陕西府谷发现的晚中新世维氏大唇犀(奇蹄目,犀科)新材料

新材料有丰富的头骨和下颌骨标本,因而对维氏大唇犀有了更加深入的了解。观察结果显示维氏大唇犀在大唇犀属中的地位相当特别,它具有极窄的顶嵴间平面、马鞍形的头骨顶面、发育的眶上结节和较高的枕面,这些特征显示出它是所有已知大唇犀中最原始的一个种。     

中国更新世兔属化石两新种

中国更新世兔属(Lepus)化石较为丰富,尤其是周口店各化石地点产出了大量的标本。但受条件的限制,缺乏对现生骨骼标本的研究与对比,分类位置混乱或仅鉴定为未定种。详细观察研究了中国科学院动物研究所保存的现生兔属8种的187件头骨标本,归纳整理出Lepus各个种头骨与牙齿特征的个体差异和年龄变化以及稳定的特征。主要稳定特征包括:鼻骨基本形态,如长度、前后相对宽度等;额骨两侧凹陷深浅;眶上突上翘程度;颞窝的深浅及宽度;成年个体上间顶骨愈合,或不完全愈合;门齿前齿沟的形态及白垩质充填的情况;门齿孔宽,腭桥长及翼内窝宽度的比例关系;颧骨高度,浅层咬肌窝及咬肌突腹面三角的形态(反映出咬肌的发育程度);吻部形态;下颌骨基本形态(冠状突、上升支、齿隙骨体、颏孔位置等);颊齿基本形态等。在对现生标本观察研究的基础上,详细描述了周口店第13地点的兔头骨及颅后骨骼,命名一新种德氏兔Lepus teilhardisp. nov.。新种以下列特征区别于已知兔属各种:颅全长平均大于90 mm,眶上突轻微上翘,前支稍短,后支发育;额骨两侧凹陷浅;咬肌突腹面中等大小;颧弓浅层咬肌窝较深;翼内窝宽度明显大于腭桥最小纵径;门齿孔较细长;颞窝上突起较高;枕外结节向下延伸成一低脊;听泡较大;外枕骨较宽,顶视几乎覆盖岩乳骨及部分听泡;I2前齿沟"V"字形,内、外两侧的前缘较平直且几乎持平,充填少量白垩质;下颌骨冠状突倾斜。陕西蓝田陈家窝子发现的翁氏兔(Lepus wongi)也归入该种内。将山东淄博孙家山发现的标本命名为淄博兔Lepus ziboensissp. nov.。该种门齿前齿沟浅窄,充填白垩质;齿隙明显较长;腭桥较长;翼内窝宽度与腭桥长度近乎相等;P2外前褶沟窄浅,内前褶沟亦较浅;p3在1件标本上可见较浅的前内褶沟。根据共生动物群分析,淄博兔的时代为早更新世晚期,参照测年数据德氏兔的时代可能从早更新世晚期至中更新世早期。     

南京1号直立人头骨与肯尼亚KNM-ER 3733人类头骨化石的形态比较

KNM-ER 3733人类头骨化石的年代为距今1.78百万年,1975年发现于肯尼亚。Walker和Leakey注意到这具头骨与周口店直立人的在脑颅形态上很相近,但二者在年代上相差大约1百万年,故认为直立人形态在这1百万年期间是稳定的。长期来此观点缺乏更多的人类化石证据来支持。1993年在中国发现了南京1号人类头骨化石。该头骨与KNM-ER 3733头骨一样兼具脑颅和面颅,且都属于成年女性个体,但南京1号人类头骨化石的年代比KNM-ER 3733人类头骨化石的要晚大约1百万年。因此,南京1号人类头骨是目前所知的可用来验证直立人头骨形态是否在1百万年期间保持稳定的唯一合适的人类头骨化石材料。形态比较表明,这两个人类头骨化石的脑颅虽然在眶上圆枕上沟的发育程度、眶后收缩的程度、额骨横向隆起的程度、角圆枕和乳后突的发育与否、顶骨形状以及骨壁厚度的表现上有所差异,但有更多的形态性状显示出相近。这些相近表现在脑颅的长、宽、高值上;颅容量上;脑颅的低矮性上;脑颅最大宽之位置上;额骨、顶骨、枕骨之矢弧值的比例上;眶上圆枕的纤细上;顶骨的大小和矢向扁平性上;颞线位置和颞鳞顶缘的形状上;枕鳞的低宽形状上;上枕鳞与下枕鳞之间的转折形状和比例上;枕骨圆枕和枕骨圆枕上沟的发育程度上等。这两具头骨的面颅虽然有同属突颌型的面角、皆发育有鼻骨间嵴、两鼻骨组成的上部宽度与下部宽度皆差别很大,但有更多的形态性状显示出差别。这些差别表现在面型上、颜面上部扁平度上、眶形和眶型上、上颌额突外侧面的朝向上、鼻骨横向隆起程度上、鼻梁外突程度上、鼻型上、颧骨下缘外展程度上、颊高上、颧上颌下缘的形状上、上颌颧突基部的位置上以及颧结节的位置上等。因此,南京1号头骨与KNM-ER 3733头骨之间在脑颅上显示出较多的相近性状,在面颅上则显示出较多的相异性状。脑颅方面的相近性状大多具有分类上的鉴别价值。这两个头骨脑颅形态的相近支持把KNM-ER 3733头骨鉴定为"直立人"的观点;也提示了南京1号头骨的脑颅似乎保持着1百多万年前的"祖先"形态。如果直立人的某些成员在至少1百万年期间保持着形态稳定的话,则这种形态上的稳定主要是表现在脑颅形态上。这两具头骨的面颅形态上较大差异的意义,目前尚不清楚。     

