人心肌肌球蛋白链1与重链和肌动蛋白的结合

在测得中国人心肌肌球蛋白轻链1cDNA的核苷酸序列,并获得一株单克隆抗体（HCMLC1－8）的基础上,用PCR方法,以中国人心肌肌球蛋白轻链1的cDNA模板,分别获得中国人心肌肌球蛋白轻链1的各为98个氨基酸的N端和C端片段cDNA的克隆并进行了表达。同时进行了其表达产物和大鼠心肌肌球蛋白重链和人心肌肌动蛋白以及单克隆抗体结合的研究,发现三者均和轻链1的N端相结合,结合们点各不相同。这些结合位点可能均位于轻链1的分子表面,而且如果轻链1在实验状态下先与肌动蛋白结合,则有可能影响轻链与重链间的彼此结合,肌动蛋白在体外能以不同位点结合肌球蛋白重链和轻链,可能在肌肉收缩过程中具有重要的生理意义。     

绵羊肌球蛋白轻链2基因的分子克隆与表达分析

肌球蛋白轻链2蛋白是哺乳动物肌球蛋白的重要成员之一。获得其基因序列,并对其特征和表达进行分析,可为进一步研究功能奠定基础。本研究以小尾寒羊背最长肌为试验材料,采用RACE等方法对绵羊肌球蛋白轻链2基因的cDNA序列进行克隆和测序、利用相关生物学软件对所得cDNA序列进行生物信息学预测、并利用qRT-PCR和Western印迹法对其在绵羊各种组织中的表达进行分析。结果获得该基因cDNA序列全长为776 bp,提交至GenBank中获得相应的登录号为KJ710702;该序列中的498 bp的开放读码框编码含有166个氨基酸残基的蛋白质。预测发现该蛋白质无信号肽和二硫键,但存在N-糖基化和磷酸化位点;二级结构中以α-螺旋为主;蛋白质序列比较发现绵羊MYL2与小鼠、人、大鼠、猪、牛等哺乳动物的同源性均在95%以上。mRNA和蛋白质表达谱均显示该基因在绵羊心肌中表达量最高,其次为背最长肌。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体轻链和重链可变区基因的巢式PCR扩增及序列分析

目的：采用巢式PCR对甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体的轻链和重链基因进行扩增,对获得的基因进行序列分析,并找出克隆鼠Igκ轻链和重链可变区基因的通用方法。方法：设计22对扩增鼠Igκ轻链可变区和重链可变区基因的引物,对6株鼠抗人甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体的轻链和重链可变区基因进行克隆并测序,与NCBI公布的鼠免疫球蛋白序列比对分析。结果：巢式PCR方法可以有效避免单克隆抗体克隆过程的假基因,并且得到的单克隆抗体的氨基酸序列均符合鼠免疫球蛋白可变区特征。结论：建立了克隆鼠免疫球蛋白轻链和重链可变区基因的通用方法,为后期克隆鼠源性单克隆抗体的可变区基因提供了基础,并为研究甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素与抗体的结合位点提供了实验数据。     

肌球蛋白轻链激酶CaM结合位点突变体的构建

目的:平滑肌肌球蛋白轻链激酶(myosin light chainkinase,MLCK)具有激酶活性和非激酶活性,在平滑肌收缩过程中起着关键酶调控的作用.为探寻MLCK的非激酶活性区域对MLCK活性的影响,本实验利用分子生物学技术构建了肌球蛋白轻链激酶CaM结合位点突变体,并纯化出重组的MLCK表达的蛋白质,为深入研究MLCK的非激酶活性在调节平滑肌收缩过程中的分子机制提供了实验基础.方法:利用野生型MLCK全长的cDNA序列设计CaM结合位点的突变引物,利用PCR技术进行定点突变,获得CaM结合位点的突变体(△CaM/MLCK).在大肠杆茵中表达重组CaM结合位点的突变体(△CaM/MLCK),通过亲和层析及凝胶过滤进行分离纯化重组蛋白,SDS-PAGE检测表达及纯化的重组蛋白.结果:构建重组MLCK钙调蛋白结合位点突变体(△CaM/MLCK),△CaM/MLCK在大肠杆菌中以可溶形式大量表达并得到纯化.结论:成功构建重组MLCK钙调蛋白结合位点突变体(△CaM/MLCK)并获得纯化的表达蛋白质.     

