渗透胁迫和离子毒害对转Bt基因棉幼苗生长及离子分布的影响

研究了渗透和盐胁迫处理对转Bt基因抗虫棉(Gossypium hirsutum) 99B种子的萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以及幼苗不同器官离子吸收和分配的差异。结果表明:渗透和盐胁迫均对转Bt基因抗虫棉幼苗的生长有抑制作用,其中PEG的抑制作用最强,而3种盐的抑制程度以CaCl₂>NaCl>Na₂SO₄,且在Na⁺含量相同时,Cl^-的毒害大于SO₄^2-。渗透胁迫下使根、茎和叶中的Na⁺和Cl^-含量提高,K⁺、Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-含量和K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na⁺和SO₄^2-/Cl^-比值降低,且地上部的变化幅度大于地下部的,其中以PEG的影响最为显著,其次是CaCl₂,Na₂SO₄处理最弱。这些说明,转Bt基因抗虫棉99B的耐盐性较弱。     

黑曲霉FS25产β-葡聚糖酶发酵特性的研究*

黑曲霉 (Aspergillusniger) FS2 5产β 葡聚糖酶最适碳源为大麦粉 ,氮源为玉米浆 ;最佳摇瓶发酵配方为大麦粉 6g ,玉米浆 2g ,(NH₄)₂SO₄0.4g ,FeSO₄·7H₂ O 0.01g ,Na₂ HPO₄·3H₂ O 0.1g,CaCO₃0.5g ,MgSO相似文献   

NaCl和Na2SO4胁迫下两种刺槐叶肉细胞叶绿体超微结构

二倍体刺槐(diploid Robinia pseudoacacia)是我国水土保持林的先锋树种,具有较强的适应性和抗逆性,对改善生态环境、防治水土流失、调节水文状况有重要作用。四倍体刺槐(tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia)是二倍体刺槐的加倍品种,也称多倍体刺槐,由韩国引进,具有速生、耐盐碱、耐干旱和耐烟尘等特点。目前,关于四倍体刺槐的研究,主要集中于栽培技术和繁殖技术方面,而关于四倍体刺槐叶片超微结构与其耐盐性的关系尚缺乏报道。比较了二倍体刺槐和四倍体刺槐在NaCl和Na₂SO₄胁迫下,叶片叶绿体超微结构的变化特点,一方面可以对二者的耐盐性进行鉴定,同时也可以探讨不同盐分胁迫条件下的作用机制。利用NaCl和Na₂SO₄进行20d的盐胁迫处理,观察叶绿体超微结构的变化特点,发现:NaCl处理前,二者叶肉细胞叶绿体为梭形、形态饱满、结构完整,NaCl处理后10d时,二倍体刺槐的叶绿体出现变形、膜模糊、基粒片层松散、类囊体解体、脂质球增多等现象,NaCl处理后20d时,叶绿体肿胀、变形,基粒片层断裂,膜系统解体。Na₂SO₄处理后10d时,二倍体刺槐的叶绿体肿胀,膜模糊,基粒片层松散、类囊体解体,Na₂SO₄盐胁迫处理后20d时,膜系统全部解体,结构破坏更为严重。总体来说,四倍体刺槐在盐胁迫后叶绿体结构变化不明显,只是在Na₂SO₄处理20d时,四倍体刺槐的叶绿体出现中空、基粒片层松散、膜边缘模糊现象。在处理前,两种刺槐的叶绿体均紧贴细胞壁,分布于细胞壁边缘。在NaCl处理后10d时,二倍体刺槐的叶绿体仍呈有序排列,紧贴细胞壁,但在处理后20d时,大部分叶绿体脱离细胞壁,呈随机分布。在Na₂SO₄处理后10d时,二倍体刺槐部分叶绿体脱离细胞壁,位于细胞中央。在Na₂SO₄处理后20d时,二倍体刺槐叶绿体大部分与细胞壁脱离。四倍体刺槐在两种盐胁迫处理前后叶绿体的排列变化不明显,均分布于细胞壁边缘,紧贴细胞壁。所以在盐胁迫下,耐盐植物叶片的叶绿体表现为结构完整,基粒片层清晰,类囊体结构完整,而不耐盐植物则表现为叶绿体超微结构松散、变形,基粒片层模糊,破坏严重时基粒片层扭曲,叶绿体解体,失去完整结构。     

