AtNHX1基因对荞麦的遗传转化及抗盐再生植株的获得

通过农杆菌介导法将拟南芥液泡膜Na⁺/H⁺反向转运蛋白基因AtNHX1转入荞麦中,在2.0mg/L 6-BA、0.1mg/L IAA、1mg/L KT、50mg/L卡那霉素和500mg/L头孢霉素的MS培养基上进行选择培养,从来源于864块外植体的36块抗性愈伤组织中共获得426棵再生植株（转化频率为4.17%）。经PCR、Southern印迹分析、RT-PCR和Northern检测,初步证实AtNHX1基因已整合至荞麦基因组中。用200mmol/L的盐水对转基因植株和对照植株进行胁迫处理6周,转基因植株能够生存,而对照植株死亡。用不同浓度的NaCl溶液处理转基因植株和对照植株,发现Na⁺及脯氨酸含量在转基因植株中的积累水平显著高于对照植株,而K⁺的含量在转基因植株中的积累水平低于对照植株。次生代谢产物黄酮类化合物芦丁在转基因植株根、茎和叶片中的含量也比对照植株明显要高。这些结果表明利用基因工程手段提高作物的耐盐性是可行的。     

AtNHX1基因对荞麦的遗传转化及抗盐再生植株的获得

通过农杆菌介导法将拟南芥液泡膜Na⁺/H⁺反向转运蛋白基因AtNHX1转入荞麦中,在2.0mg/L 6-BA、0.1mg/L IAA、1mg/L KT、50mg/L卡那霉素和500mg/L头孢霉素的MS培养基上进行选择培养,从来源于864块外植体的36块抗性愈伤组织中共获得426棵再生植株（转化频率为4.17%）。经PCR、Southern印迹分析、RT-PCR和Northern检测,初步证实AtNHX1基因已整合至荞麦基因组中。用200mmol/L的盐水对转基因植株和对照植株进行胁迫处理6周,转基因植株能够生存,而对照植株死亡。用不同浓度的NaCl溶液处理转基因植株和对照植株,发现Na⁺及脯氨酸含量在转基因植株中的积累水平显著高于对照植株,而K⁺的含量在转基因植株中的积累水平低于对照植株。次生代谢产物黄酮类化合物芦丁在转基因植株根、茎和叶片中的含量也比对照植株明显要高。这些结果表明利用基因工程手段提高作物的耐盐性是可行的。     

Zn2＋参与遗传调控的研究进展

Zn^2＋在遗传调控中的作用十分广泛而显著.结合新近的研究资料,着重从染色质结构与功能、核酸的生物合成、DNA的结构及构象、基因表达的调控等四个主要方面来反映Zn^2＋与遗传调控的相关性,并阐述Zn^2＋在其中发挥作用的机理.     

大鼠前脂细胞质膜Na+/H+交换同时参与细胞的增殖和分化

以原代培养的大鼠前脂细胞为模型 ,以 2′ ,7′ bis ( 2 carboxyethyl) 5 ( 6 ) carboxyfluorescein (BCECF)作为检测胞内pH(pHi)的荧光探针 ,测定不同生长因子刺激下胞内pH的变化 ,证明大鼠肾周前脂细胞质膜存在Na⁺/H⁺交换活性 ,胎牛血清(FCS)能快速激活Na⁺/H⁺交换 ,导致pHi升高 (约 0 .2pH单位 ) ,并引起DNA合成 .Ethyl isopropyl amiloride (EIPA)抑制Na⁺/H⁺交换与DNA合成 .在无血清条件下 ,胰岛素不刺激DNA合成但引起细胞分化 ,表现为胞内脂滴积累和 3 磷酸 甘油脱氢酶(G₃ PDH酶 )活性增强 ,同时激活Na⁺/H⁺交换活性导致pHi升高 ;EIPA既抑制胰岛素对Na⁺/H⁺交换的激活 ,也抑制G₃ PDH酶活性增强 .结果证明 :Na⁺/H⁺交换的激活不仅与大鼠前脂细胞增殖相关 ,同时也是细胞分化的早期事件 .     

人肾液泡型H＋－ATPase 58kD亚基基因的表达

在大肠杆菌中表达了人肾液泡型H^＋-ATPase 58kD亚基的基因,利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)得到了58kD亚基的编码片段.直接将PCR产物连接到PET载体上表达.SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和蛋白质印迹分析表明58kD亚基的基因得到高效表达.表达产物可达细菌细胞质蛋白的50%.     

