弱光照和富营养对苦草生长的影响

本研究通过比较在不同光照和营养(3光照×3营养)水平下栽培的沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans L.)的生长及生化指标,探讨了富营养水体中弱光和高营养对苦草生长的影响.结果表明:弱光对苦草生长的抑制作用不受外源营养浓度的影响;而高营养对苦草生长的影响受到弱光胁迫程度的交互作用,表现为在光照较强的45%日光下为抑制作用,光照最弱的2.5%日光下为促进作用,在光强居间的10%日光下没有明显作用.植物组织总氮、总磷、氨态氮及游离氨基酸氮含量随光照减弱而增加,而可溶性总糖和淀粉含量减少;总磷、氨态氮、游离氨基酸氮及淀粉含量随营养增加而增加.因此弱光照和过高营养均对苦草生长产生明显抑制作用,两者具有交互作用,主要表现为弱光影响了高营养的抑制作用.在本研究中,高营养对苦草生长有抑制作用,但尚不能导致铵中毒或储存碳缺乏;可能由于10%和2.5%日光下,弱光胁迫对苦草的代谢已产生很大抑制作用,限制了高营养对苦草的抑制作用.     

UV-C和水杨酸对虎杖叶中白藜芦醇和虎杖苷的诱导作用

以不同叶龄虎杖叶为材料,研究了不同剂量紫外线(UV-C)和10mmol/L水杨酸(SA)处理对叶中白藜芦醇和虎杖苷含量的影响。结果显示:2.4kJ/m2UV-C照射并经暗处理36h后可使虎杖嫩叶中白藜芦醇含量增加近1倍,暗处理24h后虎杖苷含量提高了30%以上,但是老叶中两者含量没有显著变化。SA处理48h后,嫩叶中白藜芦醇的含量提高约5倍,同时虎杖苷的含量下降了60%并且伴随着一个新成分的产生;老叶中白藜芦醇提高约2倍,虎杖苷的含量则没有显著变化。研究表明SA和UV-C对不同叶龄的虎杖叶片中白藜芦醇和虎杖苷合成均有诱导作用,且嫩叶比老叶表现得更为明显。     

短波紫外线照射对‘金都’火龙果采后保鲜的影响

以‘金都’火龙果(Hylocereus polyrhizus ‘Jindu’)果实为试材,采用波长254 nm紫外杀菌灯为辐射源,给予不同剂量短波紫外线(Ultraviolet-C,UV-C)照射处理,探讨低剂量UV-C对火龙果采后保鲜的影响及作用机理。结果表明,不同剂量UV-C照射处理能有效抑制‘金都’火龙果果实腐烂和电导率上升,降低果实TSS含量,其中1.0 kJ·m–2紫外线辐照效果最好。1.0 kJ·m–2 UV-C处理能极显著提高贮藏期火龙果的SOD和CAT活性,显著提高贮藏早中期的几丁质酶活性和PPO活性,β-1,3葡聚糖酶活性在贮藏后期也显著高于对照,但降低了火龙果贮藏中期(第6天)的POD活性。此外,1.0 kJ·m–2 UV-C处理显著提高火龙果贮藏期H2O2含量(除第6天外),对果实的失水率无影响。采后火龙果应用适当剂量UV-C照射可提高抗病性,延长贮藏保鲜期。     

苦荞辐照突变体黄酮含量与PAL活性和农艺性状研

对苦荞辐照突变体黄酮含量和PAL活性以及农艺性状及其它们之间的相关性和显著性的研究得出：养麦种子萌发期黄酮含量与PAL活性在同一时期相关性不显著,呈平行变化关系;在苦荞高黄酮突变体选育过程中单株粒数、单株粒重、主茎分枝数和株高是重要的参考指标。对苦荞突变体综合特征进行分析得出：突变体A3和A4、突变体B2和B4、突变体C3和C5的品质综合指标较对照品种有很大的改善,特别是黄酮含量有明显的提高。     

