中国伪蝎名录（蛛形纲：伪蝎目）

本文根据我国伪蝎目已有种类记述,归纳并列出10科34属73种（包括亚种）伪蝎的中文名、拉丁学名、引证及其地理分布,以供今后研究参考。     

老挝和越南豚蝎属二新种(蝎目,豚蝎科)

描述了产于老挝北部和越南北部的豚蝎属2新种:老挝豚蝎Chaerilus laoticus sp.nov.和越南豚蝎Chaerilus vietnamicus sp.nov.。为比较,根据保存在法国自然历史博物馆的系列标本,重新描述和图示了产于越南南部的佩氏豚蝎Chaerilus petrzelkai Kovaík,2000。老挝豚蝎,新种Chaerilus laoticus sp.nov.(图20 ~38,54 ~57,62,63 , 66 , 67)正模♂,副模:4 ♂♂, 4♀♀,老挝库安县(Xiang Kuang, 1 500m) ,1939年1月,C.Dawydoff采。模式标本保存在法国自然历史博物馆, 1 ♂和1♀保存在河北大学博物馆。体长19 ~21mm。身体基色为浅黄至浅红黄色。背甲前缘平直,雄蝎几乎无脊和具弱的颗粒,雌蝎具稀疏而强的颗粒;雄蝎背沟浅,雌蝎背沟适度深。后体脊较显著;节Ⅰ腹脊退化,节Ⅱ腹脊较显著。触肢螯的可动指和固定指齿缘具7 ~8排斜齿。雄蝎栉板具5个栉齿,雌蝎栉板具4 ~5个栉齿。生殖板亚卵圆形。听毛模式B型。词源:新种的种名以模式标本的采集地而拟定。越南豚蝎,新种Chaerilus vietnamicus sp.nov.(图39 ~49 ,58 , 59 , 68)正模♀,越南老街红河(接近中国河口边界) , 1960年,采集者不详。保存在河北大学博物馆。体长26.5mm。身体基色为浅黄至浅红黄色。背甲前缘稍凹入,几乎无脊和具弱的颗粒;背沟深。后体脊适度到较显著,腹脊退化或缺。触肢螯的可动指和固定指齿缘具14 ~15排斜齿。栉板具4 ~5个栉齿。生殖板亚三角形。听毛模式B型。词源:新种的种名以模式标本的采集地而拟定。     

中国等蝎属一新种(蝎目,钳蝎科)

描述了采于中国西藏等蝎属1新种——西藏等蝎,Isometrus(Reddyanus) tibetanus sp.nov.。为了比较,根据原始模式标本和保存在法国自然博物馆的系列标本,重新描述了原始描述于印度和尚分布于尼泊尔的阿萨姆等蝎Isometrus(Reddyanus) assamensis Oates,1888。西藏等蝎,新种Isometrus(Reddyanus) tibetanus sp.nov.(图1~13,27~31,33)正模♂,中国西藏车苏(Chesu),1970年9月,Lingberg采(现保存在河北大学博物馆)。体长42·70mm。根据一般形态,新种近似于原始描述产于印度和尚分布于尼泊尔的阿萨姆等蝎Isometrus(Reddyanus) assamensis Oates,1888(图14~26,32,33),但如下特征不同于后者:1)身体颜色更浅,呈浅黄色到浅红黄色,具不明显或荒废的斑点,而阿萨姆等蝎I.(R.)assamensis相反,其身体和附肢具褐色斑点,且背甲和中体背板主要为浅褐色,2)后体节的脊和背脊的后顶颗粒较弱,3)背甲和中体背板的颗粒稀少或荒废。词源:新种的种名以模式标本的产地而拟定。     

河南省伏牛山蝎蛉记述：长翅目：蝎蛉科

本文报道了１９９６年７月河南省伏牛山昆虫考察中采到的蝎蛉科６种昆虫,其中蝎蛉属Ｐａｍｏｒ ｐａ４种,即大蝎蛉Ｐａｎｏｒ ｐａ ｍａｇｎａ Ｃｈｏｕ,六刺蝎蛉Ｐ．ｓｅｘｓｐｉｎａ Ｃｈｅｎｇ,华山蝎蛉Ｐ．ｅｍａｒｇｉｎａｔａ Ｃｈｅｎｇ和伏牛山蝎蛉Ｐ．ｆｕｎｉｕｓｈａｎａ Ｈｕａ ｅｔ Ｃｈｏｕ,ｓｐ．ｎ。新蝎蛉属Ｎｅｏ ｐａｎｏｒ ｐａ２种,即河南新蝎蛉Ｎｅｏｐａｎｏｒ ｐａ ｌｏｎｇｉｐｒｏｃｅ     

