蛋白激酶C抑制剂Staurosporine对A类清道夫受体胞浆域结构去除后功能的影响

A类清道夫受体（scavenger receptor,SR-A）是一种主要位于巨噬细胞膜表面的同源三聚体糖蛋白,能够结合和摄取多种配基并介导内移.在清道夫受体胞浆域有几个潜在的磷酸化位点,有关这些磷酸化位点与受体功能之间的确切关系目前尚所知甚少.为深入探讨A类清道夫受体胞浆域与磷酸化之间的关系,以及受体胞浆域磷酸化对受体功能的影响,实验以含有SR-A cDNA质粒为模板,采用PCR方法扩增不含胞浆域序列的清道夫受体,同时扩增全长清道夫受体作为对照.PCR产物经纯化酶切后,进一步亚克隆到PcDNA3.1/HisB中,测序结果表明,重组产物能够编码正确的氨基酸序列.重组产物经脂质体Lipofectamine(LF2000)介导转化入CHO细胞中,在含G418选择性培养液中培养筛选14天后,分离阳性克隆, 继续培养.采用流式细胞计数仪（FACS）鉴定转化筛选后细胞能否表达具有功能的清道夫受体.结果发现,转化的CHO细胞可以稳定表达SR-A的蛋白质,但受体胞浆域去除后,摄取配基的能力明显弱于全长组（1∶1.337）.用荧光DiI标记乙酰化低密度脂蛋白(DiI-AcLDL),37℃孵育转化细胞5 h后,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察到：全长受体转化组细胞荧光散在分布于细胞膜和细胞器,而去除胞浆域组荧光只局限于细胞膜,说明SR-A胞浆域可能起着介导受体内移的作用.进一步比较蛋白激酶C抑制剂星形孢菌素(staurosporine,STA）对两组细胞受体功能的影响,发现经STA处理后,全长组受体与配基的结合及摄取明显增高,而胞浆域去除后受体不受STA的调控.从而证明磷酸化药物可能是通过改变SR-A胞浆域磷酸化水平而发挥作用,受体胞浆域磷酸化可能决定着受体的内移,并参与调节受体的活性.     

肺的GABAB受体

ＧＡＢＡＡ和ＧＡＢＡＢ受体的选择性配基进行的药理研究证明,这两种受体亚型存在于外周组织。ＧＡＢＡＢ受体是调节肺功能的一种重要的受体亚型。ＧＡＢＡＢ受体激动剂可抑制呼吸道的多种反应,选择性ＧＡＢＡＢ受体激动剂可用于治疗呼吸系统疾病,如哮喘。     

蟾蜍心肌肾上腺素能受体的类型和含量

用放射配基结合分析法,研究了不同温度条件下蟾蜍心脏各部位肾上腺素能受体的类型和含量。结果表明,常温蟾蜍心肌膜在37℃同β-受体的特异性标记配基~3H-双氢心得舒(~3H-DHA)的最大结合(B_(max))及Kd值分别为:全心,55.11±6.22fmol/mg蛋白及2.15±0.42nmol/L;窦房,55.80±7.03fmol/mg蛋白及2.65±0.37 nmol/L;心室,54.27±3.06 fmol/mg蛋白及1.84±0.14 nmol/L,同样温度条件下,窦房及心室心肌膜同α-受体的特异性标记配基~3H-双氢麦角隐亭(~3H-DHE)没有特异性结合,经过5—8℃,10d以上低温服习的蟾蜍,在10℃测试,其α-,β-受体的结合量和亲和力无异于常温蟾蜍。上述结果提示,蟾蜍心肌只有β-受体,温度对受体的类型和含量无明显影响,这种受体类型和含量在相当大的温度范围内保持不变。     

荧光显微技术在酿酒酵母细胞研究中的应用

为了探讨荧光显微技术在酿酒酵母细胞不同研究方面的作用,通过GFP标记目标蛋白的同源重组的方法和免疫荧光技术标记两种蛋白,最后利用荧光显微镜观察酵母细胞中某种蛋白定位及两种蛋白共定位情况;分别用荧光染液DAPI、FM4-64、BODIPY、Filipin、DHE和Annexin V试剂处理酵母细胞之后,利用荧光显微镜观察细胞中的细胞核、液泡、脂滴、麦角固醇、ROS和细胞凋亡的情况。结果显示,荧光显微技术在酵母细胞蛋白定位、细胞器观察及细胞中ROS和细胞凋亡等研究方面具有重要作用。     