调节轻链在平滑肌肌球蛋白分子上的定位

 应用凝胶电泳覆盖技术和放射自显影法研究了32~P-标记的平滑肌肌球蛋白调节轻链在肌球蛋白分子上的定位。实验结果表明调节轻链(LC_(20))可重新结合于平滑肌肌球蛋白重链(200kD),重酶解肌球蛋白(130kD)及其62kD和26kD肽段上。这提示调节轻链的结合点位于平滑肌肌球蛋白亚段-1羧基端的26kD肽段上。     

鱼类肌球蛋白重链基因研究进展及展望

肌球蛋白是构成鱼类肌肉的主要蛋白之一。肌球蛋白由2条相对分子质量为220×10^3的重链和4条相对分子质量为16×10^3～20×10^3的轻链组成。以往对于肌球蛋白基因的研究大多数集中在高等脊椎动物,而有关鱼类的研究相对薄弱。对鱼类肌球蛋白和肌球蛋白重链基因结构、功能及其表达调节机制等研究进展做了综述分析;同时结合作者的研究实践,探讨了对名贵鱼类肌肉发生和肌球蛋白的进一步研究。     

鳜碱性肌球蛋白轻链基因cDNA的克隆及其发育表达分析

肌球蛋白轻链是构成鱼类肌纤维主要组成部分,在鱼类肌肉生长和收缩过程中具有重要作用。鳜鱼具有生长快、肉质细嫩、味道鲜美、营养成分高等优良的性状。研究通过构建鳜肌肉组织cDNA文库分离到两个碱性肌球蛋白轻链基因,即MLC1和MLC3基因。序列分析显示MLC1和MLC3基因cDNA序列全长分别为1237bp和1070bp,分别编码192和150个氨基酸,除去MLC1N端多出的42个氨基酸残基,MLC1与MLC3氨基酸序列同源性为80.3%。通过PROSITEtools软件预测显示两种轻链都具有两个保守的EF-手相结构,其中第二个EF-hand结构除前三个氨基酸外同源性达100%。鱼类MLC3轻链N端没有高等脊椎动物MLC3特有标志序列。采用实时荧光定量PCR方法对鳜鱼MLC1和MLC3发育性表达分析表明,在原肠期开始有低量表达,与原肠期、尾芽期和肌肉效应期相比,心搏期和仔鱼期MLC1和MLC3表达量显著升高。研究结果首次提供了鳜肌肉组织肌球蛋白主要结构基因的分子生物学信息以及它们在鳜肌肉组织发生和功能的相关性。       

平滑肌肌球蛋白轻链激酶及ATP结合位点突变体对ATP酶活性的调节作用

目的：探寻MLCK的非激酶活性区域对MLCK活性的影响,进一步阐明MLCK的非激酶活性在调节平滑肌收缩过程中的分子机制。方法：利用编码MLCK全长的pColdI表达载体对其ATP结合位点进行定点突变,获得无激酶活性的MLCK突变体;应用Glycerol—PAGE鉴定肌球蛋白磷酸化水平;应用孔雀绿方法检测重组MLCK对肌球蛋白ATP酶活性的影响。结果：MLCK／△ATP（突变型）失去磷酸化肌球蛋白轻链的激酶活性;重组MLCK（野生型）和MLCK／AATP（突变型）均可以在非钙条件下激活非磷酸化肌球蛋白Mg2＋-ATP酶活性,抑制磷酸化肌球蛋白的Mg2＋．ATP酶活性,而且激活与抑制作用均随着MLCK浓度的增加而增大,但二者对肌球蛋白的ATP酶活性的作用没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：平滑肌肌球蛋白轻链激酶及ATP结合位点突变体具有激活非磷酸化肌球蛋白ATP酶活性的作用。     