中更新世非洲Bodo人类头骨化石与周口店直立人的比较--中国与非洲人类头骨特征对比之三

发现于埃塞俄比亚MiddleAwash地区Bodo地点距今60万年的人类头骨化石是迄今发现的最为古老和完整的非洲中更新世人类化石。由于Bodo头骨化石在形态特征上兼有直立人与智人的特点,多年来学术界对其分类地位一直存在争议。Rightmire认为Bodo头骨化石与BrokenHill及Petralona等在分类上属于古老型智人的中更新世人类更为接近,是非洲直立人向古老型智人过渡的代表。至少在距今60万年的中更新世早期直立人向古老型智人转变的成种事件在非洲就已经发生。以Bodo头骨为代表的一批更新世中期非洲和欧洲人类化石构成了可能是后期人类祖先的人属海德堡种。这些观点导致了近年学术界对古老型智人在非洲及欧亚出现时间以及更新世中期非洲和欧亚地区古人类相互之间演化关系的关注。基于这样的背景,本文对年代与Bodo化石接近的周口店直立人头骨特征与Bodo头骨的相似及差异表现情况进行了对比研究。结果发现Bodo头骨在一系列特征上与周口店直立人相似,同时在包括颅容量在内的其它一些特征上呈现出后期智人的特点,但总体形态上似乎与直立人更为相似。作者认为尽管这种进化上的镶嵌现象在中国古人类化石记录上也广泛存在,但由于中国人类化石标本在年代上的不确定性,目前还没有可靠的证据说明这种集直立人与智人化石特征为一体的镶嵌性在中国古人类化石出现的时间接近或早于非洲。考虑到中国与非洲直立人生存年代的巨大差异及人类演化的不同步或地区间差异,具有较多后期人类特征表现的人类首先出现在非洲是完全可能的。根据这些研究对比,作者就人类演化的镶嵌现象、更新世中期非洲与亚洲地区人类演化上的差异等问题进行了讨论。     

山西天镇后裂爪兽属(哺乳动物纲,蹄兔目)化石初步报道

山西天镇的蹄兔化石被定为Ｐｏｓｔｓｃｈｉｚｏｔｈｅｒｉｕｍｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｍ。这是该属目前所知最好的一批材料,使我们对该属头骨、下颌和牙齿的特征有了更多、更确切的了解。该属头骨吻部拉长变宽,门齿间有长的齿隙;头骨和下颌骨具多个凹陷;上臼齿单面高冠,白垩质发育。这些特征足以把它和所有其他相近的属区别开来。后裂爪兽属似有明显的雌、雄性差异,主要表现在个体大小和门齿的形态及粗壮程度上。天镇产后裂爪兽化石地层的地质时代,根据蹄兔化石的进化水平和整个动物群性质判断,比泥河湾典型层位要早,可能应在１。８Ｍａ~２．６Ｍａ之间。     