中国大巴山蝎蛉属一新种（长翅目：蝎蛉科）

记述采自中国陕西和湖北大巴山的蝎蛉属1新种——二枝蝎蛉Panorpa biclada sp. nov.。新种的鉴别特征为:胸部背板中央有1细亮线;雄虫前翅无斑纹,雌虫前翅最多1条痣带;阳茎背瓣中部二分枝,形成1个短的腹枝和1个长的背枝;雌性生殖板基部向腹面弯曲成圆弧形,中轴基半部成V字型分歧。     

多腺巨伪蝎(伪蝎目:苦伪蝎科)的雌性新发现（英文）

首次报道了采自中国贵州宽阔水国家级自然保护区一洞穴的多腺巨伪蝎Megachernes glandulosus Mahnert,2009雌性,并对其形态特征进行了详细描述。标本保存于河北大学博物馆(MHBU)。多腺巨伪蝎Megachernes glandulosus Mahnert,2009(图1~3)鉴别特征:该种触肢非常粗短,触肢膝节中央明显具1突起,腿节和膝节着生大量浓密的长羽状刚毛;背甲刚毛正常;基节、第Ⅳ~Ⅸ每半个腹板和触肢螯固定指基部内侧面具大量腺体刚毛,第三步足和第四步足腿节和膝节腹面着生有大量腺体微刚毛。     

蝎蛉属Panorpa东北一新种（长翅目：蝎蛉科）

本文描述产自中国东北辽宁和黑龙江的蝎蛉１新种－刘氏蝎蛉Ｐａｎｏｒｐａ ｌｉｕｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存在西北农业大学昆虫博物馆。     

浙江蚊蝎蛉属一新种(长翅目,蚊蝎蛉科)

记述了产于中国浙江的蚊蝎蛉属Bittacus Latreille,1805 1新种,浙江蚊蝎蛉Bittacus zhejiangicus sp.nov.,提供了雄性正模成虫的整体照片,绘制了雄性和雌性外生殖器特征图。新种与中华蚊蝎蛉Bittacus sinensis Walker和天目山蚊蝎蛉B.tienmushana Cheng相似,但根据羽状触角,翅Av脉存在,前足腿节明显黑褐色,雄性上生殖瓣基部下缘大的耳状突起,载肛突末端有1小突起,突起上有1束长毛,生殖肢端节不具突起等特征容易区分。正模♂,采于浙江凤阳山七星潭;副模: 1♀,采于浙江泰顺乌岩岭; 1 ♂,采于浙江庆元百山祖。模式标本分存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆[NWAU]和上海昆虫博物馆[SHEM]。     

蝎蛉属Panorpa一新种记述(长翅目:蝎蛉科)

记述采自河南省王屋山的蝎蛉属Panorpa Linn．1新种：王屋山蝎蛉Panorpa wangwushana,sp．nov．。模式标本分别保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆和郑州大学生物系。     

Sprint Speeds of Juvenile Scorpions: Among Family Differences and Parent Offspring Correlations

Sprinting from predators is an important part of the defensive repertoire of some scorpions. This study examined sprint speed in juvenile scorpions and its relation to sprint speed of the mothers. Sprint speeds of juvenile scorpions, Centruroides vittatus, were determined by repeated trials on a small racetrack. Speeds were repeatable across trials within individuals and differed among individuals. There were marked among family differences in juvenile sprint speeds. Juvenile sprint speeds were correlated with maternal sprint speeds. Although the effect of common maternal environment may inflate the measures of heritability to an unknown extent, these results suggest that sprint may respond to natural selection and there is an underlying genetic basis to observed performance differences among scorpions.     

