不同栽培基质对浙江楠和闽楠容器苗生长和根系发育的影响

按体积比5∶5、6∶4、7∶3和8∶2分别将泥炭与珍珠岩、谷壳、树皮粉和香菇废料混合制成16种栽培基质,研究了不同基质组成和配比对浙江楠(Phoebe chekiangensisC.B.Shang)和闽楠[P.bournei (Hemsl.) Yang]容器苗生长状况(包括苗高、地径、总干质量和根冠比4个指标)以及根系发育状况(包括根总长、根表面积和根体积3个指标)的影响.结果表明:采用不同基质,浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的各项指标间均有差异,其中部分指标有显著差异.从基质组成看,使用泥炭-珍珠岩、泥炭-谷壳和泥炭-树皮粉3类基质,浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的生长和根系发育的各项指标均优于使用泥炭-香菇废料基质,表明前3种基质组成更有利于浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的生长和根系发育.从基质配比看,当基质中泥炭体积分数达到70％时,浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的苗高和地径最大;而当基质中泥炭体积分数达到50％时,其根总长、根表面积和根体积较大;但基质中泥炭比例对容器苗总干质量的影响无明显规律.除闽楠容器苗的地径外,基质组成与基质配比的交互作用对浙江楠和闽楠容器苗的生长和根系发育指标均有显著影响.综合分析结果表明:选用泥炭-谷壳或泥炭-树皮粉基质,按体积比7∶3配制,适用于浙江楠容器苗的培育;按体积比8∶2配制,适用于闽楠容器苗的培育.     

光照强度及栽培基质对秋海棠新品种‘宁明银’生长的影响

秋海棠是世界著名的观赏植物,不同种类和品种对栽培基质、光照、温度和湿度等生长环境条件的要求不同。‘宁明银’秋海棠是最近培育出的新品种,具有很高的观赏价值和市场潜力,但其栽培适宜条件还不清楚。为了摸索该品种的最佳栽培基质和光照条件,该研究利用四种光强(遮光45%、60%、75%、90%)和四种无土栽培基质(泥炭∶珍珠岩=1∶1;泥炭∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=1∶1∶1;腐叶土∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=1∶1∶1;玉米秆∶珍珠岩∶松树皮=1∶1∶1)在上海辰山植物园栽培大棚中开展盆栽试验,比较分析‘宁明银’秋海棠的生长表现。结果表明:在遮光45%条件下,腐叶土、珍珠岩、松树皮同等比例混合的栽培基质中,‘宁明银’秋海棠的叶片数、最大叶面积、地上部分鲜重与干重、地下部分干重均表现出最大值,且该条件下植株的相对含水量和根冠比最小,相对叶绿素含量也最高。因此,盆栽‘宁明银’秋海棠的最佳无土栽培条件为腐叶土、珍珠岩、松树皮等比例混合栽培基质和45%遮光,利用此条件可指导‘宁明银’秋海棠的商品化盆栽生产。     

樟树组培苗轻基质育苗技术研究

为提高乡土阔叶树种樟树Cinnamomum camphora的育苗效率,以其新选育的优良无性系组培苗为材料,配置6种以泥炭为主要成分的轻基质组合,开展基质配比、容器规格、空气切根和施缓释肥试验。结果表明,基质配比对苗高、地径、高径比、SPAD值与存活率均有显著影响;泥炭中添加蛭石、木糠或珍珠岩均能显著改善育苗效果,同时添加木糠和珍珠岩时效果最佳;而泥炭中添加椰糠的效果与对照100%黄心土近似,明显劣于其他基质。大穴盘组培苗的苗高、地径、SPAD值和存活率均显著高于小穴盘,但高径比不受容器规格影响;空气切根能明显促进地径生长,抑制主根生长,加快侧根和须根生长,使根系更发达;缓释肥处理能显著提升苗木高生长、高径比和SPAD值,但对存活率影响不大。     