南京直立人与印尼、周口店直立人的面颅形态比较

本文对南京直立人1号头骨与印尼Sangiran17头骨和周口店11号头骨作面颅形态上的比较。结果表明,南京1号头骨的面颅与周口店11号头骨的有许多共同的形态:较小的面颅尺寸、眶下区呈扁平状、较扁平的上部颜面、眶上圆枕较纤细、中眶型的眼眶、发育有颧切迹、上颌骨颧突基部位置较高等。南京1号头骨的面颅在另外一些方面显示出与Sangiran17头骨的形态上相近:阔上面型的面型、眶上圆枕内侧部比外侧部稍靠前、眶上圆枕下缘略呈平直状、鼻梁发育有中矢锐嵴、鼻梁横向呈峰状拱起、颧骨下缘外展、颧结节相对位置稍偏外侧、颧骨较高等。南京直立人面颅兼具周口店直立人11号头骨的和印尼直立人Sangiran17头骨的形态。从南京直立人的面颅形态可以推测我国南方的与北方的直立人群之间在体质形态上已经出现一定程度的地理变异。南京1号头骨面颅上的某些形态特征,如颧骨下缘外展等,可能反映了特征的梯度变异现象。这些特征的梯度变异的成因目前还很难确定。     

甘肃和政晚中新世许氏鼠(啮齿类：鼠科)头骨化石（英文）

描述了甘肃临夏盆地晚中新世柳树组中采集到的一件鼠亚科具下颌骨的头骨和数节颈椎化石(IVPP V 16288)。该头骨代表许氏鼠的一新种,被命名为亚洲许氏鼠(Huerzelerimysasiaticussp.nov.)。这是许氏鼠头骨的首次发现。其主要特征是:个体较小;头骨较宽短,具较宽短的吻部和较窄的眶间区;有较发达的前颌骨侧背嵴;两额嵴弱,近于平行;门齿孔长,向后延伸至M1前齿根舌侧;后颚孔位于M2舌侧;硬颚后缘位于M3之后;无翼间孔;具骨质的翼蝶管和膨大的听泡;内颈动脉孔的位置靠近基结节;下颌骨水平支较低,齿隙凹入较深;咬肌嵴伸至m1前缘下方;颏孔位于m1的前下方,咬肌嵴前方,靠近齿隙;I2为垂直伸型;M1的t1位置较H. exiguus靠前;M1和M2的t6和t9的连接脊明显,t12为低的脊形;M2的t1和t3以及M3的t1均与t5连;M3有t3和较大而孤立的t8;m1的下前中尖(Acc)明显,与颊侧下前边尖(Abc)和舌侧下前边尖(Alc)l两尖连;m1和m2颊侧齿带明显,有较大的c2与下原尖相连,后根为低弱的脊形;m2和m3的Abc孤立;m3无c1等。根据H. asiaticus的进化程度,H. aisaticus的产出时代可能比H. exiguus的稍晚,为灞河期晚期,大致与欧洲MN11上部或MN12下部的时代相当。     

郧县人类头骨化石与周口店直立人头骨的形态比较

对郧县人类头骨化石与周口店直立人头骨作了形态上的比较以检验直立人特征在郧县头骨化石上的表现情况．比较项目包括眶上圆枕、枕骨圆枕、枕平面与项平面之间的转折情况、眶后收缩、颅骨最大宽位置、颅盖低平情况、前额后倾情况和颅容量．结果表明,在郧县人类头骨化石的这些特征项目中,有的因头骨破损和变形而难以肯定．其余的则应是早期智人的特征．从形态上讲,郧县人类头骨化石目前还难肯定是属于直立人,而有可能属于智人,如果认为“直立人”和“智人”是两个不同的物种的话．     

内蒙古中部新发现的始施氏貘(哺乳纲,奇蹄目)头骨材料(英文)