动物细胞培养及单克隆抗体

950137CHO细胞衰达扰-HIV一1人簟克隆抗体[会,英]/Rueker,F.…/Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci.一1991,646.一212～219[译自DBA,1992,11(13),92-07605] 以抗HIV一1的人单克隆抗体(MAb)为模型检测了8种哺乳动物表达载体,以便高水平地表达抗体cDNA。从人异型杂交瘤3D6中分离出多聚腺替RNA。3D6产生抗HIV-1 gp41的MAb,此MAb可用于合成cDNA。构建了cDNA库,并鉴定了全长克隆的重链和轻链,将该cDNA的重链和轻链分别导入哺乳动物表达载体,质粒pRcRSV、pRcCMV和pMAMgpt,分别得到成对的表达载体质粒pRcRSV3D6HC+pRcRSV3D6LC,pR-cCMV…     

肌球蛋白轻链激酶非激酶活性调节磷酸化肌球蛋白ATP酶活性及肌丝运动

肌球蛋白轻链激酶(myosin light chain kinase,MLCK)具有激酶和非激酶活性,在平滑肌收缩过程中起着关键酶调控的作用.为进一步阐明MLCK非激酶活性在平滑肌收缩过程中的调节作用,利用已删除部分激酶区域的MLCK重组体(pGEXF6.5)在大肠杆菌中进行表达,采用亲和层析技术纯化表达的MLCK片段,应用EnzChek磷分析试剂盒检测MLCK片段对磷酸化肌球蛋白、水解重酶解肌球蛋白(heavymeromyosin,HMM)及肌球蛋白亚片段1(subfragmentl,S1)ATP酶活性的影响,体外检测MLCK片段对肌动蛋白肌丝运动的调节.研究结果显示,pGEX-F6.5重组表达载体在大肠杆菌中以可溶性GST融合蛋白的形式表达.该融合蛋白经Glutathione-Sepharose4B纯化、SDS-PAGE鉴定得到较纯的单一表达条带.纯化的MLCK片段对磷酸化肌球蛋白、HMM和S1的ATP酶活性均有明显激活作用.MLCK片段激活磷酸化肌球蛋白ATP酶活性为:Vmax=(19.426±1.669)倍;Km=(0.486±0.106)μmol/L,MLCK片段对磷酸化HMM和S1的ATP酶活性也有相似的刺激作用.体外肌丝运动研究表明,随着MLCK片段浓度的增加,磷酸化肌球蛋白与肌动蛋白结合的数量不断增加,肌丝运动的速度也随之增加.上述结果表明,MLCK的C端非激酶活性具有调节磷酸化的肌球蛋白ATP酶活性及肌丝运动的作用.     

The functional domains of human ventricular myosin light chain 1

The biological functions of the myosin light chain 1 (LC1) have not been clearly elucidated yet. In this work we cloned and expressed N- and C- terminal fragments of human ventricular LC1 (HVLC1) containing amino acid residues 1-98 and 99-195 and two parts, NN and NC of N fragment in GST-fusion forms, respectively. Using GST pull-down assay, the direct binding experiments of LC1 with rat cardiac G-actin, F-actin and thin filaments, as well as rat cardiac myosin heavy chain (RCMHC) have been performed. Furthermore, the recombinant complexes of rat myosin S1 with N- and C-fragments, as well as the whole molecular of HVLC1 were generated. The results suggested that both binding sites of HVLC1 for actin and myosin heavy chain are positioned in its N-terminal fragment, which may contain several actin-binding sites in tandem. The polymerization of G-actin, the tropomyosin and troponin molecules located in the thin filaments do not hinder the binding of N-terminal fragment of HVLC1 with actin and thin filaments in vitro. The recombinant complex of rat cardiac myosin S1 (RCMS1) with N fragment of HVLC1 greatly decreased actin-activated Mg(2+)-ATPase activity for lack of C fragment. We conclude that the N-fragment is the binding domain of human ventricular LC1, whereas the C-fragment serves as a functional domain, which may be more involved in the modulation of the actin-activated ATPase activity of myosin.     

