经纤支镜国产气道覆膜支架肺减容术治疗肺气肿模型的应用研究

目的:研究经纤支镜国产气道覆膜支架肺减容术治疗肺气肿动物模型的可行性、治疗效果及并发症发生情况。方法:4只雌性山羊应用局部气管内滴注木瓜蛋白酶方法复制不均一肺气肿模型。经电子支气管镜通过推送装置在肺气肿模型的不同支气管亚段(右肺上叶前段或后段)放入1-2枚气道覆膜支架,术前1天及术后6周测肺功能、查血气分析及胸部CT扫描。观察有无肺部感染等并发症。结果:支架植入后6周发现肺总量(TLC)、功能残气量(FRC)、残气量(RV)均出现下降,与术前比较均有统计学意义(p0.05)。RV/TLC(%)从术前的42.55%降至20.37%。PaO2从(70.50±1.85)mmHg上升至(81.25±1.11)mmHg,有统计学意义(p0.05)。CT检查及肺组织大体标本证实支架远端存在肺不张。仅有一只出现肺部感染早期症状,全部动物未发生气胸、肺脓肿等严重并发症。结论:经纤维支气管镜植入国产气道覆膜支架行肺减容术治疗肺气肿具有治疗效果确切、创伤小、安全性好、操作方便等特点。     

经纤维支气管镜介入治疗肺毛霉菌病1例

肺毛霉菌病是一相对少见疾病,多发生于免疫功能受损的患者,患者多数有基础疾病,如糖尿病、白血病、慢阻肺等。本文报道1例肺毛霉菌病,患者为老年男性,合并糖尿病,以两性霉素B全身化疗辅以纤维支气管镜介入治疗,病情痊愈。     

经支气管镜治疗96 例难治性肺炎临床观察

目的：探讨经支气管镜吸痰、灌洗和注药治疗难治性肺炎的临床疗效和安全性。方法：96 例确诊的难治性肺炎患者被随机分 为观察组和对照组,每组均为48 例。对照组采用针对性和经验性常规治疗;观察组在常规治疗基础上行经支气管镜局部吸痰、灌 洗和注药。比较两组治疗情况、通气功能和血气指标变化、疗效及不良反应情况等。结果：观察组住院时间和病灶好转时间仅为 (12.45± 3.25)d 和(19.32± 3.86)d 均显著低于对照组住院和病灶好转时间(P<0.05),而住院费用仅为(30721.00± 1004.00)元,显著 少于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后体温、CRP、WBC、RR 和HR 水平分别下降到(36.74± 0.40)℃、(34.9± 3.0) mg/L、(9.49± 1.20) × 109/L 、(21± 5) 次/min 和(84± 8) 次/min,显著低于治疗前和对照组治疗后水平(P<0.05);总有效率为83.33%显著高于对照组52.08% (P<0.05),细菌培养阳性率85.42％,显著高于细菌培养阳性率29.17％(P<0.05);术后无严重并发症。结论：在常规治疗基础上经纤 维支气管镜局部吸痰、灌洗和注药治疗难治性肺炎,能改善患者肺通气功能,提高临床治疗效果,缩短病程。     

纤维支气管镜吸痰对全肺切除术后心衰治疗效果的观察

目的:探讨规律纤维支气管镜吸痰对全肺切除术后心衰的治疗效果。方法:选取唐都医院胸外科于2012年1月至2014年1月行开胸全肺切除术,且术后并发心衰的患者184例进行前瞻性随机对照研究,将所选患者分为研究组(96例)和对照组(88例),前者除常规心衰治疗外,每天至少1次使用纤维支气管镜吸痰,必要时可根据痰量增加吸痰次数;后者仅采用利尿、强心、扩血管等常规疗法,比较两组患者的心指数、呼吸频率、动脉血气分析等指标,同时测定和比较两组患者治疗后72 h的血浆脑钠肽浓度。结果:治疗后1 h,对照组患者的心指数由(2.7±0.2)L/min·m2升高至(3.1±0.3)L/min·m2,呼吸频率由(35.4±2.9)次/分降至(21.3±2.5)次/分,Pa O2由(57.4±3.9)mm Hg升至(60.3±3.4)mm Hg,Sa O2由(83.5±7.1)%升至(86.3±3.7)%;研究组患者的心指数由(2.8±0.1)L/min·m2升高至(3.5±0.2)L/min·m2,呼吸频率由(34.2±3.1)次/分降至(19.2±2.2)次/分,Pa O2由(56.5±4.8)mm Hg升至(66.2±7.1)mm Hg,Sa O2由(84.5±6.5)%升至(91.6±3.5)%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),研究组患者治疗后的以上指标水平均明显优于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后24 h内,79.2%的研究组患者咳嗽、咳痰及肺部湿罗音基本缓解,对照组患者以上症状、体征的缓解率为47.7%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后72 h,研究组患者的血浆脑钠肽浓度显著低于对照组患者(576.3±77.6 vs894.6±86.5,P0.01)。结论:支气管镜吸痰有助于改善全肺切除术后心衰患者的心肺功能。     