记述了产自内蒙古呼和勃尔和剖面阿山头组的始施氏貘(Schlosseria magister)幼年头骨、头骨碎片及产自额尔登敖包底白层的S.magister成年头骨。幼年头骨在脊齿貘科属首次描述,成年头骨材料也是目前S.magister中首次描述。幼年头骨主要特征如下:头骨细长,脑颅部略有扩张,有眶后突,眶后收缩明显,矢状脊轻微发育;鼻切迹浅,位于前臼齿列之前,由前颌骨和鼻骨构成;眼眶大,眶前缘位于M1后部上方,眶下孔位于DP3-4之上;基蝶骨向后向中央逐渐加厚,末端隆起;翼蝶骨很大,从腹面看向后向背侧扩展,末端形成三角形的翼蝶骨突,覆盖在卵圆孔上;岩骨岬部表面有内颈动脉及其分支留下的3条沟痕;最内侧的为内颈动脉内侧沟,沿着岬部弯曲前行至最前部;镫骨动脉沟短小,横跨在圆窗前腹侧;岬动脉沟最长,起始于卵圆窗前内侧,沿岬部向前延伸;弓形下窝所在位置平滑,无凹陷。S.magister乳颊齿主要特征如下:DP2冠面大致呈三角形,前窄后宽,前缘较尖,长明显大于宽;外脊上仅有一个中央主尖前尖,一个非常不明显的小棱(可能为雏形的原脊)紧贴在前尖后舌侧壁上;前、后附尖不明显。DP3冠面呈梯形,与DP2相比明显增大,亚臼齿化,前附尖和后附尖略大,原、后脊明显。前尖大,后尖尚未分离;原尖很弱,几乎无法辨认,原脊低且不发育;次尖大而钝,比原尖更靠舌侧,后脊比原脊略发育,中部具小的后小尖;后脊在次尖处拐向后唇侧,使得磨蚀面呈V形。DP4冠面近方形,完全臼齿化,后尖已从外脊上分化出来,比前尖稍小,向舌侧倾斜,后尖肋明显;舌侧尖、脊发育完好,原尖和次尖大而钝,原脊、后脊近乎平行,比DP3的更高更长;两条脊分别在原尖和后尖处拐向后唇侧方,形成V形的磨蚀面。S.magister在由幼年向成年转变的过程中,主要变化趋势如下:1)吻部特征不同,主要表现为鼻切迹的位置、形态以及与之相关的前颌骨、上颌骨形态的差异。幼年头骨的鼻切迹位于前臼齿列之前,由前颌骨和鼻骨组成;成年头骨的鼻切迹后缩至M1-2之上,由鼻骨和上颌骨组成,并且因鼻切迹后缩造成鼻骨不与前颌骨接触。幼年和成年个体上颌骨的整体形态,眶前窝、眶下孔的位置和形态都差异显著。2)与咀嚼功能相关的结构改变。幼年个体的矢状脊微弱,而成年个体的则高且突起,暗示了后者具有相对强大的颞肌,以适应咀嚼功能。对比发现,S.magister与Lophialetes expeditus成年头骨在大小、整体形态和一些具有分类意义的特征上(如鼻骨和泪骨、前颌骨的接触方式,眶后突、关节后突、下颌关节窝的形状,矢状脊的高度等)非常接近。参照童永生、雷奕振(1984)对脊齿貘类头骨的划分方法,将Schlosseria magister的头骨与L.expeditus的划为一组,同时纠正了原有划分方案中存在的问题。     

宽头山东鳄(Shantungosuchus brachycephalus Young,1982)的再研究

根据对原标本的进一步修理,本文首先对宽头山东鳄（ShantungosuchusbrachycephalusYoung,1982）进行了重新记述,并对其特征作了修订。其主要特征为：头骨相对较宽;眼前孔小,上下分隔为二;轭骨前端不参与构成但接近眶前孔的后边缘;牙齿尖锐,第三枚上颌齿异常粗壮,比其它上颌齿至少大一倍;腭面诸骨表面光滑;基蝶骨腹面中央凹槽前窄后宽变化显著;侧欧氏管孔位于基蝶骨、基枕骨和外枕骨3者之间;下颌外孔大,齿骨后缘分为上、中、下三支;肩胛骨前外侧肩峰之上,发育一显著的嵴状突起。其次,把它与本属的其他两个种：莒县山东鳄（Shantungosuchuchuhsienensis）和杭锦山东鳄（Shantungosuchushangjinensis）做了比较。就目前的资料,还不能确立山东鳄属各种间的系统关系。     

Materials for Chinese Phyllanthoideae

The present paper is part of taxonomic study on Chinese Phyllanthoideae. Included in it are two new varieties, Leptopus esquirolii var. villosus and Drypetes hainanensis var. longistipitata, one new combination, Glochidion triandrum var. siamense, and seven new records in China: Drypetes salicifolia, D. hoaensis. Actephila subsessilis, Glochidion khasicum, G. nubigennum, Bridelia spiosa and B. poilanei. In addition, seventeen taxon names are newly reduced: Liodendron formosanum = Drypetes formosana, Liodendron matsumurae = Drypetes matsumurae, D. longipes = D. indica, Antidesma paxii = A. acidum, A. hiiranense, A. filipes and A. pentandrum var. hiiranense = A. japonicum, A. calvescens = A. montanum, A. microphyllum = A. venosum, Breynia stipitata var. formosana and B. jormosana = B. vitis-idaea, Glochidion zeylanicum var. tomentosum = G. hirsutum, G. rubidulum = G. thomsonii, G. acuminatum = G. triandrum, G. fagifolium and Phyllanthus fagifolius = Glochidion sphaerogynum, Bridelia penangiena = B. insulana, B. henryana = B. tomentosa. All the types are kept in SCBl and PE.     

