用酵母双杂交系统研究胰岛素样生长因子-1突变体与其结合蛋白-3的相互作用

为研究胰岛素样生长因子 1(IGF1)及其突变体与IGF结合蛋白 3(IGFBP3)的相互作用 ,针对IGF1的第 3、4、15、16位氨基酸残基 ,采用定点突变的方法构建了 [Y15L16 ]IGF1和 [Q3A4Y15L16 ]IGF1。然后分别将IGF1/IGF1突变体和IGFBP3cDNA克隆至酵母表达载体pGBT9和pACT2中 ,利用酵母双杂交技术检测IGF1/IGF1突变体和IGFBP3之间的相互作用。结果表明用酵母双杂交系统检测IGF1与其结合蛋白的结合力是可行的 ,构建的这两个IGF1突变体与IGFBP3的结合力 ,与天然IGF1相比 ,结合力大大减小     

胰岛素样生长因子受体Ⅰ序列结构的生物信息学分析

胰岛素样生长因子受体Ⅰ的3'UTR长度大于7 kb,结构复杂,有多种mi RNAs的结合位点,参与信号通路中MAPK及PI3K/AKT的调节和多种肿瘤的形成和发展,通过生物信息学分析知道其结构特点,为后续研究提供思路。分析表明儿童神经胶质瘤中IGF1R的3'UTR与mi RNAs结合位点突变率最高。分析IGF1R序列3'UTR的结构,mi RNAs结合位点,氨基酸序列的理化性质,亲疏水性,糖基化和磷酸化位点,二级结构和三级结构建模。IGF1R三级结构与配体IGF1的三级结构模拟分子对接,得到2种蛋白相互作用的氨基酸位置及名称。因此,通过对IGF1R 3'UTR突变,降低与mi RNAs的结合,IGF1R表达上调,同时改变与IGF1的氨基酸结合位点,降低2种蛋白的相互作用,从而抑制IGF1R的作用。     

胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白研究进展

胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白(IGFBPs)是一组能够和胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)以高亲和力结合的可溶性蛋白,它们不仅携带IGF,延长IGF的半衰期,而且还调控IGF的生物活性, 影响IGF的分布.在不同的实验条件下,IGFBPs能够增强或抑制IGF的活性.另外,又发现IGFBPs有独立于IGF之外的内在的生物活性.简单介绍一下近年来IGFBPs在分子结构、基因表达、翻译后的修饰及生物功能等方面的研究.     

胰岛素样生长因子系统与肝癌

肝癌是最常见的人类恶性肿瘤之一.肝癌的发生是一个多因素交互作用逐级发生的过程.包括乙肝、丙肝病毒感染、酗酒、肝硬化等都可能导致肝癌.研究表明,胰岛素样生长因子 (IGF)系统由IGF1、IGF2及其受体（IGF1R、IGF2R）和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白（IGFBP）组成,在正常以及恶性肝细胞的增殖、分化和转移过程中起重要作用.本综述回顾近年来胰岛素样生长因子系统与肝癌发生发展的机理研究,及其在肝癌治疗中可能的临床应用前景的研究进展,并对目前该研究领域存在的主要问题和未来的研究展望提出了看法.     

IGF2BP1在消化系统恶性肿瘤中的作用

胰岛素样生长因子-2 mRNA结合蛋白(IGF2BPs)是一类高度保守的RNA结合蛋白家族，能够调控RNA的加工和代谢，并参与各种细胞的病理和生理过程。作为IGF2BPs的一个亚型，IGF2BP1通过与癌症相关靶标mRNA结合并增强其稳定性，促进肿瘤细胞增殖、生长、侵袭和化疗耐药，并与较差的预后相关。该文就IGF2BP1的结构、功能以及在消化系统恶性肿瘤进展与肿瘤化疗耐药中的作用和相关分子机制进行综述，以期为IGF2BP1的临床分子靶向治疗提供理论依据。     

胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)mRNA同源模板竞争性PCR定量方法的建立

胰岛素样生长因子 1(IGF 1)是一种多功能的细胞增殖调控因子 ,其表达水平受多种因素的影响 ,为了研究IGF 1基因在转录水平上的调控机制 ,建立了定量测定IGF 1mRNA的竞争性PCR方法 .同时 ,也建立了一种简便的制备同源性竞争模板的方法 .以构建好的重组pUC IGF 1质粒为基础 ,利用IGF 1mRNA序列上唯一存在 ,但是在pUC18质粒上多拷贝的MspⅠ酶切位点 ,以该限制性内切酶处理重组pUC IGF 1质粒 .在T4DNA连接酶作用下对酶切产物进行随机连接 ,以连接产物作为模板 ,用可扩增IGF 1cDNA的引物进行PCR ,由此得到因含有随机插入序列而与原IGF 1cDNA产生明显长度差别的重组IGF 1.以不同浓度的该DNA片段作为同源竞争模板与大鼠肝组织cDNA在同一反应体系中进行PCR ,对PCR产物进行分析 ,计算出样本中IGF 1cDNA的初始浓度 .成功地建立了IGF 1mRNA的竞争性PCR定量检测方法 ,为研究IGF 1基因的表达调控奠定了基础 ,同时也为对已克隆的基因进行mRNA定量测定提供了一种简便和灵敏的手段     

IGF1和IGF1R在小鼠第一个毛囊生长周期皮肤的表达

毛囊生长周期中,真皮乳头和毛基质间的基质 上皮信号调控细胞的增殖和分化。多功能细胞调控因子胰岛素样生长因子1（IGF1)是该信号路径的成员之一。第1个毛囊生长周期决定着毛囊的正常生长和发育,但IGF1在此期的作用未见报道。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,IGF1在生长期皮肤中的相对表达量最低,在退化期表达量最高,在静止期表达量又降低。与生长初期相比,IGF1在退化期和静止期的表达量呈差异极显著（P＜0.01）;胰岛素样生长因子1受体（IGF1R）在生长期皮肤中的相对表达量最高,在退化期表达量最低,而在静止期表达量又升高。与生长初期相比,IGF1R在退化期和静止期的表达量呈差异极显著（P＜0.01）。Western 印迹结果显示,IGF1和IGF1R蛋白在小鼠皮肤第1个毛囊生长周期各阶段的表达趋势分别与其mRNA的表达趋势一致;免疫组织化学结果表明,IGF1主要分布在小鼠表皮,而IGF1R免疫阳性在小鼠毛囊毛球部、内外根鞘和毛乳头均有分布。以上实验结果揭示,IGF1和IGF1R在小鼠皮肤第1个毛囊生长周期的各阶段的差异性表达,可能在毛囊生长周期各阶段的转化过程中参与了黑色素的形成。然而,IGF1和IGF1R表达趋势不一致,提示IGF1在小鼠皮肤中发挥作用时,并非只与IGF1R结合才能发挥作用。     

IGF1R 3'UTR多态性位点rs2016347与hsa-miR-3175结合差异的分析

为了探究位于IGF1R基因3'UTR与前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)相关的多态性位点rs2016347通过改变与miRNA结合影响PCa的风险,本研究用miRbase预测靶向miRNA,然后用热力学模型方法计算结合能情况,最后用双荧光素酶报告基因技术对HEK293T在体外检测改变rs2016347位点对靶向miRNA结合的影响。miRbase预测结果显示,hsa-miR-3175与IGF1R的结合区位于多态性位点rs2016347。热力学模型方法计算结果表明,相对位点G,hsa-miR3175与IGF1R的3'UTR端在rs2016347位点T上更能有效结合。双荧光素酶报告基因的检测结果显示,hsa-miR-3175能与带有rs2016347等位位点(G或T)IGF1R 3'UTR结合,hsa-miR-3175与等位位点T的结合更稳定,hsa-miR-3175与IGF1R基因的结合起到稳定IGF1R基因表达的作用。多态性位点rs2016347等位位点T在PCa的发展中风险性更大。     

Cloning of IGF2b 5'Flanking Region and Methylation Analysis of Its GC-rich Sequence in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