4种幼树对二氧化硫胁迫的抗性生理响应

利用密闭环境控制室熏气处理,研究了不同浓度（自然状态和0.5、1.5、3.0 mg·L^-1）SO₂对盆栽巨桉、天竺桂、西蒙得木和茶树幼树叶片渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化系统保护酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响,并就各树种对SO₂的抗性进行综合评价。结果显示:（1）SO₂对4个树种叶片伤害程度表现为天竺桂<西蒙得木<巨桉<茶树。（2）SO₂胁迫显著增加了巨桉和西蒙得木叶片可溶性蛋白（SP）、可溶性糖（SS）和游离脯氨酸（Pro）3种渗透调节物质含量;SO₂胁迫对天竺桂叶片SP和SS含量无显著影响,且对Pro含量的促进作用也是在处理30 d后才体现出来;SO₂胁迫对茶树叶片SP含量无显著影响,使SS含量显著降低,而使Pro含量显著增加。（3）SO₂胁迫总体使巨桉和天竺桂抗氧化系统保护酶——超氧化物酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量增加,但西蒙得木各指标表现不同,而使茶树抗氧化系统保护酶活性和丙二醛含量则全面下降。（4）巨桉、天竺桂、西蒙得木、茶树的最大净吸收S量依次为1.17、1.32、2.04、0.95 g·kg^-1。（5）通过隶属函数法综合7个生理指标得到的SO₂抗性综合排序为天竺桂>西蒙得木>巨桉>茶树,与叶片伤害程度表现一致。研究表明,植物抗氧化保护酶系统在4个树种抵抗SO₂胁迫调节机制中具有重要作用,其中天竺桂超高的基础POD活性可能是其抵抗SO₂伤害的关键机制之一。     

广州大夫山雨季林内外空气TSP和PM2.5浓度及水溶性离子特征

采用平行同步采样法,于2012年雨季,对广州市大夫山森林公园林内外空气的总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)和细颗粒物(PM_2.5)样品进行了24 h收集,测定了TSP和PM_2.5的质量浓度并分析了样品中水溶性无机离子成分。结果表明:林内外PM_2.5的质量浓度平均值分别为(40.18±10.47)和(55.79±13.01) g/cm³;林内外TSP的质量浓度分别为(101.32 ± 33.19)和(116.61±35.36) g/cm³。林内与林外比,PM_2.5和TSP平均质量浓度都显著减少(P < 0.05),表明森林能显著改善空气环境质量。TSP和PM_2.5中SO₄^2-、Na⁺、NH₄⁺和NO₃^-为水溶性无机离子主要成分,占总离子质量的80%以上,林外这些离子的浓度高于林内(NH₄⁺除外)。这4种离子雨季在空气中的主要存在方式为NaCl、Na₂SO₄、NH₄HSO₄和NH₄NO₃。计算表明,采样期间海盐对大夫山空气TSP和PM_2.5的水溶性组分中Na⁺和Cl^-贡献最大,其它元素主要源自陆地源。林内外TSP和PM_2.5的c(NO₃^-)/c(SO₄^2-)比值在0.3以下,表明固定源是大夫山森林公园空气主要污染贡献者,TSP中c(NO₃^-)/c(SO₄^2-)的比值大于PM_2.5的比值,说明移动源对TSP的贡献大于PM_2.5。     

细菌3-脱氧葡糖醛酮代谢酶的纯化及性质研究

细菌Bacillus sp.2粗酶液通过(NH₄)₂SO₄分级分离、Q Sepharose FF、Sephadex G-100(Ⅰ)、Hydroxyapatite和Sephadex G-100(Ⅱ)柱层析分离,纯化了一种以NADPH为辅酶的3-脱氧葡糖醛酮(3-DG)代谢酶,定性为2-羰基醛还原酶.纯化酶的比活力为63.75 U/mg,在SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上显示一条蛋白质带.该酶分子质量约为32 ku,酶反应最适pH约为6.2, 在pH 5～8, 温度25～30℃之间酶保持稳定;该酶对3-DG的K_m为2.3 mmol/L.添加适量的EDTA、巯基乙醇或二硫苏糖醇能明显提高酶的活性;而碘乙酸、N-乙基顺丁烯二酰亚胺抑制酶的活性.     

基因工程菌Pichia pastoris高密度培养条件研究*

基因工程菌pichiapastoris最佳种子培养基为添加 4mL/LPTMl的BMGY培养基 ;全合成高密度摇瓶培养基是甘油 4% ,(NH₄) ₂ SO₄1 0g/L ,CaSO₄0 .93g/L ,K₂ SO₄1 8.2g/L ,MgSO₄·7H₂O 1 4.9g/L ,0 1mol/L磷酸缓冲液 (pH =6     