B类1型清道夫受体表达调控与信号转导通路

B类1型清道夫受体(scavenger receptor class B type 1,SR-B1)是一种与清道夫受体CD36具有高度同源性的膜糖蛋白,其表达相对广泛且有着众多生物学作用.体内外多种因素可从转录或转录后水平对SR-B1表达进行调控： PPARα/γ激动剂、部分LXR激动剂、LH/HCG、雌激素等能上调SR-B1的表达;维生素E、INFα、脂多糖、IGF-1、胆酸、PXR激动剂及高糖水平等能下调SR-B1的表达;而血管紧张素Ⅱ则可对SR-B1的表达进行双向调节,且它们具体的调节机制复杂.SR-B1作为一种具有多配体结合特性的膜受体,不同配体与其结合后可介导细胞内不同信号事件及生物学效应,如介导HDL激活细胞内PI3K/Akt及MAPK信号途径, 增加内皮型一氧化氮合酶的磷酸化、促进内皮细胞迁移与内皮重构.此外,非HDL类配体如LDL激活p38MAPK途径、凋亡细胞、血清淀粉样蛋白A等激活胞内MAPK途径均可由SR-B1介导.本文对近年来B类1型清道夫受体表达调控机制及信号转导通路的相关研究进行综述.     

膜受体的生命周期

受体是一种动态蛋白体,它在高尔基氏器合成后被运送至细胞膜,其中一些胞膜上的受体与配基结合后可在膜上移动,群集在裹衣凹陷,并在此胞内化;另一些受体本来就在裹衣凹陷,当它与配基结合后,便引起配基-受体复合体的胞内化。胞内化的受体可再循环回细胞膜。某些胞内化的受体还可作为一种激酶被激活而产生第二层次的细胞效应。当受体的“出现”与“消失”失去平衡时,将导致细胞功能紊乱。     

激光共聚焦显微技术在植物学中的应用

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（Ｌａ－ｓｅｒ　Ｓｃａｎｎｉｎｇ　Ｃｏｎｆｏｃａｌ　Ｍｉｃｒｏｓｃｏｐｅ,ＬＳＣＭ）是近年来发展起来的一种新型高精度显微镜,它在荧光显微镜成像基础上加装了激光扫描装置,使用可激发的荧光探针对样品进行标记,利用计算机进行图像采集处理,从而可得到样品内部细微结构的荧光图像。目前此种显微技术不仅用于观察经固定的各种细胞和组织结构,而且还可对活细胞的形态、结构,离子实时动态等进行观察和定量荧光测定,以及定量图像分析。另外,该仪器还具备样品断层扫描,三维图像重建的独特功能。因此,共聚焦…     

巨噬细胞细胞内吞过程中膜受体流动性的测量——两种标记受体方法的比较

本文首次实现了细胞内吞过程中膜受体流动性的测量。实验选择巨噬细胞膜和伴刀豆凝集素A(ConA),分别用Con A-Biotin Avi-din-FITC(ABC法)和Con A-FITC(直接法)两种方法标记巨噬细胞膜Con A受体,比较了这两种方法标记的巨噬细胞Con A受体的荧光强度;利用FRAP(Fluorescence RecoveryAfter Rhotobleaching)技术,分别用两种标记方法测量了巨噬细胞Con A受体的流动性。结果显示Con A-Biotin Avidin-FITC标记的巨噬细胞受体的平均荧光强度比用Con A-FITC标记的平均荧光强度高大约3倍;直接标记法应用于细胞内吞过程中受体流动性的测量在方法学上存在着很大的缺陷,ABC标记法适合于测量细胞内吞过程中膜表面受体的流动性的变化,且灵敏度高、误差小;ABC方法标记受体的测量结果显示,Con A刺激后巨噬细胞膜表面Con A受体的扩散系数和荧光恢复率与静息状态相比呈下降趋势。     

利用荧光标记的T7噬菌体研究配体/受体的相互作用

将鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)衣壳蛋白VP2展示到T7噬菌体表面,以FITC标记纯化的重组噬菌体,通过荧光显微镜观察与流式细胞仪检测,研究标记噬菌体与病毒受体细胞--法氏囊B细胞的相互作用.结果展示有IBDV VP2蛋白的噬菌体经FITC标记后仍然具有与受体细胞结合的特性,荧光显微镜下可见绿色荧光,流式数据显示其平均荧光强度明显高于阴性对照,且IBDV疫苗株TAD可明显阻断其结合.由此得出结论,FITC标记与噬菌体展示技术相结合,可进行配体/受体间相互作用的研究.     