经支气管镜局部灌注两性霉素B联合氩气刀治疗肺根霉病1例CSCD

报道1例经支气管镜局部灌注两性霉素B联合氩气刀技术治疗造血干细胞移植术后肺部小孢根霉感染。患者,男,13岁,诊断为肝炎相关性重症再生障碍性贫血,行外周血干细胞移植后出现高热、咳嗽、咳痰、气促,影像学表现为双肺感染性病变、部分实变,伴双侧胸腔积液,双下肺部分膨胀不全。经病理及二代基因测序证实为小孢根霉感染,通过支气管镜于右主支气管、右下基底段精准灌注两性霉素B治疗共16次,成功治愈。     

经纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗儿童顽固性肺炎的临床研究

目的：探讨经纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗儿童顽固性肺炎的治疗效果。方法：选择儿童顽固性肺炎患者48例,随机选择26例行纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗＋常规治疗（实验组）,另22例行单存常规治疗（对照组）,对比两组治疗方案的有效率。结果：实验组22例（84.62%）有效,肺炎治疗有效时间为（9±2.1）d,对照组12例（54.55%）有效,肺炎治疗有效时间为（15.6±3.8）d。实验组肺炎治疗有效率明显高于对照组（p〈0.05）,且肺炎治疗有效时间明显少于对照组（p〈0.05）。结论：纤维支气管镜灌洗是治疗儿童顽固性肺炎的一种有效方法。     

经纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗儿童顽固性肺炎的临床研究

目的:探讨经纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗儿童顽固性肺炎的治疗效果。方法:选择儿童顽固性肺炎患者48例,随机选择26例行纤维支气管镜灌洗治疗+常规治疗(实验组),另22例行单存常规治疗(对照组),对比两组治疗方案的有效率。结果:实验组22例(84.62%)有效,肺炎治疗有效时间为(9±2.1)d,对照组12例(54.55%)有效,肺炎治疗有效时间为(15.6±3.8)d。实验组肺炎治疗有效率明显高于对照组(p<0.05),且肺炎治疗有效时间明显少于对照组(p<0.05)。结论:纤维支气管镜灌洗是治疗儿童顽固性肺炎的一种有效方法。     

人类偏肺病毒的研究进展

人类偏肺病毒是近几年新发现的一种呼吸道病毒,属副粘病毒科,是引起婴幼儿呼吸道疾病的病毒之一。本文从病毒生物学性状、发病机制、临床意义及其诊断、治疗等方面进行综述．以引起对泫病毒的关注。     

ABHD2 基因与慢性阻塞性肺疾病关系的研究进展

ABHD2是在人体内表达的一种水解酶蛋白(/hydrolase protein),尽管底物尚不清楚,但其与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的发生具有密切的相关性。ABHD2基因在肺部主要表达在肺泡II型细胞和肺支气管的非管型平滑肌细胞,参与调节肺泡表面活性物质的合成和分泌。相关研究显示ABHD2基因敲除小鼠可自发形成肺气肿表型。此外,人ABHD2基因的rs12442260多态性可增加COPD的发病风险。因此,ABHD2基因在慢性阻塞性肺疾病的发生发展过程中起着重要的作用。本文主要就ABHD2基因表达与COPD、肺气肿等疾病的相关性进行综述。     

阻塞性肺气肿模型的制作

目的在2周内对国际标准实验动物Beagle犬进行肺气肿模型的制作,建立较为标准的肺气肿模型,从而为治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）的方法提供良好的动物模型。方法Beagle犬8只,雌雄各半,2岁,体重13～18kg,雾化吸人木瓜蛋白酶12000U/kg,1次,周,共2周。实验前后测量试验动物肺功能,做胸部CT及病理学比较。结果实验前后动物肺功能,CT及病理学检查均显示较大的差异。8例实验动物的功能残气量（FRC）、肺总量（TLC）、功能残气量比肺总量（FRC/TLC％）、潮气量（VT）和呼吸频率（BR）,在肺气肿模型制作前后做两两比较,结果显示均有统计学差异P〈0.05,血氧饱和度（SpO2）0.05两者间无统计学差异。CT显示肺体积增大,局部肺野透亮度增加有肺大泡形成。试验后病理学检查显示肺泡壁破坏,肺泡间质断裂,肺泡融合,形成典型的全小叶型肺气肿改变。实验后动物出现肺气肿征表现,如气喘,咳嗽及上呼吸道分泌物增等。结论在标准实验动物身上可以较为准确、快速地复制出近似于人类阻塞性肺气肿病理改变的动物模型。     