不同基质材料对油茶容器苗生长生物量及养分含量的影响

研究不同基质材料对油茶容器苗的影响,寻找可以部分替代泥炭土的本土基质材料。在不同处理育苗条件下,测定1年生油茶容器苗的成活率、生长量、生物量、叶绿素含量和地上部分营养元素含量,并分析基质与地上部分营养元素含量的相关性。试验结果发现：成活率、苗高、地径、高径比、主根长、主根/侧根鲜重、地上/地下生物量、茎根比/FW、茎根比/DW、叶绿素含量等指标以处理Ⅰ（50%泥炭土+50%其余相同成分）与处理Ⅴ（5%食用菌下脚料+5%鸡粪+5%牛粪+35%泥炭土+50%其余相同成分）表现最优,且两者均与其他3个处理差异显著;各处理间氮、磷、钾、钙、硫、铁、锰、铜、锌元素含量差异显著,但镁、硼元素含量差异不明显。相关性分析表明,镁元素与速效钾、有机质呈显著的正相关,而其他元素为负相关。综上所得,处理Ⅴ在用本土基质来替代部分泥炭土的结果最好。本研究为降低油茶基质育苗成本和维持基质的可持续利用提供一条新的途径。     

油用牡丹容器育苗技术研究

采用不同基质配比开展油用牡丹容器育苗技术,分析不同处理对油用牡丹容器苗生长的影响。结果表明:油用牡丹容器苗对基质配比的生长反应差异很大,泥炭比例较高的配比基质其油用牡丹容器苗的生长表现较好。提高油用牡丹容器苗木质量的最佳基质组合为:泥炭70%+珍珠岩10%+蛭石10%+腐熟的鸡粪10%,该基质配比既能保证油用牡丹容器苗的苗高、地径、生物量等指标的充分生长,同时又能促进根系与基质紧密的根系团,有利于油用牡丹容器苗根系生长。     

浙江楠容器育苗基质的比较和筛选

用泥炭、珍珠岩、蛭石、稻壳和阔叶树木片按不同体积比配成18种基质,以园土为对照,研究了不同基质对1年生浙江楠（Phoebe chekiangensis C．B．Shang）实生苗生长及生理特性的影响并筛选出适宜的浙江楠容器育苗基质。结果表明,以体积比5：3：2的泥炭、蛭石和阔叶树木片为基质培育的浙江楠幼苗的株高、地径、径根比、地上部干质量和鲜质量、根系干质量和鲜质量、根系活力以及叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量等指标均显著高于对照。该基质的持水性和保水性较好,持水量达608．64g·L^-1,可作为浙江楠容器育苗的适宜基质进行推广应用。     

不同栽培基质对桔梗幼苗生长及生理指标的影响

目的∶研究不同栽培基质对桔梗容器苗生长及生理指标的影响，为桔梗的规范化栽培提供依据。方法∶设置T₁(100%营养土)、T₂(营养土∶泥炭=1∶1)、T₃(营养土∶珍珠岩∶泥炭=1∶1∶1)、T₄(泥炭∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=2∶1∶1)4种不同配比的组合处理，通过盆栽试验研究不同基质处理下桔梗容器苗生长指标及生理参数的变化，并借助隶属函数法对不同处理下桔梗幼苗的培育效果进行评价。结果∶栽培基质不同对桔梗幼苗生长及生理指标有显著影响。T₃和T₄处理下桔梗幼苗的生长量显著高于T₁、T₂处理，表现为幼苗生长健壮、根系生物量较大；不同处理之间叶长的差异不显著，但叶片宽及叶面积差异显著；基质不同对桔梗的花朵数、花直径、裂片长、裂片宽均有显著影响，表现为T₂处理下花朵数、花直径显著高于T₁、T₃(P<0.05);T₄处理下幼苗的可溶性蛋白质...     

水分和光照对厚皮甜瓜苗期植株生理生态特性的影响

以厚皮甜瓜‘西博洛托’为试材,研究了温室内育苗基质含水量和光照强度对厚皮甜瓜苗期植株生长发育和生理生态特性的影响.结果表明:不同基质含水量和光照强度对厚皮甜瓜苗期植株生长发育影响显著,随基质含水量的降低,苗期植株叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量升高,叶片相对含水量和比叶面积下降,基质含水量为60%～80%时,幼苗净光合速率最高;随着光照强度的减弱,幼苗的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量以及叶片相对含水量、比叶面积和胞间CO2浓度升高,叶绿素a/b和净光合速率下降.在不同处理中,以80%基质含水量 100%温室光照处理的幼苗生长最健壮,壮苗指数、净光合速率等指标最高.     