鲤(Cyprinus carpio)胰岛素样生长因子2b(insulin-like growth factor 2b,IGF2b)基因为鲤IGF基因家族重要的成员,已有的研究表明5’侧翼区序列对其功能的发挥有重要作用.因此,采用基因组步移法获取5′侧翼区序列,通过亚硫酸盐修饰的方法分析不同品种该区域GC富集区的甲基化状况.本文成功从鲤基因组DNA中获得695 bp的IGF2b 5'侧翼区序列.已获取的IGF2b 5'侧翼区序列经过TFSEARCH分析后发现了多个转录因子结合位点和TATA框,通过BLAST比对发现,鲤IGF2b 5'侧翼区DNA序列与斑马鱼( Danio rerio) IGF2b基因相比,相似性为87％.检测该区域富含GC的序列17个位点,发现建鲤(C.c.var.jian)有2个个体的3个位点出现甲基化,而黄河鲤(C.c.haematopterus)只有1个个体1个位点出现甲基化,这说明2个品种鲤在这个区域出现甲基化修饰的几率低,也验证了这2品种在该基因该区域GC富集区是稳定的.     

成年核移植山羊生长相关基因的表达分析

体细胞核移植过程有可能影响克隆动物生长相关基因尤其是印迹基因的表达水平。本研究运用同源引物 PCR 扩增、RACE 技术并结合同源克隆策略, 克隆了 7 个山羊生长相关基因包括 3 个印迹基因(H19、IGF2 和 IGF2R)和 4 个非印迹基因(IGF1、IGF1R、GHR 和 GHSR)的完全 CDS 或者部分 cDNA 序列, 经生物信息学技术确认后, 用荧光实时定量 PCR 对 8只成年克隆山羊中这些基因的表达水平进行分析, 结果表明 3 个印迹基因中 IGF2R 基因表达水平极显著高于对照组的自然繁殖山羊(P<0.01), 而 H19 和 IGF2 的表达则没有很大区别; 4 个非印迹基因中只有 IGF1R 的表达水平极显著高于对照组(P<0.01), IGF1、GHR 和 GHSR 的表达与对照组相似。表明即使在表型正常的成年克隆动物也存在一定的表观遗传异常。通过对获得完全 CDS 和 3′UTR 的 IGF2 基因经过生物信息学分析表明, 山羊 IGF2 基因包含一个 540 bp 的开放阅读框 (ORF)编码 179 个氨基酸。IGF2 基因 cDNA 序列和氨基酸序列以及其它基因部分序列比较分析表明, 山羊所有这些基因与绵羊的同源性要高于同牛的同源性。     

The structure-function relationships of insulin-like growth factor 1 Ec in C2C12 cells

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a crucial growth factor, that regulates skeletal muscles development during cell growth and repair. Recently, its alternative splicing variant, named IGF1Ec, also named mechano-growth factor (MGF), has gained attentions as a new damage repair factor. However, the structure-function relationships of IGF1Ec have not been fully clarified due to contradictory reports. In this study, we systematically investigated physiologic responses of C2C12 muscle cells to IGF1Ec, IGF1 and MGF E peptide. Our data indicate that while the N-terminal sequence of IGF1Ec, which is homolog in part with IGF1, promotes proliferation; the C-terminal sequence of IGF1Ec, which is identical to MGF E, promotes differentiation and migration of C2C12 cells. Our results suggest that MGF E cannot completely replace all the functions of IGF1Ec on muscle repair and regeneration, and elucidate the relationships between structure and function of IGF1Ec.     