Mechanisms of gas exchange response to lung volume reduction surgery in severe emphysema

Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) improves lung function, respiratory symptoms, and exercise tolerance in selected patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, who have heterogeneous emphysema. However, the reported effects of LVRS on gas exchange are variable, even when lung function is improved. To clarify how LVRS affects gas exchange in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 23 patients were studied before LVRS, 14 of whom were again studied afterwards. We performed measurements of lung mechanics, pulmonary hemodynamics, and ventilation-perfusion (Va/Q) inequality using the multiple inert-gas elimination technique. LVRS improved arterial Po? (Pa(O?)) by a mean of 6 Torr (P = 0.04), with no significant effect on arterial Pco? (Pa(CO?)), but with great variability in both. Lung mechanical properties improved considerably more than did gas exchange. Post-LVRS Pa(O?) depended mostly on its pre-LVRS value, whereas improvement in Pa(O(2)) was explained mostly by improved Va/Q inequality, with lesser contributions from both increased ventilation and higher mixed venous Po(2). However, no index of lung mechanical properties correlated with Pa(O?). Conversely, post-LVRS Pa(CO?) bore no relationship to its pre-LVRS value, whereas changes in Pa(CO?) were tightly related (r2 = 0.96) to variables, reflecting decrease in static lung hyperinflation (intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure and residual volume/total lung capacity) and increase in airflow potential (tidal volume and maximal inspiratory pressure), but not to Va/Q distribution changes. Individual gas exchange responses to LVRS vary greatly, but can be explained by changes in combinations of determining variables that are different for oxygen and carbon dioxide.     

Physiological characterization of variability in response to lung volume reduction surgery.

This paper examines potential physiological mechanisms responsible for improvement after lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS). In 25 patients (63 +/- 9 yr; 11 men, 14 women), spirometry [forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) and forced vital capacity (FVC)], lung volumes [residual volume (RV) and total lung capacity (TLC)], small airway resistance, recoil pressures, and respiratory muscle contractility (RMC) were measured before and 4-6 mo after LVRS. Data were interpreted to assess how changes in each component of lung mechanics affect overall function. Among responders (DeltaFEV(1) > or = 12%; 150 ml), improvement was primarily due to an increase in FVC, not to FEV(1)-to-FVC ratio. Among nonresponders, FEV(1), FVC, and RV/TLC did not change after surgery, although recoil pressure increased in both groups. Both groups experienced a reduction in RMC after LVRS. In conclusion, LVRS improves function in emphysema by resizing the lung relative to the chest wall by reducing RV. LVRS does not change airway resistance but decreases RMC, which attenuates the potential benefits of LVRS that are generated by reducing RV/TLC. Among nonresponders, recoil pressure increased out of proportion to reduced volume, such that no increase in vital capacity or improvement in FEV(1) occurred.     

低温冷冻治疗支气管内膜结核所致气道狭窄作用探讨

目的:探讨低温冷冻治疗在支气管内膜结核治疗中的应用.方法:78例支气管内膜结核病人,在规则化疗基础上,应用纤维支气管镜下进行低温冷冻治疗,追踪观察临床疗效.结果:78例患者中70例分别属于炎症、溃疡和肉芽增生型,8例属于瘢痕狭窄型.70例非瘢痕狭窄型患者在多点多处单纯冷冻治疗后,症状明显改善、气道恢复通畅、影像学改变明显;8例瘢痕型患者冷冻治疗无效.结论:低温冷冻治疗在支气管内膜结核治疗上有着良好的应用前景.     

Inspiratory lung impedance in COPD: effects of PEEP and immediate impact of lung volume reduction surgery.