黄河口湿地柽柳灌丛土壤盐渍化特征

为探究黄河三角洲湿地柽柳灌丛下土壤的盐渍化特征,在黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区(37°35''-12''N,118°33''-119°20''E)黄河入海口附近,根据长势基本一致的原则分别在碱蓬群落、柽柳群落和芦苇群落各选3株柽柳,采集柽柳灌丛下土壤样品,分析土壤盐分和盐碱化参数的空间分布以及距基茎不同距离处研究对象(土壤总盐(TS)、电导率(EC)、pH、交换性钠百分率(ESP))和环境因子(Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-、HCO₃^-、SO^2-₄)之间的关系。结果表明：(1)研究区土壤为弱碱化盐土,离子含量由高到低依次为Cl^->Na⁺>SO^2-₄ >Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺>HCO^-₃>K⁺。除pH在土壤表层数值最低外,表层土壤TS、EC、ESP和盐分离子大于深层土壤,显示表聚性。(2)土壤盐分和盐碱化参数空间分布总体为：在柽柳基茎周围形成"盐谷"、"碱谷"效应, Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-表现为"盐谷",K⁺ 、SO^2-₄ 、Ca²⁺ 表现为"盐岛"。(3)在整个土壤剖面中,与TS、EC相关性最强的阴阳离子为Mg²⁺、Cl^-,从灌丛中心到灌丛间裸地Ca²⁺、SO^2-₄与TS、EC的相关性逐渐减弱,Mg²⁺、Cl^-与TS、EC的相关性逐渐增强。Ca²⁺和SO^2-₄与pH表现为较强的负相关性;与ESP相关性最强的阴离子为HCO^-₃,与之相关性最强的阳离子为Na⁺和K⁺,并且Na⁺和K⁺与ESP的相关性表现出从灌丛中心向外逐渐增强。(4)土壤盐渍化主要受控于Na⁺,从灌丛下到灌丛间裸地Cl^-对盐渍化程度的影响逐渐增加,SO^2-₄的影响逐渐降低。     

Sulphydryl groups in the maintenance of the activity of binding protein for N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid fromAcer pseudoplatanus cells

Binding protein for N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor, was studied by analysis of the effects of reactions which modify particular amino acid side chains upon their binding activity. Na₂SO₃, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid all inhibited the specific binding of NPA to its binding protein fromAcer pseudoplatanus L. cells. The presence of 10^-6 M Na₂SO₃ in the binding assay reduced the affinity of the binding protein to NPA from K_d of 1.5 ￡ 10^-8 M to K_d of 2.1 ￡ 10_-8 M, while concentration of the binding protein was not significantly changed. When the same analysis was applied to NPA binding to the NEM-treated membrane particles, it was found that NEM inactivated binding without changing the affinity for NPA. This study revealed the importance of sulphydryl group(s) in the maintenance of NPA binding protein activity.     

木聚糖酶生产菌Saccharothrix variisporea YJ的筛选、发酵条件及酶学性质研究

以Azo-xylan为底物,利用双层平板法从堆肥中筛选到可降解木聚糖的菌株,16S rRNA测序分析显示该菌株与糖丝菌属（Saccharothrix variisporea）的同源性最高（99.33%）,命名为S. variisporea YJ。研究发现以酵母提取物或(NH₄)₂SO₄作为氮源、甘蔗叶作为碳源、初始pH值 7.0、发酵温度40 ℃、发酵时间5 d时,发酵液中木聚糖酶的酶活性最高。酶学性质研究表明该木聚糖酶的最适反应温度及pH值分别为55 ℃和8.0,在55 ℃以下及pH值 4.0~10.0的范围内保持较高稳定性。Na⁺能有效提高木聚糖酶活性,Mg²⁺和Mn²⁺没有明显影响,Cu²⁺则严重抑制木聚糖酶活性。此外,发酵液还可以直接对天然底物玉米芯进行降解。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

节肢动物内共生细菌研究进展

节肢动物门是动物界最大的门,占整个动物种数的80%,全世界约有120万现存种。节肢动物在生长发育过程中会感染多种微生物,这些微生物会与其形成协同进化和互利共生的关系。内共生细菌是一类广泛分布于节肢动物体内的共生微生物,能够进行垂直传播和水平传播,对宿主的生长发育、生殖代谢、适应性、免疫功能和进化等诸多方面均具有重要的作用。目前,随着现代分子生物学理论和技术的发展,节肢动物内共生细菌相关研究主要集中在对其宿主的生殖调控功能、与其宿主、宿主寄主植物以及其宿主体内微生物和宿主天敌间互作关系等方面。因此,利用内共生细菌对昆虫种群动态的生殖调控功能,阻断热带蚊虫带来的疾病或植物病害的传播并对宿主昆虫进行种群压制或种群替换,可达到防控害虫的目的。本文从节肢动物内共生细菌的传播方式、对其宿主生物学效应以及内共生细菌与其宿主、宿主寄主植物、宿主天敌和宿主体内微生物互作关系等多方面进行概述,并对内共生细菌今后研究方向进行展望,以期为生物进化、物种形成和种群压制提供参考。