IGF2 actions on trophoblast in human placenta are regulated by the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor, which can function as both a signaling and clearance receptor

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) enhances proliferation and survival of human first-trimester cytotrophoblasts (CTB) by signaling through the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). However, the role of the IGF2 receptor (IGF2R) in regulating trophoblast kinetics is unclear: It could act as a clearance receptor for trafficking excess ligand to lysosomes for degradation and/or directly mediate IGF2 signaling. We used an IGF2R knockdown strategy in BeWo cells and placental villous explants to investigate trophoblast proliferation and survival in response to stimulation by IGF. Both IGF1 and IGF2 significantly (P < 0.001) increased mitosis and reduced apoptosis in serum-starved BeWo cells. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of IGF2R further enhanced IGF2-stimulated mitosis (P < 0.01), and IGF2-mediated rescue of apoptosis (P < 0.001) in these cells. Leu(27)IGF2, an IGF2 analogue that binds to IGF2R but not IGF1R, also protected IGF2R-expressing BeWo cells from apoptosis but did not increase mitosis. IGF treatment of term placental villous explants with reduced syncytial expression of IGF2R increased CTB proliferation (P < 0.001) and decreased apoptosis (P < 0.01) compared to untreated controls. Moreover, IGF2-mediated rescue of CTB apoptosis was significantly greater than that in tissue with normal IGF2R expression. Leu(27)IGF2 promoted mitogenesis and survival only in explants with intact IGF2R expression. Given that altered CTB turnover is observed in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction, the development of strategies to manipulate the IGF2R signaling axis in the syncytiotrophoblast may provide a therapeutic avenue for treating this condition.     

The IGF axis and placental function. a mini review

It is well known that the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is an important regulator of foetal growth and in recent years, it has been suggested that the ligands IGF-I and IGF-II may, in part, mediate this effect by promoting proper placental development and function. In other tissues, IGF effects on metabolism, proliferation and differentiation are primarily mediated via IGF binding protein-regulated interaction of IGFs with the type 1 IGF receptor and therefore here, we review the placental expression and postulated role, of each of the IGF axis components and discuss the cellular mechanisms through which these effects are exerted.     

叶酸缺乏致胎鼠宫内发育迟缓及肝脏胰岛素生长因子系统表达变化

目的：叶酸是一种水溶性B族维生素,在体内氨基酸与核苷酸代谢中起重要作用,是胎儿生长发育所必须的营养素。本文通过建立叶酸缺乏的孕鼠模型,探讨叶酸缺乏对胎鼠宫内发育的影响,并研究胎鼠肝脏组织中胰岛素生长因子（IGF）系统的表达变化。方法：雌性C57BL／6J小鼠叶酸缺乏组6只、正常对照组6只,分别饲以不舍叶酸和含2mg叶酸／kg的纯合饲料。四周后与雄鼠交配,于怀孕第13．5天（13．5dpc）对孕鼠剖腹取胎,观察和评价胎鼠发育指标,并对宫内发育迟缓（IUGR）比率进行统计。用Real-timePCR法检测胎鼠肝脏组织中胰岛素生长因子I（IGFI）、胰岛素生长因子I受体（IGFIR）、胰岛素生长因子II（IGFII）、胰岛素生长因子II受体（IGFIIR）、胰岛素生长因子结合蛋白1（IGFBP-1）和胰岛素生长因子结合蛋白3（IGFBP-3）mRNA的相对表达水平。结果：叶酸缺乏组雌鼠合笼前每日体重增长量降低,13．5dpc胎鼠吸收胎和死胎比率升高,胎重下降,IUGR比率显著升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;叶酸缺乏组胎鼠肝脏组织中IGFII和IGFIIRmRNA的相对表达水平均低于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,IGFI、IGFIR、IGFBP-1和IGFBP-3mRNA的相对表达水平两组间没有差异（P〉0．05）。结论：叶酸缺乏会导致小鼠孕中期胎鼠IUGR比率升高及胎肝IGFII和IGFIIRmRNA的表达水平降低,提示叶酸缺乏对IGF系统基因的调控,可能与胎鼠I-UGR发生机制有关。     

Expression of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor in metastatic uveal melanoma and implications for potential autocrine and paracrine tumor cell growth

