细胞氧感受器：天冬酰胺酰羟化酶

缺氧诱导因子（hypoxia-inducible factor, HIF）是异二聚体的转录因子,由氧敏感的α亚基和在细胞内稳定表达的β亚基组成,在细胞缺氧应答反应中起核心作用.缺氧诱导因子脯氨酰羟化酶（prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins, PHDs）和天冬酰胺酰羟化酶,即缺氧诱导因子抑制因子(factor-inhibiting HIF, FIH）是调节缺氧诱导因子蛋白质水平和活性的2类关键酶,它们自身的催化活性受细胞内氧张力的调节,因而被称为细胞氧感受器.目前,大多数的研究都集中于PHDs,而对FIH的研究相对较少.本文主要就FIH的发现、晶体结构、生物学特征以及表达水平和活性调节等方面作一综述.     

缺氧诱导因子1研究进展

缺氧诱导因子１（ｈｙｐｏｘｉａ－ｉｎｄｕｃｉｂｌｅ ｆａｃｔｏｒ－１,ＨＩＦ－１）是由两个蛋白质亚基组成的二聚体转录因子,对缺氧具有特异感受性,它的表达受细胞内氧分压的严密调节。ＨＩＦ－１参与体内许多缺氧反应性基因的转录调节,是机体缺氧应答反应中的关键作用因子。     

缺氧诱导因子1研究进展

缺氧诱导因子１（ＨＩＦ－１）在缺氧诱导的哺乳动物细胞中广泛表达,为缺氧应答的全局性调控因子。ＨＩＦ－１由ＨＩＦ－１α和ＨＩＦ－１β两亚基组成,为异源二聚体转录因子。ＨＩＦ－１α的ｂＨＬＨ和ＰＡＳ结构域与二聚化及ＤＮＡ结合活性有关,ＴＡＤ结构域则主要参与转录激 活。ＨＩＦ－１α的全长基因已克隆并在人和小鼠中定位。通过作用于靶基因的缺氧反应元件（ＨＲＥ０,ＨＩＦ－１参与缺氧诱导的一系列基因的表达调控。     

缺氧诱导因子1与缺氧信号转导机制

缺氧诱导因子1(HIF-1)不仅作为维持氧自稳平衡的核心调控因子,调控一系列缺氧相关基因的表达,而且在感受缺氧,传递缺氧信号的过程中发挥重要作用。氧依赖的羟化酶的发现,证明胞内氧浓度直接调控HIF-1α亚基的表达,为揭示缺氧信号调控HIF-1表达的分子机制提供了有力的证据。     

缺氧诱导因子-1α与胰腺癌发生发层的关系

缺氧是实体瘤生长中存在的普遍现象,它和肿瘤的发展、侵润、转移密切相关。研究发现在胰腺癌组织中也存在缺氧现象。缺氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factor-1,HIF-1)是缺氧条件下广泛存在于哺乳动物及人体中的一种转录因子,它是由α亚基和β亚基组成的异源二聚体。HIF-1α是HIF-1的活性部分,其表达与胰腺癌的血管生成、凋亡抑制、多药耐药、生长转移具有密切关系。同时,缺氧状态下,间质细胞与胰腺癌细胞之间的相互作用促进了癌细胞的侵袭力。现就HIF-1α在胰腺癌组织中的表达及作用做一综述。     

缺氧诱导因子与肺癌关系研究进展

缺氧诱导因子(Hypoxia-inducible factors,HIFs)是在缺氧条件下广泛存在于人和哺乳动物体内的一种转录因子,在细胞的增殖、存活、血管发生、新陈代谢、肿瘤侵袭和转移等过程中起着重要作用。缺氧是实体瘤的一个重要特征,缺氧诱导因子与肿瘤的发生、发展关系密切,通过分析缺氧诱导因子与肺癌的关系,为研发新靶点的肺癌药物奠定一定的理论基础。     