不同施氮水平对苦荞不同品种生长发育、干物质转运和产量的影响

该研究以西农9940和黔苦3号为材料,设置(N1) 90、(N2) 180、(N3) 270 kg·hm-2三个氮肥处理水平,分析不同施氮量处理对两个苦荞品种的生长、营养器官干物质积累转运和施氮量对籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响。结果表明:(1)施氮肥显著促进苦养生长发育。随着施氮量的增加,苦荞株高、叶片SPAD值和干物质积累量呈增长趋势,于N3处理达到最大值,显著高于N1和N2处理。且在同一施氮处理条件下,黔苦3号的株高、SPAD值和干物质积累量均优于西农9940。就转运率而言,苦荞的两个品种表现不一致,施氮显著提高西农9940茎叶干物质转运率,黔苦3号则相反;叶片贡献率随施氮量增加显著增加,茎贡献率则没有显著变化。(2)随着施氮量的增加,苦荞籽粒灌浆持续期增加,最大灌浆速率到达时间延长,平均灌浆速率却降低,百粒重呈下降趋势;在同一施氮处理条件下,西农9940较黔苦3号灌浆速率更快,百粒重更大。(3)随着施氮量的增加,产量及其构成因素呈先增加后减少的趋势。西农9940的产量在N2处理达到最高,为1 650 kg·hm-2,较N1、N3处理增产了45.6%和28.2%;黔苦3号的产量在N1处理达到最高,为616. 7 kg·hm-2,较N2和N3处理增产了12.8%和51.6%。在黄土高原旱作区苦荞种植因品种不同而选择不同的施氮量,建议西农9940最佳施氮量为180～270 kg·hm-2,黔苦3号最佳施氮量为90～180 kg·hm-2。     

化学调节物质浸种对不同水分条件下苦荞生长及其生理特性的影响

以‘黑丰一号’苦荞为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究了硫酸锌、硫酸锰、水杨酸及脯氨酸等4种化学调节物质浸种对正常灌水及干旱胁迫下苦荞生长的影响,探索提高苦荞抗旱性的最佳化学调控物质.结果表明:(1)在正常水分条件下,用化学调节物质浸种可不同程度提高苦荞幼苗的叶面积、株高、总根长、根表面积、根体积、壮苗指数、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、根系活力、SOD活性、POD活性以及光合速率;其中用硫酸锌的浸种效果最好,其次为水杨酸,二者与对照均达极显著差异,而叶片相对电导率、MDA含量较对照明显下降;硫酸锌和水杨酸浸种使苦荞比对照的单株穗数分别增加31.8％和21.0％,单株粒数增加38.0％和28.9％,百粒重提高8.9％和4.2％.(2)干旱胁迫与正常水分条件下相比,各调节物质浸种处理的苦养幼苗叶面积、茎粗、总根长、根表面积、根体积、根重、叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、根系活力、SOD活性、POD活性以及光合速率均有所降低,但不同处理的下降幅度不同,其中以清水浸种(对照)的下降幅度最大;但叶片相对电导率和MDA含量明显上升,而且以清水浸种的上升幅度最大.(3)干旱胁迫下,硫酸锌和水杨酸浸种与对照相比,二者分别使苦荞叶片SOD活性、POD活性、光合速率、叶面积、总根长、叶绿素含量、根系活力均极显著提高,其中叶片相对含水量分别提高79.9％和70.9％,游离脯氨酸含量分别提高32.2％和36.6％,可溶性糖含量上升66.0％和43.9％,株穗数、株粒数、百粒重分别增加38.6％和36.2％、40.4％和39.0％、10.7％和6.9％.研究表明,在正常水分条件和干旱胁迫下,利用化学调节物质浸种均可显著提高苦荞的光合生理特性及其抗旱性,而且硫酸锌和水杨酸的处理效果更好.     

