生长素的生物合成、代谢、受体和极性运输

主要介绍生长素的生命合成,代谢,受体,生长素极性运输和生长响应基因等方面的研究近况。     

丛枝菌根真菌、磷和生长素对枳侧根形成的调控效应

为探讨丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)、磷水平和生长素对植物侧根形成的影响,在两种磷水平下接种AMF(Rhizophagus irregularis BGC JX04B),施用IBA、生长素运输抑制剂(TIBA),观察AMF、磷水平和生长素对枳Poncirus trifoliata幼苗侧根形成的调控效应。结果表明,AMF对植株生物量及各级侧根数量无显著影响,但显著降低一级侧根长度;磷水平对植株生物量、侧根数量及长度无显著影响;TIBA显著降低植株生物量、侧根数量和侧根长度,而IBA对各项指标无显著影响。AMF和生长素对主根长度的影响存在显著互作;AMF、磷水平和生长素对二级和三级侧根数量的影响存在显著互作。因此,AMF对枳侧根形成的调控可能涉及生长素信号途径,而生长素运输是枳侧根形成的关键因素。     

生长素代谢、运输及信号转导调控水稻粒型研究进展

水稻(Oryza sativa)是世界主要粮食作物。随着我国经济飞速发展, 耕地面积逐年减少, 提高水稻总产量唯有依靠单产的增加。粒重是决定水稻产量的重要因素之一, 其遗传稳定, 受外界环境因素影响较小。粒重由粒型和灌浆程度决定, 而粒型性状包括粒长、粒宽、粒厚和长宽比。水稻种子颖壳和胚乳发育决定了粒型和粒重, 颖壳细胞的增殖和扩张限制籽粒发育, 胚乳占据成熟种子的大部分体积。而生长素调控受精后颖壳和胚乳的发育, 是调控种子发育和影响水稻产量的重要植物激素。生长素的时空分布受生长素代谢、运输和信号转导的动态调节, 以维持生长素在种子发育中的最适水平。该文综述了生长素代谢、运输和信号转导调控水稻粒型的研究进展, 以期为深入探究生长素调控水稻粒型发育机制和提高水稻产量提供线索。     

生长素的运输及其在信号转导及植物发育中的作用

生长素作为一种重要的植物激素,参与调节植物生长发育的诸多过程,如器官发生、形态建成、向性反应、顶端优势及组织分化等,其作用机理长期以来备受人们关注。生长素的极性运输能使生长素积累在植物体某些特定部位,从而形成生长素浓度梯度,生长素对植物生长发育的调节主要依赖于这一特性。系统阐述生长素的运输特点、运输机理和相关生长素极性运输载体的研究进展;并对生长素信号转导途径中的重要组分及其机理进行了总结;同时较系统地对生长素参与植物体各器官发育过程及调节情况进行综述。     

植物生长素的作用机制

介绍了生长素受体、生长素诱导基因以及生长素诱导ATPase活化,特别对近几年来生长素信号转导的研究进展进行了概述.     

Rabdosinate调节生长素极性运输蛋白PIN1、PIN3和PIN4抑制拟南芥幼苗根生长

利用3种拟南芥生长素极性运输外运载体突变体及4种转基因株系研究了二萜rabdosinate抑制拟南芥幼苗主根及侧根生长的作用机制。结果显示,60~80 μmol·L^-1的rabdosinate显著抑制野生型拟南芥幼苗主根生长及侧根形成,而对突变体pin1、pin2和pin3主根未显示明显的抑制效应,对侧根的抑制减弱;发现rabdosinate （60~80 μmol·L^-1）引起生长素报告株系根尖DR5活性升高,并增加融合蛋白PIN1-GFP丰度以及减少PIN3-GFP和PIN4-GFP的丰度。推断rabdosinate可通过增加PIN1丰度促进了根部生长素向顶运输,而减少PIN3丰度降低根尖部生长素的横向转运,引起了生长素在根尖部的累积及生长素浓度梯度的改变,进而抑制幼苗主根生长及侧根发育。     

生长素在微生物调控根发育过程中的作用

很多微生物通过分泌生长素和生长素前体与植物建立了有益的关系并改变植物根系的形态结构,此外,微生物分泌的其他代谢产物也能改变植物生长素信号通路。因此,生长素和生长素信号通路在微生物调控植物根系发育的过程中起着至关重要的作用。该文从生长素合成、生长素信号和生长素极性运输3个方面总结了生长素在微生物调控植物根系发育过程中的作用,主要包括微生物增加了植物内源生长素的含量、增强了生长素的信号和调控PIN蛋白的表达水平,进而如何调控植物生理和分子水平来适应微生物对其根系的改变,为进一步开展该方面的研究奠定了基础。     

2011年第9期《遗传》封面说明

生长素浓度梯度对生长素调控植物胚胎和器官发育、向地性和向光性生长等具有重要作用。生长素浓度梯度的形成依赖于生长素的极性运输。生长素极性运输主要由极性定位于细胞膜上的输出载体PIN(pin-formed family)家族蛋白     

表油菜素内酯对黄化绿豆下胚轴切段MACC、ACC和乙烯生成的影响

1979年Grove等从油菜花粉分离得到一种新的植物生长调节物质——油菜素内酯,它具有生长素、赤霉素类似活性,并与生长素有加合作用(Yopp等 1979,1981;Takeno和Pharis 1982)。诱导乙烯产生是生长素一个显著的生物效应;Yopp等(1979)和Arteca等(1983)分别报道过油菜素内脂对绿豆等生长素诱导乙烯增加的加合作用,促进乙烯前体1-氨基环丙烷基-1-羧酸的合成(Schlagnhaufer等1984)。本文主要研究了BR及其与IAA共同对ACC和乙烯生成的影响的特征及其对MACC形成的促进作用。     

探究植物生长素响应机制的教学实验示例

生长素在植物体内普遍存在,调控诸多生理反应,在植物整个生命周期中发挥重要作用。生长素的产生、运输与分布是生物学教学的重要内容。近年来,生长素报告株系DR5∶∶GUS作为植物生长素应答的分子标记,被广泛应用于科研中植物生长素的可视化定位。然而,该系统尚未应用到本科生教学实践中。为加强本科生对生长素的直观认识,以生长素报告株系DR5∶∶GUS为实验材料,外源施加不同浓度的生长素类似物2,4-D,观察拟南芥根部的生长变化及生长素的分布情况,并对生长素响应机制的信号通路做出简要分析,探讨生长素对拟南芥根部细胞伸长分裂的作用机理,这将极大促进本科生对植物根部生长发育机制的深入理解。     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.