缺氧诱导因子-1结构及功能的研究进展

缺氧诱导因子(hypoxia inducible factor-1,HIF-1)是一种介导机体对缺氧环境产生应答的转录因子。在炎症及实体肿瘤周围的组织大多存在缺氧现象。在缺氧条件下,HIF-1α和HIF-1β两个亚基结合,形成HIF-1并迅速活化,参与机体缺氧环境的适应,并在胚胎发育、多种肿瘤及心肺疾病等发生发展中起到重要作用。因此,更好地认识HIF-1的功能及意义,对进一步地认识与其相关生命过程和疾病本质以及研发新的治疗手段具有重要意义。     

缺氧反应基因及调控机制研究进展

细胞在缺氧情况下,可诱导缺氧反应基因转录增加,维持血氧稳定。缺氧诱导因子－１和包含有启动子、增强子序列的顺序作用元件为转录调控的关键环节,缺氧诱导因子－１可通过顺式作用元件内的缺氧诱导因子－１结合位点与之相结合,二者通过复杂的相互作用来实现转录调控。     

缺氧诱导因子—1

氧是在细胞内呼吸氧化还原反应中电子的最终接受体。缺氧可以引起急性或长期的生理或病理生理反应,在这些过程中缺氧诱导了许多基因的转录。缺氧诱导因子－１（ＨＩＦ－１）是可与红细胞生成素基因（ＥＰＯ）３＇增强子特异结合的由缺氧诱导的ＤＮＡ结合蛋白,可激活Ｈｅｐ ３Ｂ细胞ＥＰＯ的基因转录。并且由于它可在很多细胞被缺氧诱导,包括生成ＥＰＯ和不生成ＥＰＯ细胞,以及许多缺氧诱导的基因都具有ＨＩＦ－１结合位点等特点     

多种翻译后修饰对低氧诱导因子-1α稳定性调控的机制

低氧诱导因子-1（hypoxia-inducible factor-1, HIF-1）是组织细胞对缺氧感应和调控的一类关键转录因子,在机体中广泛表达.作为细胞低氧应答反应中的重要调节因子,HIF-1能够调节100多种涉及低氧应激下细胞适应和存活的靶基因. HIF-1是由氧依赖的α亚基和细胞内稳定表达的β亚基构成的异源二聚体.其中α亚基对氧浓度变化敏感,是HIF-1的功能性亚基,它的表达活性决定了HIF-1的生物学活性.近期研究发现,HIF-1α的一系列翻译后修饰可改变其稳定性,进而调控其转录激活活性,从而参与肿瘤、低氧性肺动脉高压以及心血管疾病等的发生与发展.本文主要就HIF-1α的一列系翻译后修饰,如羟基化、泛素化、磷酸化、乙酰化、SUMO化修饰作一综述.     

医患关系困境的制度影响因素及策略分析

目的 从制度角度探讨医患关系恶化的原因,并给出制度角度上具体的实施建议。方法 运用文献研究法及专题小组讨论法得出医患关系的制度影响因素集合,根据问卷调查结果进行因子分析研究。结果 医患关系深深嵌入到复杂的社会制度体系中,制度、道德文化、目标等八个领域决定医患关系和谐程度,基于因子分析结果,投入制度、强制约束制度和运行与管理制度是医患关系问题的深层制度根源。结论 通过立法建立可持续投入机制,建立解决医患冲突的法律法规、仲裁机制和责任分担制度,采取分级诊疗分化医疗费用压力,加强制度手段对医患关系的统筹管理。     

The association of human coagulation factors VIII,IXa and X with phospholipid vesicles involves both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions

Blood coagulation factor X (FX) is converted to its active form (FXa) by a membrane bound multi-protein enzyme complex, comprised of factor VIII (FVIII), factor IXa (FIXa) and FX. Characterization of the molecular forces involved in the association of these proteins with phospholipids is crucial to understanding how these proteins bind to the lipid milieux of physiological membranes. In this report, the molecular forces involved in the association of FVIII, FIXa or FX with phospholipid vesicles (PLV) were characterized by ligand affinity chromatographic analyses. Treating FVIII-affinity columns with agents that disrupt electrostatic interactions caused elution of 15.2% of the total bound PLV, while agents that disrupt hydrophobic interactions caused elution of 84.8% of the total bound PLV. These results demonstrate that the association of PLV with FVIII is primarily hydrophobic. In contrast, the association of PLV with FIXa or FX is largely the result of electrostatic forces. This was established by observing that 71.3% and 78.9% of the total bound PLV was eluted from FIXa- and FX-affinity columns, respectively, by agents that disrupt electrostatic interactions. Of the total bound PLV, 28.7% and 21.2% were eluted from FIXa- and FX-affinity columns, respectively, by agents that disrupt hydrophobic interactions. These data demonstrate that hydrophobic forces play a heretofore unrecognized role in the association of PLV with FIXa or FX.     