自交可育甜荞、金苦荞、米苦荞不同品系总黄酮、粗蛋白及其蛋白组分含量研究北大核心CSCD

为探究荞麦新品种的营养保健价值,该文对自交可育甜荞、金苦荞、米苦荞共56个不同品系荞麦种子的粗蛋白、总黄酮、蛋白组分含量及其果实性状的变异进行了研究。结果表明:(1)甜荞、金苦荞、米苦荞种子中粗蛋白含量平均值分别为13.19%、15.44%、11.75%,总黄酮含量平均值分别为0.14%、2.50%、2.09%,清蛋白含量的平均值分别为5.22%、6.13%、4.56%,球蛋白含量的平均值分别为1.29%、1.15%、0.91%,醇溶蛋白含量的平均值分别为0.42%、0.58%、0.55%,谷蛋白含量的平均值分别为2.66%、3.36%、2.80%,三种荞麦的蛋白组分均符合清蛋白>谷蛋白>球蛋白>醇溶蛋白。(2)果实性状中,甜荞果实千粒重、果实面积、果实直径的变异系数最大,米苦荞果实周长、果实长宽比、果实长、果实宽和50 mL容重的变异系数最大。(3)相关分析表明甜荞种子粗蛋白含量与果实长宽比、果实长,金苦荞种子粗蛋白含量与果实周长、果实长,米苦荞种子粗蛋白含量与果实宽、总黄酮含量与果实面积、果实宽、果实直径、50 mL容重的相关性均达到了显著或极显著水平。(4)该研究筛选出甜荞(1808-166贵甜2号优系)、金苦荞(多苦74、多苦78)、米苦荞(1906-136黑米荞麦、43-2)等高蛋白含量或高黄酮含量的荞麦品系。该研究结果对荞麦优良品种的选育和荞麦新产品的开发具有一定指导意义。     

野生大黑蚁中抗菌肽类物质的分离纯化及其耐热性

以野生大黑蚁为原料,采用索氏抽提法除脂后,经乙醇浸提法粗提,再利用透析法分离纯化,得到对细菌具有抑制作用的抗菌肽类物质,并对该抗菌肽类物质进行氨基酸分析和耐热性检测。结果表明：分离得到的抗菌肽类物质对枯草芽胞杆菌具有抑制作用,其抑菌圈直径为24 mm;结合索氏抽提除脂,乙醇浸提和透析法所得到的粗提物氨基酸含量较高;蚂蚁抗菌肽类物质表现出较高的热稳定性,80 ℃下加热50 min后抑菌活性下降。     

唐古特大黄药材提取物对小麦和垂穗披碱草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

测定了唐古特大黄（Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf.）药材水提液、蒽醌粗提液和多糖粗提液对小麦(Triticum aestivum Linn.)和垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans Griseb.）种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：唐古特大黄药材水提液存在明显的化感作用,水提液在高浓度下对小麦种子萌发和芽长及垂穗披碱草种子萌发、根长和芽长均有明显的抑制作用,而在低浓度下对小麦的根长和芽长具有促进作用。蒽醌粗提液仅对垂穗披碱草幼苗生长有抑制作用,其作用随浓度的提高而增强。多糖处理液抑制了小麦、垂穗披碱草根的生长,同时高浓度的处理液延迟了垂穗披碱草种子发芽。     

苦荞转录因子基因FtbHLH4的克隆及其对非生物胁迫的应答

根据苦荞花期转录组数据,克隆得到1个苦荞bHLH类转录因子基因,命名为FtbHLH4。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析了非生物胁迫对苦荞芽期FtbHLH4基因表达的影响。序列分析表明,苦荞FtbHLH4基因DNA全长1 852bp,由7个外显子和6个内含子构成,符合GT-AG剪接原则;cDNA序列包含1个1 062bp的开放阅读框,编码353个氨基酸,具有bHLH类蛋白典型的螺旋-环-螺旋保守结构域。在脱落酸(ABA)、NaCl和PEG模拟干旱胁迫下,苦荞芽期FtbHLH4基因表达量均持续上升,至48h时达最大,分别为胁迫前的11.3倍、12.0倍和6.1倍。而在冷胁迫和UV-B胁迫下,苦荞芽期FtbHLH4基因表达量迅速下降,分别于6h和12h降低至胁迫前的24%和23%。研究推测FtbHLH4基因以不同机制参与了苦荞对非生物胁迫的应答过程。     