Neutrino intergalactic communication,metal life,and viruses: Part 1 quo vadis ex machina

At one spectrum extreme, Astrobiology conjectures that for exoplanets with Goldilocks conditions, terrestrial-like life is inevitable. Moreover, it is envisaged that via panspermia, terrestrial-like life and its precursors are transferred among galaxies, stars, and within solar systems via transiting comets, asteroids, and planetoids. In addition, expelled stars, which have solar systems, it is inferred, transfer life as well. However, at the other extreme, we propose a paradigm shift that on some planets, subject to non- Goldilocks conditions, metal machine life could arise, ab initio, and evolve viruses, intelligence, and civilizations, conjointly. Accordingly, intelligent mechanized civilizations could readily and efficiently commence space exploration. Furthermore, as a counter paradigm shift, such civilizations could experiment and produce non-metallic life, based on carbon and other non-metal elements, under suitable conditions, related to Goldilocks life. Even a single example of validated interstellar or intergalactic communication received on the Earth would support the existence of life elsewhere. However, the communication platform should not be restricted to electromagnetic radiation. Other platforms should be included as well - one such example, which would require sophisticated technology, is neutrino communication. This is the case for any advanced civilization, be it metal-machine based, biological-based, and carbon-based. In sum, civilizations based on machine life, would be highly productive due to the longevity and hardiness of machine life. However, significant caveats are raised in this brief report, because possibly dissimilar psychologies and intelligence may lead to conflicts between metal machine life and biological life, inter-paradigm conflict.     

Molecular phylogeny of the gobioid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Gobioidei)

The phylogeny of groups within Gobioidei is examined with molecular sequence data. Gobioidei is a speciose, morphologically diverse group of teleost fishes, most of which are small, benthic, and marine. Efforts to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups have been hampered by the prevalence of reductive evolution among goby species; such reduction can make identification of informative morphological characters particularly difficult. Gobies have been variously grouped into two to nine families, several with included subfamilies, but most existing taxonomies are not phylogenetic and few cladistic hypotheses of relationships among goby groups have been advanced. In this study, representatives of eight of the nine gobioid familes (Eleotridae, Odontobutidae, Xenisthmidae, Gobiidae, Kraemeriidae, Schindleriidae, Microdesmidae, and Ptereleotridae), selected to sample broadly from the range of goby diversity, were examined. Complete sequence from the mitochondrial ND1, ND2, and COI genes (3573 bp) was used in a cladistic parsimony analysis to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups. A single most parsimonious topology was obtained, with decay indices indicating strong support for most nodes. Major phylogenetic conclusions include that Xenisthmidae is part of Eleotridae, and Eleotridae is paraphyletic with respect to a clade composed of Gobiidae, Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, Kraemeriidae, and Schindleriidae. Within this five-family clade, two clades are recovered. One includes Gobionellinae, which is paraphyletic with respect to Kraemeriidae, Sicydiinae, Oxudercinae, and Amblyopinae. The other contains Gobiinae, also paraphyletic, and including Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, and Schindleriidae. Previous morphological evidence for goby groupings is discussed; the phylogenetic hypothesis indicates that the morphological reduction observed in many goby species has been derived several times independently.     

Oxypred： Prediction and Classification of Oxygen-Binding Proteins

This study describes a method for predicting and classifying oxygen-binding pro- teins. Firstly, support vector machine (SVM) modules were developed using amino acid composition and dipeptide composition for predicting oxygen-binding pro- teins, and achieved maximum accuracy of 85.5% and 87.8%, respectively. Sec- ondly, an SVM module was developed based on amino acid composition, classify- ing the predicted oxygen-binding proteins into six classes with accuracy of 95.8%, 97.5%, 97.5%, 96.9%, 99.4%, and 96.0% for erythrocruorin, hemerythrin, hemo- cyanin, hemoglobin, leghemoglobin, and myoglobin proteins, respectively. Finally, an SVM module was developed using dipeptide composition for classifying the oxygen-binding proteins, and achieved maximum accuracy of 96.1%, 98.7%, 98.7%, 85.6%, 99.6%, and 93.3% for the above six classes, respectively. All modules were trained and tested by five-fold cross validation. Based on the above approach, a web server Oxypred was developed for predicting and classifying oxygen-binding proteins(available from http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/oxypred/).     