农林废弃物混配基质的理化性质及其对油茶幼苗生长效应的综合评价

以腐熟的甘蔗渣( SB)、木薯皮( CP)、花生壳( PS)和火炭灰( BA)及园土( GS)为原料,按照不同体积比配制成9种混配基质,并以等体积比泥炭和园土混配基质为对照,对各基质的理化性质及基质中油茶( Camellia oleifera Abel)幼苗的生长状况进行比较;在对基质理化指标和油茶幼苗的壮苗指数进行线性回归分析和通径分析的基础上,采用主成分分析和综合评价法对各基质的育苗效果进行综合评价。结果表明：9种农林废弃物混配基质的容重、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度分别为0.23~0.47 g·cm-3、60.90%~67.23%和46.53%~58.27%, pH 6.72~pH 7.14,各基质的速效氮含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量、pH值、电导率和通气孔隙度均高于或显著高于对照,容重则显著低于对照。在不同基质中油茶幼苗的茎粗、单株叶片数、叶长、叶宽、叶绿素相对含量( SPAD)、单株茎叶干质量、单株根干质量和壮苗指数均存在一定差异,而株高和根冠比却无显著差异;其中S9混配基质也V( SB)：V( CP)：V( BA)=2：1：1页中幼苗的大部分生长指标较高,表现出明显的生长优势。线性回归和通径分析结果显示：除通气孔隙度外,基质的其他8个理化指标基本涵盖了影响幼苗壮苗指数的关键因素;其中,速效钾含量是对壮苗指数直接影响最大的负相关因子,而速效磷含量、电导率和总孔隙度对壮苗指数则有较大的正向直接作用,并且三者通过速效钾含量对壮苗指数产生较大的负向间接作用;此外,基质容重对壮苗指数也有一定的负向直接作用。综合评价结果显示：S9和S7混配基质也V( SB)：V( BA)：V( GS)=4：3：3页对油茶育苗效果的综合得分较高,分别为14.363和14.337,建议将S9混配基质作为油茶育苗的首选替代基质,S7混配基质作为备选基质。     

育苗容器规格对橡胶树籽苗芽接苗生长的影响

采用不同规格控根育苗容器对橡胶树籽苗芽接苗进行悬空和近地培养,观测其生长情况。结果表明,悬空培养对橡胶树籽苗芽接苗的纵向伸长(株高、主根长度)影响较为显著。育苗容器的高度一致时,体积越大的育苗容器,根系伸展空间越多,苗木地上部分长势越好;体积一致时,高度越高的育苗容器,苗木主根长度越长,但对籽苗地上部分及主根粗度影响较小。     

Effects of root restriction on growth correlations, water relations and senescence of alder seedlings

Root restriction may be of importance for productivity in both forestry and agriculture. To study the physiological effects of root restriction in European alder ( Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.), seedlings were grown in aerated liquid culture under one of four root volumes to induce the following levels of root restriction: 1.5, 6,16 and 500 ml. Root restriction for 96 days reduced shoot elongation, plant dry weight, leaf area and chlorophyll levels and increased leaf area/root dry weight ratio and correlative bud inhibition in seedlings. The initial reduction in root/shoot ratios of severely restricted seedlings was followed by a reduction in leaf water potential, the development of internal water deficits in the upper shoots, a reduction in stomatal opening and transpiration rates and, eventually, stomatal closure. Severe prolonged root restriction (1.5 ml root volume) resulted in a decline in seedling vigour and ultimately, senescence as determined by increased electrical impedance ratios, followed by visible leaf senescence and later, by whole plant senescence. Of the severely restricted seedlings, 40% were dead after 96 days of restriction. The results suggest that imbalanced root/shoot ratios caused the development of internal water stress and the consequent reduction in stomatal aperture, culminating in leaf and whole plant senescence.     

Seedling vigour and the early growth of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa)

Previous studies suggest that the positive response of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) to nursery fertiliser application was due to increased seedling vigour or possibly to increased nutrient content. This paper presents results of two glasshouse experiments designed to test the hypothesis that seedling vigour was responsible for the response of transplanted seedlings to nursery treatments. The aim of the present study was to explore the concept of seedling vigour of transplanted rice and to determine what plant attributes conferred vigour on the seedlings. Seedling vigour treatments were established by subjecting seedlings to short-term submergence (0, 1 and 2 days/week) in one experiment and to leaf clipping or root pruning and water stress in another to determine their effect on plant growth after transplanting. Submerging seedlings increased plant height but depressed shoot and root dry matter and root:shoot ratio of the seedling at 28 days after sowing. After transplanting these seedlings, prior submergence depressed shoot dry matter at 40 days. Nursery nutrient application increased plant height, increased root and shoot dry matter, but generally decreased root:shoot ratio. Pruning up to 60% of the roots at transplanting decreased shoot and root dry matter, P concentration in leaves at panicle initiation (PI) and straw dry matter and grain yield at maturity. By contrast, pruning 30% of leaves depressed shoot and root dry matter by 30% at PI, and root dry matter and straw and grain yield by 20% at maturity. The combined effects of leaf clipping and root pruning on shoot, root and straw dry matter were largely additive. It is concluded that the response of rice yield to nursery treatments is largely due to increased seedling vigour and can be effected by a range of nutritional as well as non-nutritional treatments of seedlings that increase seedling dry matter, nutrient content, and nutrient concentration. Impairment of leaf growth and to a lesser extent root growth in the nursery depressed seedling vigour after transplanting. However, rather than increasing stress tolerance, seedling vigour was more beneficial when post transplant growth was not limited by nutrient or water stresses.     