The translation factors of Drosophila melanogaster

Synthesis of polypeptides from mRNA (translation) is a fundamental cellular process that is coordinated and catalyzed by a set of canonical ‘translation factors’. Surprisingly, the translation factors of Drosophila melanogaster have not yet been systematically identified, leading to inconsistencies in their nomenclature and shortcomings in functional (Gene Ontology, GO) annotations. Here, we describe the complete set of translation factors in D. melanogaster, applying nomenclature already in widespread use in other species, and revising their functional annotation. The collection comprises 43 initiation factors, 12 elongation factors, 3 release factors and 6 recycling factors, totaling 64 of which 55 are cytoplasmic and 9 are mitochondrial. We also provide an overview of notable findings and particular insights derived from Drosophila about these factors. This catalog, together with the incorporation of the improved nomenclature and GO annotation into FlyBase, will greatly facilitate access to information about the functional roles of these important proteins.     

Model analysis of difference between EGF pathway and FGF pathway

The difference in time course of Ras and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade by different growth factors is considered to be the cause of different cellular responses. We have developed the computer simulation of Ras-MAPK signal transduction pathway containing newly identified negative feedback system, Sprouty, and adaptor molecules. Unexpectedly, negative feedback system did not profoundly affect time course of MAPK activation. We propose the key role of fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2 (FRS2) in NGF/FGF pathway for sustained MAPK activation. More Grb2-SOS complexes were recruited to the plasma membrane by binding to membrane-bound FRS2 in FGF pathway than in EGF pathway and caused sustained activation of ERK. The EGF pathway with high concentration of EGF receptor also induced sustained MAPK activation, which is consistent with the results in the PC12 cell overexpressing the EGF receptors. The simulated time courses of FRS2 knock-out cells were consistent with those of the reported experimental results.     

凝血因子药物市场分析

凝血因子是一类特殊的药物,是血友病等血液疾病的治疗药物,目前已经成为血液制品的重要组成部分。国外已经有二十多种重组凝血因子药物上市,2015年全球重组凝血因子药物的市场规模已经达到78.54亿美元,未来还将持续增长,Baxalta公司的重组凝血因子产品销售额位居全球首位,达到28.40亿美元。国外有多种重组凝血因子处于研发阶段,其中长效重组凝血因子将成为新的市场增长点。国内各类凝血因子药物的批签发状况良好,且随着国家发展和改革委员会取消血液制品最高零售价,各类产品价格均有不同幅度增长,其中人纤原蛋白原增长幅度最高,达到189%。国产凝血因子市场空间巨大,但存在产品供给和研发力度不足等问题,发展受到限制,必须改革行业管理制度、提高血浆分离技术、加强重组产品研发。     

Defined medium for normal adult human prostatic stromal cells

Summary Stromal-epithelial interactions are pivotal in many aspects of prostatic biology. A defined culture system is critical for the investigation of factors that regulate the growth and differentiation of human prostatic stromal cells. We have identified conditions which promote stromal cell attachment and proliferation in serum-free medium. MCDB 201, originally developed for the clonal growth of chick embryo fibroblasts, proved to be a superior basal medium of those that we tested. Supplementation of MCDB 201 with basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) permitted attachment and exponential growth of cells throughout a 7-d period with an initial inoculum as low as 10³ cells per well of a 96-well microtiter dish. Using these assay conditions, we subsequently verified that basic FGF and IGF, but not PDGF, were required for optimal growth. No activity was found for heparin, transferrin, or the androgen R1881. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) didn’t stimulate growth when added to medium containing basic FGF and IGF, but was moderately stimulatory when added to basal medium alone. Cholera toxin inhibited growth. This simple and efficient culture medium provides a suitable assay system for more extensive studies of growth regulation and differentiation of human prostatic stromal cells, and will provide the basis for future development of a defined medium that supports clonal growth. Characterization of stromal-epithelial interactions will be facilitated by the use of this defined culture system for stromal cells in conjunction with the serum-free culture systems previously developed for human prostatic epithelial cells.     