光周期对苦荞芽菜生长与品质的影响

苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum)芽菜是一种新兴健康食品,该研究通过不同光周期(0、4、8、12、16和20 h·d~(-1))处理苦荞芽菜,测定其生物量、叶绿素和主要营养成分的含量以及黄酮合成相关基因的表达水平,以明确不同光周期对苦荞芽菜品质的影响机理。结果表明:(1)随着苦荞芽菜生长时间的增加,芽菜生物量总体呈上升趋势,16 h·d~(-1)光周期时芽菜生长状态最好,鲜重最大。(2)不同光周期对苦荞芽菜各营养成分含量的影响有所差异,可溶性糖含量在芽菜萌发第2天开始逐渐下降,10 d后含量仅为第2天的13.5%～14.5%;花青素含量在芽菜萌发第2天光周期为12 h·d~(-1)时最高(2.16 mg/g),不同光周期处理4～10 d后均显示出降低趋势;芦丁是苦荞芽菜中主要的黄酮类化合物,芦丁含量在不同光周期处理后有所变化且适当的光照有利于其合成和积累,并在处理第4天光周期为16 h·d~(-1)时含量最高(59.60 mg/g)。(3)qRT-PCR分析表明,不同光周期处理的苦荞芽菜中各黄酮合成相关基因的表达量在第2天最高,随生长周期其表达量均不同程度降低,但黄酮醇合成支路关键酶基因FtFLS1和花青素支路基因FtDFR2表达量上升、且显示出强烈的光诱导特征。研究发现,光周期对苦荞芽菜的生物量影响较大,黑暗有利于胚轴伸长,长光周期(16 h·d~(-1))有利于鲜重的增加;在苦荞萌发过程中,苦荞芽菜可溶性糖、花青素和芦丁含量整体呈减少趋势,可溶性糖和花青素含量均在光周期16 h·d~(-1)处理第2天时最高,芦丁含量在光周期为16 h·d~(-1)处理第4天时最高,建议苦荞芽菜在光周期为16 h·d~(-1)生长4 d时采食。     

山黧豆(Lathyrus sativus L.)苗菜用品种的筛选与评价

针对山黧豆苗菜用特性评价体系不完善和优良品种鉴别不明确的现状,收集我国不同地区的29份山黧豆品种资源作为供试材料,模拟中农绿谷芽苗菜研究院山黧豆苗的培育工艺与条件,根据山黧豆及山黧豆苗的8项性状指标,采用基本统计量分析、K-均值聚类分析和相关性分析对山黧豆苗菜用特性进行初步评价。结果表明,各性状中苗菜产出量的变异最大,变异系数为24.42%。29份山黧豆品种资源可划分为5个类群。其中一类具有小粒、高苗菜产出量、高可溶性蛋白含量、高VC含量的特征。苗长与苗菜产出量和种皮的光滑程度极显著正相关;苗菜产出量与品种种皮光滑程度极显著正相关,与百粒重显著负相关。本研究显示,鉴定与评价山黧豆品种苗菜用特性优劣时,应重点考虑苗菜产出量并兼顾营养品质和感官品质,优先筛选苗菜产出量≥1.01的品种作为芽用备选资源。初步筛选出甘肃张掖山黧豆、白香山黧豆、阿杂山黧豆-2共3份优异资源,供进一步研究。     

Photophysiology of turion germination inSpirodela polyrhiza (L.)Schleiden. The cause of germination inhibition by overcrowding

Red-light-induced (via phytochrome) germination decreased with increasing numbers of turions per germination flask (overcrowding). Three hypotheses concerning the mechanism of this germination inhibition were tested, related to abscisic acid, ethylene, and oxygen deficiency: (i) Although abscisic acid is a powerful inhibitor of turion germination it had to be excluded as a cause, because abscisic acid was not secreted from turions into the nutrient solution, (ii) Ethylene (ethrel) strongly inhibited growth of newly formed sprouts, but germination response itself was not inhibited, (iii) Germination inhibition did not appear if short light pulses were substituted by continuous irradiation. It reappeared in the presence of the photosynthesis inhibitor 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-l, 1-dimethylurea, but it was not observed in aerated nutrient solutions, or when Petri dishes instead of Erlenmeyer flasks were used. Decreased oxygen concentrations in the nutrient solution were produced by turion respiration. Consequently, anaerobiosis within the nutrient solution caused by turion respiration was the reason for germination inhibition by overcrowding.     