Mating systems of some putative polypore — agaric relatives

Mating systems are reported for taxa of polypores and agarics considered related. Taxa areDictyopanus pusillus, Favolus alveolaris, F. tenuiculus, Lentinus bertierii, L. crinitis, L. punctaticeps, L. strigellus, L. strigosus, L. suavissimus, Pleurotus australis, P. levis, P. tuberregium, Polyporus ciliatus, P. elegans, P. squamosus, andP. varius. All are tetrapolar exceptP. elegans.     

Some New Taxa and Records of Characeae in Hunan,China

In this paper, one new species, four new varieties and thirteen new records of Characeae from Hunan, China, are reported. They are Chara quadriscutulum, sp. nov., Nitella axilliformis var. biformis, var. nov., N. microcarpa var. unicarpa, var. nov., Chara braunii var. cylindrospora, var. nov., C. hydropitys var. hunanensis, var. nov., Nitella microcarpa Braun, N. leptoclada Braun, N. annandalei Pal, N. confervacea A. Braun, N. gracilliformis J. Groves, N. inversa Imahori, N. musashiensis Morioka, N. paucicostata T. F. Allen, N. acuminata var. gollmeriana (A. Br.) Zanev. et Wood, Tolypella boldii Sawa. Chara longifolia Robinson, C. pistianensis J. Vilhelm, C. grovesii Pal.     

Efficacy ofCarpophilus aggregation pheromones on nine species in northeastern Ohio, and identification of the pheromone ofC. brachypterus

Aggregation pheromones for sevenCarpophilus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) species were field tested at a site with a rich nitidulid fauna in Ohio, USA, during the summers of 1992 and 1993. The pheromones used were blends identified for:Carpophilus antiquus (Melsheimer),C. brachypterus (Say),C. freemani Dobson, C. hemipterus (L.),C. lugubris Murray,C. mutilatus Erichson, andC. obsoletus Erichson. Each pheromone was used in conjunction with whole wheat bread dough, an effective co-attractant. The pheromone ofC. brachypterus Say was identified during the course of this study and was also tested; males emitted a 100:6:11:4:3 blend of (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)-3, 5, 7-trimethyl-2, 4, 6, 8-decatetraene, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)-3, 5, 7-trimethyl-2, 4, 6, 8-undecatetraene, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)-7-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl-2, 4, 6, 8-decatetraene, (3E, 5E, 7E, 9E)-4, 6, 8-trimethyl-3, 5, 7, 9-undecatetraene and (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)-7-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl-2, 4, 6, 8-undecatetraene, respectively. All species responded favorably to their own pheromones with the exception ofC. obsoletus, which was not present in this area. Strong mutual cross attraction was observed betweenC. brachypterus andC. hemipterus. In addition,C. lugubris responded to the pheromones ofC. obsoletus andC. hemipterus and, more weakly, to those ofC. freemani andC. brachypterus; C. freemani responded slightly to the pheromone ofC. multilatus; andC. antiquus responded to the pheromone ofC. lugubris. In most cases, cross attraction was related to the species involved sharing pheromone components. ForC. antiquus, however, the response to theC. lugubris pheromone was apparently kairomonalC. corticinus, C. marginatus, C. marginellus, andC. sayi, for which pheromones are not known, were attracted to the pheromone ofC. lugubris and in some cases to other pheromones. Significant numbers ofColopterus spp. responded to the blends forC. lugubris, C. hemipterus, C. brachypterus, and probably,C. obsoletus.     

安蕨属的分类与分布

1849年,捷克人Presl根据菲律宾产的一种蕨类植物Anisocampium cumingia-num Presl,建立了安蕨属Anisocapium Presl,几十年来未被各国植物学家(如Baker、Beddom、Makino、C.Christensen、Christ、Nakai、秦仁昌、Devol、Ohwi和Tagawa)所承认。1940年,Tard.-Blot et C.Chr.编写《印度支那植物通志》(Fl.Gen.Indo-Chine)时接受了安蕨属的概念。1947年,美国人Copeland研究东南亚蕨类植物时,也肯定了安蕨属是一个自然分类群。以后,