载体能够表面展示呈现Ure B串联融合表位,构建的重组菌为幽门螺杆菌候选疫苗的研发奠定了基础。     

传染性支气管炎病毒抗原模拟表位在大肠杆菌鞭毛上的展示

目的：进一步验证通过噬菌体肽库筛选得到的2个传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）抗原模拟表位在脱离噬菌体后仍具有与IBV抗体结合的生物学活性。方法：应用基因工程技术合成2个IBV抗原模拟表位（KSPKHSSSALHF和SIIQMNLHRPTS）的编码碱基序列,将其分别插入质粒pFliTrx,构建重组展示载体p1和p2,并分别转化大肠杆菌G1826,形成展示IBV模拟抗原表位肽的重组菌F1和F2,进行体外抗原抗体反应。结果：体外抗原抗体反应试验表明,重组菌F1与172可以与IBV阳性鸡血清特异性结合。结论：提示得到的2个抗原模拟表位在脱离噬菌体后,仍具有与IBV抗体结合的生物学活性,在研制IBV新型疫苗和诊断试剂方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

禽流感抗原表位在沙门氏菌菌毛的表达

目的:经抗原表位预测和同源性比较,禽流感M1蛋白位于58-66序列的九肽是A型流感病毒中保守并具有很强免疫原性的T细胞表位,鉴于鼠伤寒沙门氏菌LT2的SEF17菌毛基因agfA作为疫苗载体的优势,在其上构建引起机体细胞免疫的沙门氏茵口服活体重组疫苗,以求在人类对抗禽流感过程中发挥作用。方法:利用两步重叠延伸PCR和基因置换,将外源表位插入LT2茵毛,并利用抗生素抗性,温度敏感质粒,及茵毛的刚果红吸附能力筛选菌毛上插有外源抗原表位的重组菌,并通过测序进一步验证外源基因的插入。结果:两步重叠延伸PCR产物AB,CD,AD长度与理论大小530bp,423bp,932bp一致。两次转化PCR鉴定,产物长度与理论大小932bp,634bp一致。刚果红吸附测定,菌毛上插入有外源肽的菌落因吸附刚果红能力减弱呈粉色,对筛选出的KmS型粉色茵落的PCR鉴定,产物长度与理论大小417bp一致,测序结果也显示agfA中外源表位基因的插入。结论:禽流感M1蛋白位于58-66序列的T细胞表位成功插入沙门氏茵SEF17菌毛基因agfA。     

Ⅲ型脊髓灰质炎病毒抗原表位嵌合蛋白的免疫学研究

目的:对以轮状病毒(RV)重组VP6蛋白为载体插入Ⅲ型脊髓灰质炎病毒(PV3)VP1蛋白上1个抗原表位(VP1的91~102、254和168位氨基酸残基)所构建的嵌合蛋白6F/PV3N1进行体外免疫学研究。方法:利用分子克隆和基因重组技术将PV3抗原表位插入RV载体蛋白,构建重组抗原表位嵌合蛋白表达质粒,转染大肠杆菌后表达重组蛋白,经SDS-PAGE确认表达产物,再通过Western印迹分析嵌合蛋白的抗原反应性。结果:用载体蛋白VP6F、轮状病毒Wa病毒株免疫的豚鼠血清抗体分别都能与VP6F和6F/PV3N1产生特异性结合;PV3免疫的豚鼠血清抗体只能与6F/PV3N1产生特异性结合,不能与VP6F产生特异性结合;PV1免疫的豚鼠血清抗体则不能与6F/PV3N1和VP6F产生特异性结合。结论:PV1、PV3之间不存在交叉反应现象,以RV VP6为载体构建的嵌合蛋白6F/PV3N1具有较好的免疫原性,为研发RV/PV3嵌合疫苗提供了基础。     

表达轮状病毒SA11株Vp4的抗原表位诱导病毒中和抗体生成

以昆虫病毒Flockhousevirus（FHV）外壳蛋白为载体的外源抗原表位表达系统（FHV-RNA2载体系统）．在重组杆状病毒和重组pET系统中构建和表达了SA11Vp4胰酶切割位点两侧和重叠切割位点3个抗原表位氨基酸序列（抗原表位A,aa223~242;抗原表位B,aa243～262;抗原表位C,aa234～251）,并对其免疫原性进行了研究。结果表明：这3个抗原表位能诱导动物产生抗同源氨基酸序列的抗体和抗同源病毒（SA11）感染性的血清中和抗体。研究结果提示：RVVp4胰酶切割位点区氨基酸序列除了具有胰酶切割增强病毒感染力外,还具有诱导动物机体产生血清中和抗体的能力,是RV重组抗原表位亚单位疫苗研究中重要的抗原表位氨基酸序列。     