苦荞黄酮转运相关蛋白基因FtAH4L的克隆及表达分析

为研究苦荞黄酮转运相关基因,以苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum)品种"西荞二号"为材料,克隆到1条质膜H+-ATPase基因(autoinhibited H+-ATPase isoform 4 like,AH4L),将其命名为FtAH4L。通过开放阅读框(ORF)分析,FtAH4L基因cDNA全长3 398bp,开放阅读框2 898bp,编码966个氨基酸残基,理论分子量为109kD,等电点6.48。氨基酸保守基序比对分析表明,AH4L在植物种间较为保守。在茉莉素诱导处理和5种光(白色荧光、LED白光、LED蓝光、LED红光和UV-B)处理芽期苦荞后,采用半定量RT-PCR和AlCl3比色法分析结果表明,茉莉素处理后的苦荞胚轴和子叶中FtAH4L基因表达量与黄酮含量均显著上升,且二者呈正相关关系;5种光对子叶中FtAH4L表达量无显著影响,但均显著增加其黄酮含量;胚轴中,除LED红光外,各种光均显著提高FtAH4L表达量和总黄酮含量,且LED蓝光与UV-B的影响极显著。该研究结果为深入研究FtAH4L基因参与苦荞黄酮转运奠定了基础。     

关于吖啶橙测定溶酶体H＋－ATPase转运H＋的研究

揭示了吖啶橙的吸收光谱和荧光光谱对其浓度依赖性上的区域性特征,分析了测定溶酶体H^＋转运时合理选用吖啶橙浓度及溶酶体用量的重要性、机理和原则,探讨了其与溶酶体的温育时间和K^＋／H^＋交换对测定H^＋转运的明显影响.     

空泡膜类型H+-ATPase的研究进展

真核细胞内空泡细胞器,如高尔基体、内质网、溶酶体等,膜上存在的质子泵ATPase 与线粒体类型的质子泵 ATPase 类似.近几年对该类型 H⁺-ATPase 的结构、作用机制进行了深入的研究,证明这是一类新型质子泵,在进化的过程中与线粒体类型的 H⁺-ATPase 有密切的亲缘关系.     

胡杨质膜的纯化及其H＋-ATPase活性的研究

用Dextran T-500, PEG 3350两相分配法分离并纯化了悬浮培养的胡杨细胞质膜.不同聚合物浓度(5.5%、5.7%、5.9%、6.1%、6.3%、6.5%)和KCl浓度(0、5、10、15 mmol/L)对分离效果影响的研究结果表明, 采用聚合物浓度为5.9%和无盐存在的两相分配体系可获得纯度较高的胡杨细胞质膜.纯化的质膜H^＋-ATPase的活力提高8倍,且酶定向程度较高,这为进一步研究胡杨细胞质膜特性及获得高纯度H^＋-ATPase提供了良好基础.     

Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白和植物耐盐性

Na⁺H⁺逆向转运蛋白对植物耐盐起着重要作用 ,它利用质膜H⁺ATPase或液泡膜H⁺ATPase及Ppiase泵H+产生的驱动力把Na⁺排出细胞或在液泡中区隔化以消除Na⁺的毒害。主要讨论植物中Na⁺H⁺逆向转运蛋白研究在分子水平的最新进展.     

Inhibition and redistribution of NHE3, the apical Na+/H+ exchanger, by Clostridium difficile toxin B

NHE3, the apical isoform of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, is central to the absorption of salt and water across the intestinal epithelium. We report that treatment of epithelial cells with toxin B of Clostridium difficile, a diarrheal pathogen, causes a pronounced inhibition of NHE3 activity, with little effect on the basolateral NHE1 isoform. Depression of NHE3 activity is accompanied by the translocation of apical exchangers to a subapical endomembrane compartment. Treatment of cells with toxin B increased the fraction of exchangers that were solubilized by nonionic detergents and induced dephosphorylation and extensive redistribution of ezrin. The Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, also altered the distribution and activity of NHE3. We suggest that inactivation of Rho-family GTPases by clostridial toxin B alters the interaction between NHE3 and the microvillar cytoskeleton, possibly by impairing the ability of ezrin to bridge the exchangers to filamentous actin. Detachment of NHE3 from the actin skeleton would facilitate its internalization, resulting in net disappearance from the apical surface. The consequent inhibition of transport is likely to contribute to the diarrheal effects of C. difficile.     

在血清饥饿条件下CHP2调节NHE活性减少细胞死亡

钠氢离子交换蛋白（NHE）是维持细胞内pH值等内环境稳定的重要蛋白;钙调磷酸酶B同源蛋白（CHP）是NHE的一个活性调节亚单位。研究CHP2对NHE1的调节作用时发现,在血清饥饿的条件下,PS120细胞依赖于CHP2的表达来调节外源性NHE1的活性,使细胞维持必要的钠氢交换生理活性和较高水平的细胞内pH值（pHi 7．4）,明显减少细胞因自身的胞浆酸性化而死亡,延长细胞存活时间（70％以上的细胞存活时间超过7天）。实验结果提示,通过研究减少CHP2表达或抑制其活性,可望找到加速细胞死亡的新方法。     