A study of anti-group A streptococcal monoclonal antibodies cross-reactive with myosin

Anti-group A streptococcal monoclonal antibodies were obtained from BALB c/BYJ mice immunized with purified membranes from M type 5 Streptococcus pyogenes. Two of the anti-streptococcal monoclonal antibodies were previously shown to cross-react with muscle myosin. In this study the monoclonal antibodies were reacted with tissue sections of normal human heart and skeletal muscle. Antibody binding was estimated by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. Both of the monoclonal antibodies (36.2.2 and 54.2.8) investigated in this report reacted with heart and/or skeletal muscle sections. When evaluated by immunofluorescence, monoclonal antibody 54.2.8 demarcated the periphery of cardiac striated muscle cells and reacted to a lesser degree with subsarcolemmal components. Monoclonal antibody 36.2.2 failed to react with heart sections, but both of the monoclonal antibodies reacted strongly with skeletal muscle sections. Results similar to those observed with indirect immunofluorescence were obtained with the immunoperoxidase technique. By Western immunoblotting and competitive inhibition assays, monoclonal antibodies 36.2.2 and 54.2.8 both were found to react with the heavy chain of skeletal muscle myosin. However, only 54.2.8 reacted with the heavy chain of cardiac myosin. The specificity of the monoclonal antibodies for subfragments of skeletal muscle myosin indicated that monoclonal antibody 36.2.2 was specific for light meromyosin fragments, whereas 54.2.8 reacted with both heavy and light meromyosin. The data demonstrated that two monoclonal antibodies against streptococci were specific for skeletal muscle and/or cardiac myosin and for subfragments of the myosin molecule. The reactions of the monoclonal antibodies with human tissue sections were consistent with the immunochemical reactions of the monoclonal antibodies with both denatured and native myosin.     

人心肌肌球蛋白轻链1的克隆,表达纯化和单抗制备

报道了中国人心肌肌球蛋白轻链１ｃＤＮＡ的核苷酸序列,并由此推算的氨基酸序列。与国外发表的人心肌肌球蛋白轻链的氨基酸序列比较,发现有两处差异,即在２４位,由谷氨酸变为丙氨酸,则从９８位起至１０１位有４个氨基酸序列的连续差异,即由天冬酰胺－精氨酸－丝氨酸－赖氨酸变为赖氨酸－脯氨酸－精氨酸－谷氨酰妥,推测可能是由于人种差异而引起的。利用该ｃＤＮＡ在大肠杆菌内的表达产物,已获得一株高效的抗中国人心肌肌球蛋     

TPA has no influence on the expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in cultured adult cardiac muscle cells.

The effect of a tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), on the expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in cultured rat cardiac ventricular muscle cells was studied. The previous preliminary report [Claycomb WC (1988): "Biology of Isolated Adult Cardiac Myocytes." In Clark WA, Decker RS, Borg TK (eds): New York: Elsevier, pp 284-287] indicated that TPA turns off the expression of myosin heavy chain genes in cultured adult cardiac myocytes. Electrophoretic and immunocytochemical analyses were carried out in the present studies. The myosin heavy chain isoform profiles of cardiac myocytes exposed to TPA at concentrations of 50-250 ng/ml culture medium for varying periods were similar to those of controls that were grown in the absence of TPA, showing predominant isoform V1. Immunofluorescence microscopy with monoclonal antibodies to cardiac ventricular isomyosin revealed the structural organization of myosin in TPA-treated cells. The organization of myosin was variable among different myocytes and within a single myocyte. Immunofluorescence microscopy was extended to the examination of the organization of alpha-actinin which did not differ from that of myosin in some myocytes. In contrast to the previous report [Claycomb, 1988], this study has demonstrated that TPA has no influence on the expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in cultured adult ventricular cardiac muscle cells.     