研究报告Ⅱ型脊灰病毒抗原表位嵌合蛋白的免疫学研究

目的：评价以轮状病毒（RV）重组VP6蛋白为载体插入Ⅱ型脊髓灰质炎病毒（PV2）VP1蛋白上的1个抗原表位构建而成的嵌合蛋白的体外免疫学性质。 方法：采用分子克隆和基因重组技术将PV2抗原表位插入到RV载体蛋白上,在大肠杆菌中表达并用SDS-PAGE确认表达产物,再通过动物免疫、Western blot、免疫荧光和病毒血清抗体中和试验分析嵌合蛋白的免疫学性质。结果：成功构建了以VP6为载体的PV2抗原表位嵌合蛋白6F/PV₂N₁,并且在E.coli系统中高效表达,嵌合蛋白免疫的豚鼠血清抗体对RV和PV2具备较好的中和活性。结论：以RV VP6为载体构建的嵌合蛋白具有较好的免疫原性,免疫豚鼠产生血清抗体可中和RV和PV2在体外细胞上的感染;进一步为研发RV/PV2嵌合疫苗提供了较好的基础。     

乙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白作为表位疫苗载体的应用

乙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白(Hepatitis B viruscore protein,HBc)可以形成二十面体对称的颗粒样结构,由于其N端、C端和主要免疫显性区域(Major immunodominant region,MIR)允许一定程度的缺失和外源插入,并且能够将外源序列重复且高密度地暴露在颗粒的表面,诱发强烈的外源序列特异的体液和细胞免疫反应,从上世纪80年代中期就开始被运用于表位疫苗的研究。以下主要从影响HBc作为表位疫苗载体的因素,包括HBc长度、外源插入位点和表位序列的性质等来介绍HBc作为表位疫苗载体的应用。     

大肠杆菌耐热肠毒素在细菌表面的呈现

为了探讨CS3菌毛呈现载体用于呈现立体表位的可行性,选择大肠杆菌耐热肠毒素（ST）作为靶蛋白,通过全细胞ELISA,电镜技术来检测重组蛋白的表达,结果显示重组蛋白以杂合菌毛的形式得到了表达,并保持有CS3载体蛋白的抗原性,初步表明ST在细菌表面得到呈现,CS3菌毛呈现载体可用于立体表位的呈现。     

Epitope mapping

This article describes a strategy for the mapping of the binding site, or epitope, of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) using bacterially expressed protein products. An overall strategy is discussed. This includes an initial round of several parallel approaches to gain the greatest amount of information at this stage. The second round uses the mapping information generated to identify MAbs, which may bind to identical or overlapping epitopes. The third round involves the design of new constructs that express small defined regions of the protein to refine the position of the epitope. The final step leads to the identification of the epitope to a resolution of 10 amino acid residues or else.     

Epitope tagging

Epitope tagging is widely used in the characterization of newly discovered proteins. This review presents an overview of how the technique evolved and how it is being used today, with a focus on its use in the study of protein-protein interactions. In addition, the evolution of the technique for proteomic analyses is described.     

表位疫苗研究进展

表位疫苗是用抗原表位制备的疫苗,是近年来新兴的一种疫苗研制技术,也是今后最具开发前景的疫苗技术之一,在肿瘤、病毒等疾病的防治中有着自身独特的优势.详细阐述了T表位和B表位的筛选和鉴定方法、表位疫苗的载体研究及表位疫苗在肿瘤、病毒和微生物感染中的应用等,对表位疫苗的最新研究进展进行了综述.     

Epitope Mapping of Human Alpha-Fetoprotein

The epitope structure of human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was studied using more than 50 monoclonal antibodies (MAB) to human AFP. These MAB obtained from various world laboratories of the TD-2 AFP Workshops of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine (ISOBM-1996-1998-2000) were analyzed by competitive immunoaffinity electrochromatography (IAE) on nitrocellulose membranes (NCM). Five types of interaction of the AFP–MAB complex with the MAB fixed on NCM were found: 1) complete neutralization; 2) partial neutralization; 3) unidirectional neutralization; 4) enhanced binding; 5) lack of interaction. By IAE, 51 MAB were found to recognize 23 different epitopes in the AFP molecule. Based on these findings, an epitope map of AFP was designed which consists of eight epitope clusters and eight individual epitopes. The epitope location is considered with respect to the conformational state of the AFP molecule. Possible causes of the five types of interaction found on neutralization are discussed.     