UV-C对紫杉针叶叶绿体膜脂过氧化及PSⅡ电子传递活性的影响

在实验室条件下,用12W·m^-2剂量的紫外线C(UV-C,254nm)辐射紫杉针叶离体叶绿体．结果表明。随辐射时间的延长,活性氧清除系统中类胡萝卜素(Car)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性有不同程度的下降;脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量和膜相对透性有不同程度的增加;光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)电子传递活性显著下降,这种下降与光合活性光(PAR)强度呈反比;叶绿素对UV-C辐射不敏感．根据以上结果推测,UV-C辐射诱导叶绿体膜脂过氧化是导致PSⅡ电子传递活性下降的原因之一．     

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Sprouts Germinated under Red Light Irradiation Induce Disease Resistance against Bacterial Rotting Disease

Specific wavelengths of light can exert various physiological changes in plants, including effects on responses to disease incidence. To determine whether specific light wavelength had effects on rotting disease caused by Pseudomonas putida 229, soybean sprouts were germinated under a narrow range of wavelengths from light emitting diodes (LEDs), including red (650–660), far red (720–730) and blue (440–450 nm) or broad range of wavelength from daylight fluorescence bulbs. The controls were composed of soybean sprouts germinated in darkness. After germination under different conditions for 5 days, the soybean sprouts were inoculated with P. putida 229 and the disease incidence was observed for 5 days. The sprouts exposed to red light showed increased resistance against P. putida 229 relative to those grown under other conditions. Soybean sprouts germinated under red light accumulated high levels of salicylic acid (SA) accompanied with up-regulation of the biosynthetic gene ICS and the pathogenesis- related (PR) gene PR-1, indicating that the resistance was induced by the action of SA via de novo synthesis of SA in the soybean sprouts by red light irradiation. Taken together, these data suggest that only the narrow range of red light can induce disease resistance in soybean sprouts, regulated by the SA-dependent pathway via the de novo synthesis of SA and up-regulation of PR genes.     

The influence of light,gibberellic acid and CCC on sprout growth and mobilization of tuber reserves in the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Summary Warm white fluorescent light inhibited the elongation of potato sprouts and reduced the rate at which reserve materials in the mother tuber were mobilized. The evidence indicated that the influence of light on mobilization was independent of light effects on the magnitude of the sink for translocates in the sprout. However, dark-grown sprouts exerted a greater directive influence than illuminated sprouts on the translocation of the mobilized materials.The rate of elongation and increase in dry weight of sprouts was promoted by exogenous GA independently of the effects of light on these processes, and the absence of any effects of CCC on sprout length and dry weight in these experiments was interpreted to indicate that light did not influence these parameters by controlling the level of endogenous gibberellins. Neither GA nor CCC modified the effects of light on the dry matter content of the sprouts, suggesting that growth in darkness and growth induced by GA were qualitatively different. The results are compared with the effects of light and GA on growth and stem elongation in other species.     

Light emitting diodes increase phenolics of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) sprouts

Abstract

Four types of light emitting diodes (LEDs) were used in three combinations (all blue [BBB], red: blue: far-red [RBFr]=4:1:1 and red: green: blue [RGB]=4:1:1) and seven irradiation cycles (12 h/12 h photoperiod, 1 Hz, 10 Hz, 100 Hz, 1 KHz, 10 KHz and 100 KHz) were applied to examine their effect on growth, stem color and phenolic compounds (homoorientin, orientin, rutin, vitexin and isovitexin) in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum cv. Great Ruby) sprouts. With a few exceptions, among all the combinations and irradiation cycles of LEDs, the Great Ruby cultivar showed significant differences in total height and dry weight of sprouts. The study revealed that there was a direct effect of different combination and irradiation cycles of LEDs on sprout height and dry weight; and among the combinations, RBFr and BBB had more positive effect than RGB. Increasing irradiation cycles markedly decreased the red color of stalks of F. esculentum cv. Great Ruby sprouts, with no significant effect on leaf color. In sprouts, the rutin content of leaves and stalks was higher at 12 h photoperiod and the amount in leaves was 5–7% higher than that of stalks in all combinations and irradiation cycles of LEDs. Among polyphenols, the rutin content in stalks was 1.45–2.97 mg g^?1 dry weight and the maximum amount of rutin was obtained from RGB combination of LEDs. In leaves, higher amounts of homoorientin, orientin and vitexin+isovitexin were obtained from the RGB combination and there were significant differences between RGB and other two combinations of LEDs. On the other hand, in between the irradiation cycles used in the study, there were no significant differences for other polyphenols in leaves and stalks of buckwheat sprouts.     