不同光照条件下三七幼苗形态及生长指标的变化

用遮阳网设置不同透光率(自然全光照的1%、3%、8%、12%和22%)处理,对不同光照条件下三七〔Panax notoginseng(Burk.)F.H.Chen〕幼苗形态指标(株高、冠幅、块根长、主根长、块根直径、茎基径、单株须根数和单株须根长)、干物质积累(不同器官干质量)和分配以及叶片性状(单株叶面积、比叶面积和叶绿素相对含量SPAD值)的变化进行了研究。结果表明:在透光率不同的条件下三七幼苗的形态指标、不同器官干质量及分配以及叶片性状均有明显变化。其中,块根直径、单株须根长、单株须根数、不同器官(块根、须根、根、叶片和茎)干质量和植株总干质量均随透光率增大逐渐提高;株高在透光率22%条件下最高;冠幅和单株叶面积在透光率3%条件下最大;主根长、茎基径、根冠比、根质比及SPAD值均在透光率8%条件下最高;茎质比和叶质比在透光率3%和1%条件下较大;比叶面积随透光率增大逐渐降低。综合分析结果揭示:三七是一种典型的喜阴植物,种植过程中适当遮阳有利于其生长和干物质积累,其中透光率8%对三七幼苗生长较为适宜。     

光强对烟草幼苗形态和生理指标的影响

通过白纱布遮荫模拟不同光生境条件(透光率分别为100%、68.2%、35.4%和16.7%),研究了光强因子对烟草幼苗形态和生理指标的影响.结果表明:随相对光强的减弱,幼苗高度增加,茎粗、干鲜比、叶片厚度和单位叶面积质量均呈降低趋势,幼苗干物质积累减少,但其对叶数的影响不大.弱光条件下,叶片自由水、叶绿素、总氮和蛋白质含量增加,束缚水含量降低,叶绿素a/b值减小,转化酶活性降低;烟草幼苗根系相对不发达,根冠比和根生物量减小,根系活力降低.表明弱光条件不利于培育烟草壮苗,生产中应尽可能改善苗床的光照条件.     

黄土性土壤固化对黑麦草生长和根系活力的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了安塞黄绵土不同容重、不同固化剂(路邦EN-1固化剂)掺量对黑麦草生长和根系活力的影响.结果表明:黄绵土容重在1.2～1.4 9·cm-3范围内,随土壤容重的增加,黑麦草叶绿素含量、根系活力、根冠比、根生物量和植株生物量均降低;各土壤容重条件下,黑麦草叶绿素含量、根系活力、根冠比、根生物量和植株生物量均高于对照,且随着固化剂掺量的增加均呈先增加后降低的趋势.土壤容重和固化剂掺量交互作用对根生物量和总生物量的影响均显著(P＜0.05).总体来看,土壤容重1.3 g·cm-3、固化剂掺量0.15％处理下,各指标值均最高.     

DPC浸种对花生幼苗根系和叶片生理功能的影响

在田间条件下,研究了DPC浸种对花生（Arachis hypogaeaL.)幼苗根系和叶片生理功能的影响。结果表明,DPC可提高花生幼苗根系中IAA和Z ZR的含量,促进根系的生长,提高根系活力;DPC可促进花生苗期叶片叶绿素的合成,提高叶绿素含量,提高苗期叶片的光合速率。在实践中,用150mg/LDPC浸种是取得花生壮苗丰产的有效措施。     