Hemprich’s long-eared bat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Otonycteris hemprichii</Emphasis>) as a predator of scorpions: whispering echolocation,passive gleaning and prey selection

Over 70% of the droppings of the gleaning bat Otonycteris hemprichii can contain scorpion fragments. Yet, some scorpions found in its desert habitat possess venom of the highest known toxicity, rendering them a very dangerous prey. In this study, we describe how O. hemprichii catches and handles scorpions, quantify its flight and echolocation behaviour in the field, investigate what sensory modality it uses to detect scorpions, and test whether it selects scorpions according to their size or toxicity. We confirmed that O. hemprichi is a whispering bat (approx. 80 dB peSPL) with short, multi-harmonic calls. In a flight room we also confirmed that O. hemprichii detects scorpions by their walking noises. Amplitudes of such noises were measured and they reach the flying bat at or below the level of echoes of the loess substrate. Bats dropped straight onto moving scorpions and were stung frequently even straight in their face. Stings did not change the bats’ behaviour and caused no signs of poisoning. Scorpions were eaten including poison gland and stinger. Bats showed no preference neither for any of the scorpion species nor their size suggesting they are generalist predators with regard to scorpions.     

The circadian rhythm of locomotory activity in a Neotropical forest scorpion,Opisthacanthus sp. (Scorpionidae)

Opisthacanthus sp. from Panama resembles tropical forest scorpions from other zoogeographical regions in being comparatively inactive and showing some movement in light. Its circadian rhythm is not clear cut. It has a dirty appearance and a repugnatorial odour, a phenomenon not previously recorded in scorpions.     

The effect of model choice on phylogenetic inference using mitochondrial sequence data: lessons from the scorpions

Chelicerates are a diverse group of arthropods, with around 65,000 described species occupying a wide range of habitats. Many phylogenies describing the relationships between the various chelicerate orders have been proposed. While some relationships are widely accepted, others remain contentious. To increase the taxonomic sampling of species available for phylogenetic study based on mitochondrial genomes we produced the nearly complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the scorpion Mesobuthus gibbosus. Mitochondrial gene order in M. gibbosus largely mirrors that in Limulus polyphemus but tRNA secondary structures are truncated. A recent analysis argued that independent reversal of mitochondrial genome strand-bias in several groups of arthropods, including spiders and scorpions, could compromise phylogenetic reconstruction and proposed an evolutionary model that excludes mutational events caused by strand-bias (Neutral Transitions Excluded, NTE). An arthropod dataset of six mitochondrial genes, when analyzed under NTE, yields strong support for scorpions as sister taxon to the rest of Chelicerata. We investigated the robustness of this result by exploring the effect of adding additional chelicerate genes and taxa and comparing the phylogenies obtained under different models. We find evidence that (1) placement of scorpions arising at the base of the Chelicerata is an artifact of model mis-specification and scorpions are strongly supported as basal arachnids and (2) an expanded chelicerate dataset finds support for several proposed interordinal relationships (ticks plus mites [Acari] and spiders plus whip spiders plus whip scorpions [Araneae+Pedipalpi]). Mitochondrial sequence data are subject to systematic bias that is positively misleading for evolutionary inference and thus extreme methodological care must be taken when using them to infer phylogenies.     

How to stay on mummy's back: Morphological and functional changes of the pretarsus in arachnid postembryonic stages

A specific type of maternal care occurs in several groups of Arachnida: mothers carry their offspring on their back (pulli-carrying behaviour). In scorpions, whip scorpions and whip spiders it is the prenymphal stage that settles on the mother. The prenymph is not yet fully developed for a free life and very limited in its mobility, but its feet are equipped with special adhesive organs (arolia) that become lost at the nymphal stage. Here we study the morphology, ultrastructure and mechanical function of the arolia. In scorpions (Scorpiones) the contact area between arolia and substrate and thus adhesion of the pad is controlled by the antagonistic work of hydrostatic pressure and muscular retraction. Arolia of whip scorpions (Thelyphonida) do not require muscular action for strong attachment. Arrays of long, branching fibres in the mesocuticle lead to high compliancy of the pad. In whip spiders (Amblypygi) the prenymphal pretarsus is already equipped with sclerites and claws. Its arolium is retained in nymphs and adults in some taxa, but acquires a more complex structure. These results contribute to our knowledge on the postembryonic development of arachnids and to the understanding of attachment pad evolution among arthropods. Some of the described developmental, structural, and mechanical phenomena are not known from other animals and might be of potential interest for further biomimetic developments.     