Root growth dynamics of Brussels sprouts (Brassica olearacea var.gemmifera) and leeks (Allium porrum L.) as reflected by root length,root colour and UV fluorescence

Minirhizotron observations of roots of leeks and Brussels sprouts grown in the Wageningen Rhizolab were used to study the dynamics of root length. Day of appearance and the time of decay were assessed for individual root segments visible on the minirhizotron surface.A Brussels sprouts crop produced much more root length than leeks, but the average longevity of these roots was about half that of leek roots.To investigate whether root colour or UV fluorescence could be used as a quantitative index of root functionality or root age, changes in root colour (on a scale of greys) over time were measured with interactive image analysis. In both crops a gradual change towards black was found with ageing. Measurements of the intensity of the UV fluorescence showed that leek roots fluoresced more than Brussels sprouts roots. Over time, UV fluorescence decreased in Brussels sprouts roots but increased in leek roots. It is concluded that UV fluorescence cannot be used as a universal indicator of root age or root functionality, but in some plant species it may be used to separate (transparent) roots from the background with image analysis techniques.     

Change in the reaction of the antioxidant system of wheat sprouts after UV-irradiation of seeds

The response of the antioxidant system of sprouts of wheat Triticum aestivum L. to preliminary irradiation of seeds with UV light was studied. The dependence of lipid peroxidation and the extent of antioxidant activity on the duration of irradiation was studied. It was shown that low doses of UV radiation (5-15 min) stimulate the antioxidant protection of green wheat sprouts grown for eight days. Increasing the irradiation time to 30-60 min leads to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the antioxidant system. A more prolonged irradiation of seeds with UV light (for 1-6 h) led to an increase in the level of lipid peroxidation in sprouts. However, 1-2-day-old sprouts from seeds irradiated for 5-6 h, adapted themselves to the influence due to the compensatory mechanisms. By the 8th day of germination of preliminarily irradiated seeds, the content of antioxidants and malone dialdehyde returned to the norm. The dynamics of activity of peroxidase in seeds irradiated with low doses of UV light for 30 min was studied. It was found that on the third day of seed germination, a decrease in peroxidase activity followed by its slight increase occurred. The maximum activity of the enzyme in the endosperm was observed on day 5-6, and in roots and green sprouts, on day 3-5 of germination. It was concluded that antioxidants and peroxidase are involved in the compensatory mechanisms of inhibition of free radicals formed upon UV irradiation of seeds.     

Response of Japanese beech (Fagus japonica Maxim.) sprouts to canopy gaps

The response of Japanese beech (Fagus japonica Maxim.) sprouts to canopy gaps in natural beech forest in central Japan was studied using two contrasted gaps in which tree-ring chronologies of regenerating stems were analyzed. The gaps were created by uprooting of a single Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata stem (diameter: 50 cm; gap size: 40 m²; 23 years old) and by concurrent uprootings of four F. japonica stools (gap size: 180 m²; 30 years old). Japanese beech sprouts emerged before and after the gap formation and dominated stem populations in both gaps. In gaps, growth of F. japonica sprouts was equal or lower than growth of stems of seed origin, but most sprouts (F. japonica, Acer mono var. marmoratum) appeared a few years before emergence of seedlings. The small gap created by single stem fall was dominated by some beech sprouts from stools adjacent to the gap. The multiple gap was not closed by beech sprouts from stools surrounding the gap, but some dominant beech stems were resprouts from the uprooted beech stools. The existence of a sprout bank under the canopy may play an important role in the closing process of gaps in natural Japanese beech forest.