盐桦BhNHX的克隆及其与CaM在胁迫下的协同表达

以盐桦组培苗为材料,通过RACE技术克隆了液泡膜Na /H 反向运输体基因BhNHX,采用DNAman软件和BLASTN对cDNA序列进行分析并与其他植物的NHX基因进行同源性比较,最后对BhNHX和钙调蛋白基因(CaM)在各种胁迫条件下的协同表达进行半定量的RT-PCR分析.结果显示:(1)获得了BhNHX的全长cDNA序列,包含1 623 bp的开放阅读框架,编码一个540个氨基酸的多肽,有11个推测跨膜区,与已报道的液泡膜Na /H 反向运输载体蛋白跨膜区数目一致;(2)BhNHX的核酸序列与其他植物NHX具有较高同源性,与葡萄NHX序列一致性达到76%;(3)BhNHX和钙调蛋白基因CaM可同时被盐、低温、干旱所诱导;但ABA只能较明显诱导BhNHX的表达,而对CaM的诱导表达不明显.研究表明,在盐桦受到盐、低温及干旱胁迫时BhNHX和CaM可能协同表达,而在ABA诱导时两者可能具有不同的表达调控模式.     

Amiloride and its analogs as tools in the study of ion transport

Amiloride inhibits most plasma membrane Na+ transport systems. We have reviewed the pharmacology of inhibition of these transporters by amiloride and its analogs. Thorough studies of the Na+ channel, the Na+/H+ exchanger, and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, clearly show that appropriate modification of the structure of amiloride will generate analogs with increased affinity and specificity for a particular transport system. Introduction of hydrophobic substituents on the terminal nitrogen of the guanidino moiety enhances activity against the Na+ channel; whereas addition of hydrophobic (or hydrophilic) groups on the 5-amino moiety enhances activity against the Na+/H+ exchanger. Activity against the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and Ca2+ channel is increased with hydrophobic substituents at either of these sites. Appropriate modification of amiloride has produced analogs that are several hundred-fold more active than amiloride against specific transporters. The availability of radioactive and photoactive amiloride analogs, anti-amiloride antibodies, and analogs coupled to support matrices should prove useful in future studies of amiloride-sensitive transport systems. The use of amiloride and its analogs in the study of ion transport requires a knowledge of the pharmacology of inhibition of transport proteins, as well as effects on enzymes, receptors, and other cellular processes, such as DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, and cellular metabolism. One must consider whether the effects seen on various cellular processes are direct or due to a cascade of events triggered by an effect on an ion transport system.     

Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 and NHE2 have opposite effects on migration velocity in rat gastric surface cells

Following superficial injury, neighbouring gastric epithelial cells close the wound by rapid cell migration, a process called epithelial restitution. Na⁺/H⁺ exchange (NHE) inhibitors interfere with restitution, but the role of the different NHE isoforms expressed in gastric pit cells has remained elusive. The role of the basolaterally expressed NHE1 (Slc9a1) and the presumably apically expressed NHE2 (Slc9a2) in epithelial restitution was investigated in the nontransformed rat gastric surface cell line RGM1. Migration velocity was assessed by loading the cells with the fluorescent dye DiR and following closure of an experimental wound over time. Since RGM1 cells expressed very low NHE2 mRNA and have low transport activity, NHE2 was introduced by lentiviral gene transfer. In medium with pH 7.4, RGM1 cells displayed slow wound healing even in the absence of growth factors and independently of NHE activity. Growth factors accelerated wound healing in a partly NHE1‐dependent fashion. Preincubation with acidic pH 7.1 stimulated restitution in a NHE1‐dependent fashion. When pH 7.1 was maintained during the restitution period, migratory speed was reduced to ～10% of the speed at pH 7,4, and the residual restitution was further inhibited by NHE1 inhibition. Lentiviral NHE2 expression increased the steady‐state pH_i and reduced the restitution velocity after low pH preincubation, which was reversible by pharmacological NHE2 inhibition. The results demonstrate that in RGM1 cells, migratory velocity is increased by NHE1 activation, while NHE2 activity inhibit this process. A differential activation of NHE1 and NHE2 may therefore, play a role in the initiation and completion of the epithelial restitution process.     

小RNA(MicroRNA)研究方法

小RNA (microRNA)是一类新发现的长度约为21～25个核苷酸的RNA,它在转录后水平调节靶基因表达.已有研究表明,小RNA在发育、细胞增殖、凋亡、脂类代谢、激素分泌及肿瘤发生等多种生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用.针对小RNA的研究方法主要包括两大类:一是以传统实验技术方法为基础建立起来的小RNA特有的技术方法,二是已成熟应用的生物信息学技术.前者侧重于小RNA表达的检测和功能机制的阐明,后者则包括新小RNA基因及小RNA靶基因的预测.两者相辅相成,互为补充,为深入地研究这类分子的功能和分子机制提供了大量功能线索,及确凿的实验证据.     

棉纤维发育及其相关基因表达调控研究进展

棉纤维的强度和长度是评价棉花品质优劣的重要标准。棉纤维发育是一个高度程序化的调控过程。在纤维发育的各个时期,均有大量基因参与纤维细胞发育的调控。本文介绍棉纤维细胞发育各个时期的形态结构和生理生化特征以及一些纤维特异性基因表达调控等方面的研究概况和最新进展,以期能够在细胞和分子水平上了解棉纤维发育的基本生物学过程及其调控机制。