Kinetic analysis of the slow skeletal myosin MHC-1 isoform from bovine masseter muscle

Several heavy chain isoforms of class II myosins are found in muscle fibres and show a large variety of different mechanical activities. Fast myosins (myosin heavy chain (MHC)-II-2) contract at higher velocities than slow myosins (MHC-II-1, also known as beta-myosin) and it has been well established that ADP binding to actomyosin is much tighter for MHC-II-1 than for MHC-II-2. Recently, we reported several other differences between MHC-II isoforms 1 and 2 of the rabbit. Isoform II-1 unlike II-2 gave biphasic dissociation of actomyosin by ATP, the ATP-cleavage step was significantly slower for MHC-II-1 and the slow isoforms showed the presence of multiple actomyosin-ADP complexes. These results are in contrast to published data on MHC-II-1 from bovine left ventricle muscle, which was more similar to the fast skeletal isoform. Bovine MHC-II-1 is the predominant isoform expressed in both the ventricular myocardium and slow skeletal muscle fibres such as the masseter and is an important source of reference work for cardiac muscle physiology. This work examines and extends the kinetics of bovine MHC-II-1. We confirm the primary findings from the work on rabbit soleus MHC-II-1. Of significance is that we show that the affinity of ADP for bovine masseter myosin in the absence of actin (represented by the dissociation constant K(D)) is weaker than originally described for bovine cardiac myosin and thus the thermodynamic coupling between ADP and actin binding to myosin is much smaller (K(AD)/K(D) approximately 5 instead of K(AD)/K(D) approximately 50). This may indicate a distinct type of mechanochemical coupling for this group of myosin motors. We also find that the ATP-hydrolysis rate is much slower for bovine MHC-II-1 (19 s(-1)) than reported previously (138 s(-1)). We discuss how this work fits into a broader characterisation of myosin motors from across the myosin family.     

Regulation by molluscan myosins

Molluscan myosins are regulated molecules that control muscle contraction by the selective binding of calcium. The essential and the regulatory light chains are regulatory subunits. Scallop myosin is the favorite material for studying the interactions of the light chains with the myosin heavy chain since the regulatory light chains can be reversibly removed from it and its essential light chains can be exchanged. Mutational and structural studies show that the essential light chain binds calcium provided that the Ca-binding loop is stabilized by specific interactions with the regulatory light chain and the heavy chain. The regulatory light chains are inhibitory subunits. Regulation requires the presence of both myosin heads and an intact headrod junction. Heavy meromyosin is regulated and shows cooperative features of activation while subfragment-1 is non-cooperative. The myosin heavy chains of the functionally different phasic striated and the smooth catch muscle myosins are products of a single gene, the isoforms arise from alternative splicing. The differences between residues of the isoforms are clustered at surface loop-1 of the heavy chain and account for the different ATPase activity of the two muscle types. Catch muscles contain two regulatory light chain isoforms, one phosphorylatable by gizzard myosin light chain kinase. Phosphorylation of the light chain does not alter ATPase activity. We could not find evidence that light chain phosphorylation is responsible for the catch state.     