豚鼠心房存在苯环立啶受体

用氚标记苯环立啶([~3H]-pcp)与豚鼠心房匀浆蛋白作受体结合试验。结果表明豚鼠心房具有与[~3H]-PCP 相结合的部位,结合具有特异性、饱和性、可逆性和立体专一性。Scatchard 分析,豚鼠心房有两个不同亲和力的特异结合部位;高亲和力和低亲和力结合部位。两者的解离常数 K_(dl)和K_(d2)分别为12.15±0.414nmol/L 和561.23±121.36nmol/L,最大结合 B_maxl 为0.71±0.029 pmol/mg 蛋白,B_maxe 为1.047±0.099 pmol/mg 蛋白。竞争性抑制分析结果显示 PCP 受体和 sigma 受体的配基都可抑制[~3H]-PCP 的结合,PCP 受体的配基的抑制作用强于 sigma 配基,而广谱阿片激动剂埃托啡(etorphine)却无抑制作用。结果提示豚鼠心房存在 PCP 受体。豚鼠右心房的冰冻切片和[~3H]-PCP 进行体外受体结合放射自显影,结果显示,在心房肌层有与[~3H]-PCP 特异性结合部位,且呈比较均匀的散在分布。     

Substituted phenyl as a steroid A-ring mimetic: Providing agonist activity to a class of arylsulfonamide nonsteroidal glucocorticoid ligands

A class of arylsulfonamide glucocorticoid receptor agonists that contains a substituted phenyl group as a steroid A-ring mimetic is reported. The structural design and SAR that provide the functional switching of a GR antagonist to an agonist is described. A combination of specific hydrogen bonding and lipophilic elements on the A-ring moiety is required to achieve potent GR agonist activity. This study culminated in the identification of compound 23 as a potent GR agonist with selectivity over the PR and MR nuclear hormone receptors.     

The ecdysteroid receptor

Summary

The steroid molting hormone of insects and other arthropods regulates gene activity in target tissues through its association with a specific, high affinity receptor protein. In this review we summarize recent advances in several areas of ecdysteroid receptor research, including efforts to characterize and purify the receptor protein, cytochemical studies of its tissue distribution and subcellular localization during development, and current molecular genetic studies ecdysteroid action.     

雄激素和雌激素受体药物筛选方法的研究进展

雄激素和雌激素受体通过与相应激素特异性结合促进细胞分化和组织生长,发挥重要的生理功能,其功能失调可诱发多种疾病。雄激素和雌激素受体的选择性调节剂是治疗相关疾病的重要药物。基于基因组学、分子生物学、细胞生物学和生物信息学等最新研究成果而发展形成的实验技术或方法被用于新型雄激素和雌激素受体调节剂的筛选,显著加快了新药开发的进程。     

Analysis of 3D models of octopus estrogen receptor with estradiol: evidence for steric clashes that prevent estrogen binding

Relatives of the vertebrate estrogen receptor (ER) are found in Aplysia californica, Octopus vulgaris, Thais clavigera, and Marisa cornuarietis. Unlike vertebrate ERs, invertebrate ERs are constitutively active and do not bind estradiol. To investigate the molecular basis of the absence of estrogen binding, we constructed a 3D model of the putative steroid-binding domain on octopus ER. Our 3D model indicates that binding of estradiol to octopus ER is prevented by steric clashes between estradiol and amino acids in the steroid-binding pocket. In this respect, octopus ER resembles vertebrate estrogen-related receptors (ERR), which have a ligand-binding pocket that cannot accommodate estradiol. Like ERR, octopus ER also may have the activation function 2 domain (AF2) in a configuration that can bind to coactivators in the absence of estrogens, which would explain constitutive activity of octopus ER.     

降钙素基因相关肽家族受体及其受体活性修饰蛋白

降钙素基因相关肽家族是一类多功能的激素家族 ,参与人体的多种生物学功能 ,与多种疾病有关。降钙素基因相关肽受体包括降钙素受体 (CTR)和降钙素受体样受体 (CRLR) ,CTR可以独自与降钙素结合 ,而CRLR必须与一组称作受体活性修饰蛋白 (RAMPs)的蛋白质共同作用才能发挥生物学功能。综述CTR的研究概况及CRLR与RAMPs相互作用的机制和表达调控 ,以期为人们设计新型药物提供参考。     