The Life History of Chactas reticulatus Kraepelin, 1912 (Scorpiones, Chactidae), with a Comparative Analysis of the Reproductive Traits of Three Scorpion Lineages in Relation to Habitat

An account is given of the life history, growth, population densities, habitat, reproductive systems, courtship and mating, litter size and sex ratio, iteroparity, molting and development of the scorpion Chactas reticulatus Kraepelin. These same traits are compared in three distinct scorpion lineages, buthid, chactid and ischnurid in relation to habitat characteristics. Correlations are drawn between reproductive and adaptative strategies, and it is suggested that if non-buthid scorpions may present some homogeneity as equilibrium species, buthid scorpions are not necessarily opportunistic species. Many groups can be characterized within the buthids, and these different lineages show variable ecological requirements.     

Ecdysis in scorpions: supine behavior and exuvial ultrastructure

Abstract. Ecdysis in scorpions has some common features in all species in which it has been examined. Immature scorpions about to molt become less active, and the cuticle changes in appearance. When humidity and other conditions are suitable, the animal begins ecdysis with cheliceral and pedipalpal movements and internal processes that tear the pleural membrane just ventral to the anterior and lateral edges of the carapace. The carapace is pushed upward from within, and the animal starts to emerge through the opening made by the elevated carapace. This is usually done in the prone position. As the anterior body emerges, the pedipalps and walking legs are stretched posteriorly with their distal ends temporarily confined within the old exoskeleton. The buthid scorpions Androctonus australis and Parabuthus transvaalicus become supine before they begin to emerge. Ecdysis is completed lying supine, and the animal rights itself shortly thereafter. A turnover from upright to supine is not seen at any other time in scorpions. After prone or supine extraction, the exuvium includes the cuticle of booklungs, bristles, and sensilla and is relatively intact except for the wedge-shaped opening at the anterior end.     

Cost of venom regeneration in Parabuthus transvaalicus (Arachnida: Buthidae)

Scorpion venom has many components, but is mainly made up of water, salts, small molecules, peptides, and proteins. One can reasonably assume that the production and storage of this complex secretion is an expensive metabolic investment. However, to date, no study has addressed the costs associated with the regeneration of venom by scorpions. Using a closed-system respirometer, we examined the difference in oxygen consumption between milked and unmilked scorpions to determine the metabolic costs associated with the first 72 h of subsequent venom synthesis. During this time period, milked scorpions had a significantly higher (39%) metabolic rate than unmilked scorpions. The regenerated venom from a second milking had significantly lower (74%) protein concentration, suggesting that venom regeneration was incomplete after 72 h. The protein content in the regenerated venom was not correlated with oxygen consumption. The significant increase in oxygen consumption after milking supports existing hypotheses about the metabolic cost associated with venom regeneration and provides further insight on why scorpions appear to be judicious in their stinger use.     

Formation of the diverticular lumen that enables oocyte fertilization in katoikogenic scorpions,Heterometrus spinifer and Opistophthalmus boehmi (Scorpionidae)

The structure of diverticula of the female gonads was analyzed in two scorpions from the family Scorpionidae by means of standard microscopic techniques (light microscopy, histochemistry, transmission electron microscopy). In scorpions, the female gonad, termed the ovariuterus, participates in two consecutive processes: oogenesis and embryogenesis. In sexually reproducing scorpions, the ovariuterus is also involved in fertilization. Both scorpions under study reproduce sexually. They also represent the katoikogenic type of development, which means that oogenesis, fertilization, and embryogenesis take place in the diverticula, which are sac-like outpocketings of the ovariuterine tubules. Formation of a lumen in the diverticulum is indispensable for sperm entry to enable fertilization and subsequent embryogenesis. The aim of the study was to test our hypothesis that the diverticulum lumen forms due to the engagement of the centrally located stalk cells. In this report, we show that in two species of katoikogenic scorpions, at the final stages of oogenesis, the cytoplasm of the stalk cells contains secretory organelles. In the stages preceding fertilization, secretory activity of the stalk cells and fragmentation of their apical parts lead to formation of the diverticulum lumen by a process similar to “cord hollowing” that commonly occurs for lumen formation in other morphogenesis model systems.