Frequency-dependent characteristics of lung resistance (RL) and elastance (EL) are sensitive to different patterns of airway obstruction. We used an enhanced ventilator waveform (EVW) to measure inspiratory RL and EL spectra in ventilated patients during thoracic surgery. The EVW delivers an inspiratory flow waveform with enhanced spectral excitation from 0.156 to 8.1 Hz. Estimates of the coefficients in a trigonometric approximation of the EVW flow and transpulmonary pressure inspirations yielded inspiratory RL and EL spectra. We applied the EVW in a group with mild obstruction undergoing various thoracoscopic procedures (n = 6), and another group with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing lung volume reduction surgery (n = 8). Measurements were made at positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 0, 3, and 6 cmH(2)O. Inspiratory RL was similar in both groups despite marked differences in spirometry. The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients demonstrated a pronounced frequency-dependent increase in inspiratory EL consistent with severe heterogeneous peripheral airway obstruction. PEEP appears to have beneficial effects by reducing peripheral airway resistance. Lung volume reduction surgery resulted in increased inspiratory RL and EL at all frequencies and PEEPs, possibly due to loss of diseased lung tissue, pulmonary edema, increased mechanical heterogeneity, and/or an improvement in airway tethering.     

Relation between trunk fat volume and reduction of total lung capacity in obese men

Reduction in total lung capacity (TLC) in obese men is associated with restricted expansion of the thoracic cavity at full inflation. We hypothesized that thoracic expansion was reduced by the load imposed by increased total trunk fat volume or its distribution. Using MRI, we measured internal and subcutaneous trunk fat and total abdominal and thoracic volumes at full inflation in 14 obese men [mean age: 52.4 yr, body mass index (BMI): 38.8 (range: 36-44) kg/m(2)] and 7 control men [mean age: 50.1 yr, BMI: 25.0 (range: 22-27.5) kg/m(2)]. TLC was measured by multibreath helium dilution and was restricted (<80% of the predicted value) in six obese men (the OR subgroup). All measurements were made with subjects in the supine position. Mean total trunk fat volume was 16.65 (range: 12.6-21.8) liters in obese men and 6.98 (range: 3.0-10.8) liters in control men. Anthropometry and mean total trunk fat volumes were similar in OR men and obese men without restriction (the ON subgroup). Mean total intraabdominal volume was 9.41 liters in OR men and 11.15 liters in ON men. In obese men, reduced thoracic expansion at full inflation and restriction of TLC were not inversely related to a large volume of 1) intra-abdominal or total abdominal fat, 2) subcutaneous fat volume around the thorax, or 3) total trunk fat volume. In addition, trunk fat volumes in obese men were not inversely related to gas volume or estimated intrathoracic volume at supine functional residual capacity. In conclusion, this study failed to support the hypotheses that restriction of TLC or impaired expansion of the thorax at full inflation in middle-aged obese men was simply a consequence of a large abdominal volume or total trunk fat volume or its distribution.     

Xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme gene polymorphisms predict response to lung volume reduction surgery

Background

In the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT), marked variability in response to lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) was observed. We sought to identify genetic differences which may explain some of this variability.

Methods

In 203 subjects from the NETT Genetics Ancillary Study, four outcome measures were used to define response to LVRS at six months: modified BODE index, post-bronchodilator FEV₁, maximum work achieved on a cardiopulmonary exercise test, and University of California, San Diego shortness of breath questionnaire. Sixty-four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in five genes previously shown to be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease susceptibility, exercise capacity, or emphysema distribution.

Results

A SNP upstream from glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP1; p = 0.003) and a coding SNP in microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1; p = 0.02) were each associated with change in BODE score. These effects appeared to be strongest in patients in the non-upper lobe predominant, low exercise subgroup. A promoter SNP in EPHX1 was associated with change in BODE score (p = 0.008), with the strongest effects in patients with upper lobe predominant emphysema and low exercise capacity. One additional SNP in GSTP1 and three additional SNPs in EPHX1 were associated (p < 0.05) with additional LVRS outcomes. None of these SNP effects were seen in 166 patients randomized to medical therapy.

Conclusion

Genetic variants in GSTP1 and EPHX1, two genes encoding xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, were predictive of response to LVRS. These polymorphisms may identify patients most likely to benefit from LVRS.     

Cytofluorimetric evaluation of DNA ploidy in lung cancer: a bronchoscopic study

The study of the biological characteristics of lung cancer is gaining more and more interest both because of their potential role as prognostic indicators and for therapeutic reasons. The DNA content estimated by flow cytometry in surgical samples of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has already been demonstrated to be correlated with survival in these patients. From July 1990 to February 1992 we analyzed the DNA distribution of bronchoscopic biopsies from 88 patients with lung cancer (18 small cell lung cancer, SCLC, and 68 NSCLC, two unspecified histology). Twenty-eight tumors (34.6%) had a diploid DNA distribution, while 53 were aneuploid (65.4%). A correlation was found between DNA ploidy and survival. Evaluation of the DNA content in bronchoscopic samples in a large series of patients could determine the role of this analysis prior to surgery in NSCLC and its value as a marker with respect to prognosis and response to therapy in SCLC.