We investigated the importance of the insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R) in hepatic metastases of uveal melanoma. The expression pattern of IGF‐1R in archival tissue samples of hepatic metastasis from 24 patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. All the samples of hepatic metastases stained positive for IGF‐1R. To investigate the biological role of IGF‐1R on the growth of metastatic uveal melanoma, a long‐term cell line obtained from a hepatic metastasis (TJU‐UM001) was evaluated. TJU‐UM001 expressed cell surface IGF‐1R (>90%) and proliferated in response to exogenous and endogenous insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1). Correlatively, anti‐IGF‐1R antibody completely blocked IGF‐1‐induced growth of TJU‐UM001 cells. IGF‐1 preferentially induced phosphorylation of Akt (S473) in quiescent TJU‐UM001 cells, and this was blocked by anti‐IGF‐1R antibody. This study suggests that autocrine and paracrine mechanisms underlie IGF‐1‐induced growth of metastatic uveal melanoma and underscore the potential benefit of IGF‐1 or IGF‐1R antagonism in treatment for metastatic uveal melanoma.     

All-Atom Structural Models for Complexes of Insulin-Like Growth Factors IGF1 and IGF2 with Their Cognate Receptor

Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) is a membrane-spanning glycoprotein of the insulin receptor family that has been implicated in a variety of cancers. The key questions related to molecular mechanisms governing ligand recognition by IGF1R remain unanswered, partly due to the lack of testable structural models of apo or ligand-bound receptor complexes. Using a homology model of the IGF1R ectodomain IGF1RΔβ, we present the first experimentally consistent all-atom structural models of IGF1/IGF1RΔβ and IGF2/IGF1RΔβ complexes. Our explicit-solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of apo-IGF1RΔβ shows that it displays asymmetric flexibility mechanisms that result in one of two binding pockets accessible to growth factors IGF1 and IGF2, as demonstrated via an MD-assisted Monte Carlo docking procedure. Our MD-generated ensemble of structures of apo and IGF1-bound IGF1RΔβ agrees reasonably well with published small-angle X-ray scattering data. We observe simultaneous contacts of each growth factor with sites 1 and 2 of IGF1R, suggesting cross-linking of receptor subunits. Our models provide direct evidence in favor of suggested electrostatic complementarity between the C-domain (IGF1) and the cysteine-rich domain (IGF1R). Our IGF1/IGF1RΔβ model provides structural bases for the observation that a single IGF1 molecule binds to IGF1RΔβ at low concentrations in small-angle X-ray scattering studies. We also suggest new possible structural bases for differences in the affinities of insulin, IGF1, and IGF2 for their noncognate receptors.     

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 and type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptor are differentially regulated during apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells

Neuronal apoptosis is considered to play a significant role in several neuropathological conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal apoptosis are poorly understood. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling is considered to be an important regulator of neuronal differentiation, survival and apoptosis. We have examined the expression of two members of the IGF system, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5) and the type-1 IGF receptor (IGF1R), during apoptosis of rat cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) in vitro. We describe a prominent downregulation of IGFBP-5 mRNA and protein expression. We also show that IGF-I increases IGFBP-5 expression in CGCs and that the downregulation of IGFBP-5 mRNA can be suppressed by inhibiting mRNA synthesis with actinomycin D. The expression of IGF1R mRNA showed a transient upregulation during potassium chloride (KCl) deprivation induced apoptosis, in contrast to the IGF1R protein level, which was downregulated during KCl deprivation. Our results provide insight into the expression of IGF-related genes during neuronal apoptosis, and indicate that they mediate a protective response to the withdrawal of trophic stimulation. It seems that the expression of IGFBP-5 and IGF1R is regulated to maximize the availability of IGF and the activity of IGF-triggered survival signalling.     

The specificity of the human IGF-2 receptor

The specificity of the type 2 insulinlike growth factor (IGF) receptor is evaluated in human placenta membranes and the human cell line K562. K562 cells have type 2 but not type 1 IGF receptors. Native IGF-2 isolated from human plasma and synthetic IGF-2 were equipotent in competing with labeled IGF-2 in both systems. Pure IGF-1 isolated from plasma, synthetic IGF-1 and recombinant IGF-1 could not crossreact with the type 2 IGF receptor in concentrations up to 1 microgram/ml in both systems. Studies on placenta membrane were done in the presence of 300 ug/ml insulin to block the type 1 IGF receptors. It is concluded that IGF-1, as well as insulin, cannot crossreact with the human type 2 IGF receptor.