新型抗抑郁药物分子靶标研究进展

抑郁症是一种严重的精神障碍疾病,其发病机制复杂。近年来随着对抑郁症发病机制的深入研究,发现了一些基于非单胺递质的 新型抗抑郁药物分子靶标。综述N -甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体、促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子（CRF）受体、阿片受体、γ-氨基丁 酸B(GABAB) 受体、乙酰胆碱受体等抗抑郁药物作用的新靶标及其相应分子机制研究进展,为开发高效、安全的抗抑郁症新药提供参考。     

Ago-Allosteric Modulation and Other Types of Allostery in Dimeric 7TM Receptors

Conventionally, an allosteric modulator is neutral in respect of efficacy and binds to a receptor site distant from the orthosteric site of the endogenous agonist. However, recently compounds being ago-allosteric modulators have been described i.e., compounds acting both as agonists on their own and as enhancers for the endogenous agonists in both increasing agonist potency and providing additive efficacy—superagonism. The additive efficacy can also be observed with agonists, which are neutral or even negative modulators of the potency of the endogenous ligand. Based on the prevailing dimeric concept for 7TM receptors, it is proposed that the ago-allosteric modulators bind in the orthosteric binding site, but–importantly–in the “other” or allosteric protomer of the dimer. Hereby, they can act both as additive co-agonists, and through intermolecular cooperative effects between the protomers, they may influence the potency of the endogenous agonist. It is of interest that at least some endogenous agonists can only occupy one protomer of a dimeric 7TM receptor complex at a time and thereby they leave the orthosteric binding site in the allosteric protomer free, potentially for binding of exogenous, allosteric modulators. If the allosteric modulator is an agonist, it is an ago-allosteric modulator; if it is neutral, it is a classical enhancer. Molecular mapping in hetero-dimeric class-C receptors, where the endogenous agonist clearly binds only in one protomer, supports the notion that allosteric modulators can act through binding in the “other” protomer. It is suggested that for the in vivo, clinical setting a positive ago-allosteric modulator should be the preferred agonist drug.     

Proteinase-activated receptors, nucleotide P2Y receptors, and μ-opioid receptor-1B are under the control of the type I transmembrane proteins p23 and p24A in post-Golgi trafficking

We recently characterized the proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), as the first cargo protein recognized by p24A. Here, we demonstrate that p24A binds to several other GPCRs, including PAR-1, the nucleotide receptors P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), and P2Y(11), as well as the μ-opioid receptor 1B. The acidic amino acid residues Glu and Asp at the second extracellular loop of GPCRs are essential for interaction with p24A. p23, another member of the p24 family, also interacts with GPCRs, similar to p24A. However, p23 shows a delayed dissociation from PAR-2 after activation of PAR-2, compared to the dissociation between PAR-2 and p24A. p24A and p23 arrest both P2Y(4) receptor and μ-opioid receptor 1B at the intracellular compartments, as observed for PAR-2. A comparable result was obtained when we studied primary rat astrocytes in culture. Over-expression of the N-terminal p24A fragment impairs PAR-2 resensitization in astrocytes that extends our findings to a native system. In summary, we demonstrate that p24A and p23 are specific cargo receptors of GPCRs and differentially control GPCR trafficking in the biosynthetic pathway, and thereby, p24A and p23 regulate GPCR signaling in astrocytes.     

The insulin-binding domain of insulin receptor is encoded by exon 2 and exon 3.

Insulin receptors are disulfide-linked oligotetramers composed of two heterodimers each containing a 130-kDa alpha subunit and a 90-kDa beta subunit. Insulin binds to the extracellular alpha subunit, and in the process stimulates the autophosphorylation of the beta subunit and the expression of tyrosine kinase activity. Studies combining the use of photoaffinity labeling and immunoprecipitation with anti-peptide antibody have directly demonstrated that the cysteine-rich domain, encoded by exon 3, in the alpha subunit is part of the insulin-binding site of the receptor. Experiments with chimeric insulin receptors and chimeric insulin-like growth factor I receptors have confirmed that the cysteine-rich domain constitutes a part of the insulin-binding site. In addition, results from these experiments suggest that the N-terminal sequence, encoded by exon 2, in the alpha subunit also participates in insulin binding. In this review it is proposed that, assuming two insulin-binding sites per each holoreceptor oligotetramer, each insulin-binding domain may contain respectively two sub-domains for hydrophobic and charge contact with insulin, and that high-affinity binding would require the interaction of both subunits with the possibility of each subunit reciprocally contributing one of the sub-domains.