Intracellular assembly of newly synthesized canine cardiac myosins

To investigate how newly synthesized cardiac myosins are assembled into myofilaments, we analysed the distribution of newly produced alpha-myosin heavy chain isozyme in sarcomeres by immunoelectron microscopy using a monoclonal antibody (CMA19), which is specific for alpha-myosin heavy chain. Isozymic changes in myosin heavy chains from beta to alpha type were induced in canine ventricular muscles and cultured ventricular myocytes by administration of 1-thyroxine. We incubated the glycerinated ventricular muscles or cultured ventricular myocytes with the enzyme (horseradish peroxidase) labelled Fab fragment of CMA19. After the reaction with 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine and osmification, we prepared ultrathin sections of the ventricular muscles or cultured ventricular myocytes and analysed their staining patterns by electron microscopy. There was apparent heterogeneity in the staining intensity of the myofilaments among different cells, among different myofibrils and even intramyofibrillarly. Higher magnification revealed that there were scattered foci of strong reaction which appeared to be foci of assembly of the newly synthesized alpha-myosin heavy chain. Immunocytochemical study also showed heterogeneous reactions within myofilaments and that there were scattered foci of myofilament assembly, which were closely associated with polyribosomes producing newly induced alpha-myosin heavy chain. These data suggest that newly synthesized cardiac myosins are assembled into myofilaments from the sites of synthesis, that is polyribosomes. This may explain the heterogeneity of the assembly pattern of newly synthesized cardiac myosins at the subcellular level.     

Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene. Effect of substrate concentration and 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment on hepatic metabolism by microsomes from rats and mice.

Digestion of insoluble myosin with soluble papain produces heavy meromyosin subfragment 1 (HMM-S-1) having ATPase activity and the ability to combine with actin. These fragments of myosin do not undergo appreciable changes in ATPase activity, chromatographic behavior, or actin combining ability during digestion up to 2 h but, as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, several splits occur in both the heavy and light polypeptide chains. The largest fragment of heavy chain present in fast, slow, cardiac and embryonic HMM-S-1 has a mass of 89,000 daltons. This fragment undergoes further degradation resulting in fragments having masses of the order of 70,000, 50,000, and 27,000 daltons. The latter fragment and other material resulting from the proteolysis of myosin appear as bands in that region of the gels where the light chains are found in electrophoretograms of the parent myosin. The precise size of the fragments and the rates of their formation depend on the type of myosin; slow and cardiac HMM-S-1 and their fragments show greater stability. Embryonic myosin has properties intermediate between those of fast skeletal and cardiac myosin. Experiments involving the combination of HMM-S-1 with actin and experiments with glutaraldehyde cross linking and chromatography on Sephadex G-200 indicate that the fragments separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis are held together by noncovalent forces in HMM-S-1.     

Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies against Human Ventricular Myosin Light Chain 1 （HVMLC1） for Functional Studies

Using purified recombinant human ventricular myosin light chain 1 (HVMLC 1) as the antigen,three monoclonal antibodies,designated C8,C9 and B 12,were prepared.Immunoblot experiments demonstratedthat all monoclonal antibodies could react with the ventricular myosin light chain 1 isolated from differentsources,such as human,rat or pig.It was also demonstrated that C8 was directed against the NN part of theN-fragment (amino acid 1-40) of HVMLC1,and both C9 and B12 against the C-fragment (amino acid 99-195).The affinity constants of C8,C9 and B12 were 3.20×10~8,8.60×10~7 and 1.77×10~8 M~(-1),respectively,determined by non-competitive ELISA.The isotype of B12 was determined as lgG2a,whereas the isotype ofboth C8 and C9 were IgG1.In the presence of C9 or B12,the actin-activated Mg~(2 )ATPase activity of myosinwas greatly inhibited,but there was almost no effect on the Mg~(2 )ATPase activity for C8.B12 and C9 alsoinhibited the superprecipitation of porcine cardiac native actomyosin (myosin B) and reconstituted actomyosin,but C8 did not.The results indicate that all three monoclonal antibodies could bind the intact myosin molecule,but B12 and C9 might more easily react with epitopes located in the C-fragment of HVMLC1.The inhibitoryeffects of B 12 and C9 on ATPase activity and superprecipitation assays show that light chain 1,particularlythe C-fragment domain,is involved in the modulation of the actin-activated Mg~(2 )ATPase activity of myosinand,as a consequence,plays an essential role in the interaction of actin and myosin.