遮光处理对不同生育期小麦生物量分配和叶片叶绿素含量的影响

以普通小麦'扬麦12号'(Triticum aestivum 'Yangmai 12') 为实验材料,研究了遮光处理对不同生育期小麦生物量分配和叶片叶绿素含量的影响.结果显示,从拔节期到完熟期,在不同遮光条件下(对照:相对透光率为100%;T1:相对透光率约为80%;T2:相对透光率约为60%;T3:相对透光率约为20%),小麦地上部分、地下部分及全株干质量随着发育期的延续总体呈增加趋势.遮光处理使小麦地上部分和地下部分干质量较对照不同程度降低,其中遮光对地上部分干质量的影响大于地下部分,并且根冠比随遮光程度的增加而增大.从开花期开始,各个生育期T3处理组小麦的根冠比均为最大,对照组小麦的根冠比均为最小.'扬麦12号'地上部分和地下部分异速生长关系为简单的线性异速生长模型,遮光后小麦的异速性减小,按小麦地上部分和地下部分间的异速性由大至小依次排序为对照组、T1处理组、T2处理组、T3处理组.从抽穗期到乳熟期,对照及各处理组小麦叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量在灌浆期(或乳熟期)最高;在不同的生育期,不同遮光处理对小麦叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量的影响不同,随着遮光程度的增加,各遮光处理组小麦的叶绿素a/b均不同程度低于对照.     

Different Behaviour of Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Indole-3-Butyric Acid in Stimulating Lateral Root Development in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The plant hormone auxin has been shown to be involved in lateral root development and application of auxins, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), increases the number of lateral roots in several plants. We found that the effects of two auxins on lateral root development in the indica rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR8) were totally different from each other depending on the application method. When the roots were incubated with an auxin solution, IAA inhibited lateral root development, while IBA was stimulatory. In contrast, when auxin was applied to the shoot, IAA promoted lateral root formation, while IBA did not. The transport of [³H]IAA from shoot to root occurred efficiently (% transported compared to supplied) but that of [³H]IBA did not, which is consistent with the stimulatory effect of IAA on lateral root production when applied to the shoot. The auxin action of IBA has been suggested to be due to its conversion to IAA. However, in rice IAA competitively inhibited the stimulatory effect of IBA on lateral root formation when they were applied to the incubation solution, suggesting that the stimulatory effect of IBA on lateral root development is not through its conversion to IAA.     

缓释肥和有机肥对长白落叶松容器苗养分库构建的影响

采用每株施入供氮(N)量为36.36或18.18 mg的缓释肥,并增施0或1.82 g FM有机肥的2×2析因设计,对长白落叶松容器幼苗施肥效果进行研究.结果表明:施肥处理对苗高、地径、生物量和钾(K)的吸收均无显著影响.增施有机肥显著提高了长度>1 cm的一级侧根数量(P=0.040)、主根长(TRL,P=0.012)和主根长与苗高比(P=0.008).高量缓释肥处理下,苗木根N浓度(P=0.035)以及苗干(P=0.005)、根(P=0.037)和苗干+根(P=0.030)中N含量以及苗干中磷(P)含量(P=0.047)均高于低量缓释肥处理;高量缓释肥处理下,增施有机肥使叶片和苗干+根中N浓度提高了137%(P=0.040)和21%(P=0.013);增施有机肥提高了苗干(P=0.020)、根(P=0.017)和苗干+根(P=0.013)中N浓度.经矢量养分分析,高量缓释肥供给可引起苗体N、P的过量,增施有机肥能明显克服N、P的缺乏,但导致K的损耗.对长白落叶松播种苗的培育,建议采用每株供氮18 mg的缓释肥并配施1.82g FM有机肥的施肥方法.     

Effect of Restricted Root Growth on Carbohydrate Metabolism and Whole Plant Growth of Cucumis sativus L

The effects of varied rooting volumes on root growth and source leaf carbohydrate metabolism were studied in greenhouse-grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus L cv Calypso) plants. Plants were grown for 7 weeks in container volumes that ranged from 0.4 to 5.9 liters. Plants grown in the smaller containers exhibited less leaf expansion, lower root and shoot weight, and fewer lateral stems than plants grown in the 5.9 liter containers. Shoot/root ratio was not altered by the container volume, suggesting coordination of root and shoot growth due to rooting volume. Source leaf carbon exchange rates, assimilate export rates, and starch accumulation rates for plants grown in 0.4 liter containers were approximately one-half or less in comparison to those for plants grown in 5.9 liter containers. Starch concentrations per unit leaf area were maintained at high levels in source leaves of plants grown in 0.4 liter containers over the entire day/night cycle. Lower extractable galactinol synthase activities and higher galactinol concentrations occurred in leaves of plants grown in 0.4 liter container volumes. The reduced sink demand, induced by restricted root growth, may have led to increased starch concentrations and to a reduction in stachyose biosynthesis in cucumber source leaves.