细胞毒性T淋巴细胞表位预测

细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL)表位预测是高效、准确筛选候选表位肽,进行表位疫苗设计的关键技术.随着免疫学和生物信息学的发展,一系列的算法和软件被开发并运用在 CTL表位的预测.本文综述了目前CTL表位预测的常用方法与研究进展.通过在 CTL表位预测原理和方法上的不断改进,候选表位肽的筛选效率将显著提高,表位疫苗的研制速度也将大大加快.     

Site-Directed Mutagenesis in Epitope Mapping

Site-directed mutagenesis is a very useful tool for mapping and defining epitopes on protein antigens. This review discusses the methods used in, and the results of, studies on four different protein antigen systems. In addition, computer analyses and molecular modeling were used in an attempt to better understand the structural and energetic mechanisms underlying the effects observed following mutagenesis. The advantages and limitations of site-directed mutagenesis as an experimental tool are also discussed.     

Epitope Predictions Indicate the Presence of Two Distinct Types of Epitope-Antibody-Reactivities Determined by Epitope Profiling of Intravenous Immunoglobulins

Epitope-antibody-reactivities (EAR) of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) determined for 75,534 peptides by microarray analysis demonstrate that roughly 9% of peptides derived from 870 different human protein sequences react with antibodies present in IVIG. Computational prediction of linear B cell epitopes was conducted using machine learning with an ensemble of classifiers in combination with position weight matrix (PWM) analysis. Machine learning slightly outperformed PWM with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.884 vs. 0.849. Two different types of epitope-antibody recognition-modes (Type I EAR and Type II EAR) were found. Peptides of Type I EAR are high in tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine, and low in asparagine, glutamine and glutamic acid residues, whereas for peptides of Type II EAR it is the other way around. Representative crystal structures present in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) of Type I EAR are PDB 1TZI and PDB 2DD8, while PDB 2FD6 and 2J4W are typical for Type II EAR. Type I EAR peptides share predicted propensities for being presented by MHC class I and class II complexes. The latter interaction possibly favors T cell-dependent antibody responses including IgG class switching. Peptides of Type II EAR are predicted not to be preferentially presented by MHC complexes, thus implying the involvement of T cell-independent IgG class switch mechanisms. The high extent of IgG immunoglobulin reactivity with human peptides implies that circulating IgG molecules are prone to bind to human protein/peptide structures under non-pathological, non-inflammatory conditions. A webserver for predicting EAR of peptide sequences is available at www.sysmed-immun.eu/EAR.     

Epitope mapping of pathogenic Leptospira LipL32

Aims:  To identify LipL32 epitopes and to evaluate their capability to recognize specific antibodies using ELISA.
Methods and Results:  Epitope mapping by means of a library of overlapping peptide fragments prepared by simultaneous and parallel solid phase peptide synthesis on derivatized cellulose membranes (SPOT synthesis) was carried out. Eighty-seven overlapping decapentapeptides corresponding to the complete sequence of LipL32 were synthesized. According to spot-image intensities, the most reactive sequences were localized in regions 151–177 (sequence AAKAKPVQKLDDDDDGDDTYKEERHNK) and 181–204 (sequence LTRIKIPNPPKSFDDLKNIDTKKL). Two peptides (P1 and P2) corresponding to these sequences were synthesized, and their reactivity evaluated using ELISA test.
Conclusions:  Epitope identification and analysis suggested the existence of two antigenic regions within LipL32. These LipL32 reactive regions were highly conserved among antigenically variants of Leptospira spp. isolates. Peptides containing these regions (P1 and P2) showed a good capability for anti-leptospiral antibody recognition.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This finding could have potential relevance not only for serodiagnosis but also as a starting point for the characterization of targets for vaccine design.     

Epitope specificity of hemagglutinating monoclonal anti-A-antibodies]

Fine epitope specificity of three anti-A monoclonal antibodies (MA) 1H410, 3F9, and 44F9 was studied by: 1) direct MA binding to synthetic oligosaccharides (OS) linked to polyacrylamide matrix, and 2) inhibition of MA binding to natural antigen by synthetic OS and their polyacrylamide conjugates. It has been established that the antigen binding site of MA 1H10 is specific for tetrasaccharide A (type 3), whereas MAs 3F9 and 44F9 recognize trisaccharide A, the contribution of alpha-L-fucosyl residue being insignificant in the case of 44F9 binding. The correlation of the MAs epitope specificity with their ability to agglutinate red blood cells of A1 and weak A subgroups is discussed.     

B 细胞抗原表位的研究进展及其应用

抗表位是抗分子中决定抗特异性的特殊化学基团,其对研究特异性免疫应答有着重要意义.简要综述了蛋白质抗表位的种类及特性,回顾了近几年来理论预测和实验确定 B 细胞抗表位的常用方法及 B 细胞抗表位分析的研究方法,以及抗表位在流感流行预测及疫苗安全性方面的应用.