Contribution of allosteric disulfide in the structural regulation of membrane-bound tissue factor–factor VIIa binary complex

Abstract

Two distinct populations, active and cryptic forms of tissue factor (TF), reside on the cell surface. Apart from phospholipid contribution, various models have been introduced to explain decryption/encryption of TF. The proposed model, the switching of Cys186–Cys209 bond of TF, has become the matter of controversy. However, it is well accepted that this disulfide has an immense influence upon ligand factor VIIa (FVIIa) for its binding. However, molecular level understanding for this remains unveiled due to lack of detailed structural information. In this regard, we have performed the molecular dynamic study of membrane-bound TF/TF–FVIIa in both the forms (±Cys186–Cys209 allosteric disulfide bond), individually. Dynamic study depicts that disulfide bond provides structural rigidity of TF in both free and ligand-bound forms. This disulfide bond also governs the conformation of FVIIa structure as well as the binding affinity of FVIIa toward TF. Significant differences in lipid–protein interaction profiles of both the forms of TF in the complex were observed. Two forms of TF, oxidized and reduced, have different structural conformation and behave differentially toward its ligand FVIIa. This disulfide bond not only alters the conformation of GLA domain of FVIIa in the vicinity but allosterically regulates the conformation of the distantly located FVIIa protease domain. We suggest that the redox status of the disulfide bond also governs the lipid-mediated interactions with both TF and FVIIa.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma     

Fluorine and metals in Polygonum arenastrum Bor. from areas influenced by various types of industry

A herbaceous plant Polygonum arenastrum Bor. (=P. aequele Lindm., Polygonum aviculare ssp. aequale (Lindman) Ascherson & Graebner) (equal-leaved knotgrass), is a widespread, good coloniser, able to survive in wastelands where other species became extinct. Therefore, the bioindication abilities of this species for F, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were investigated. P.arenastrum was collected from 90 sites affected by six polluting factories: copper smelter, chlor-alkali plant, former ferrous-chromium smelter and active combustion smelter, power plant, cement plant and coke plant. Plant samples were collected at 0.75, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 km from each of these polluters in N, S, W and E directions. For comparison, a control site with 16 sampling points was selected in an area relatively free from pollution. Concentrations of Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn in shoots and roots positively correlated with those in soil (both total and plant-available). Cu, Pb and Zn in P.arenastrum were within the values reported in literature as toxic for other plants with the highest bioaccumulation factor (BF) from soil to shoots for Cr and the highest translocation factor (TF) from roots to shoots for Co and Pb for more and less polluted and control sites. Polygonum arenastrum has a potential to accumulate Cr even in sites with low chromium concentration in soil. Polygonum arenastrum does not show any form of shoot injury at increased levels of F and metals in its tissues. Based on these characteristics we conclude that the ubiquitous P.arenastrum may be utilised as a relevant indicator of contamination in industrial zones and may function as an early warning system of increased toxicity in the environment.     

生长因子及其受体在淋巴瘤中异常表达的研究进展

生长因子是一类与受体结合后可以促进细胞增殖和调节细胞多项功能的多肽分子。生长因子及其受体信号通路包括Ras/MAPK、PI3K/AKT和STAT等不仅调控正常细胞的生物学行为,对恶性肿瘤细胞增殖、分化、转化和迁移也具有重要意义。研究发现多种生长因子如VEGF、PDGF和IGF及其受体在多种实体肿瘤如肺癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌中发现有异常表达,在淋巴瘤如DLBCL、PTCL、ML和NL中也存在异常的共同表达,提示在淋巴瘤中可能构成生长因子及其受体的自分泌/旁分泌环路。生长因子及其受体的表达对淋巴瘤患者的预后有一定指导意义,临床研究发现表达生长因子或其受体阳性患者比表达阴性患者有较差的临床预后。这可能与生长因子及其受体对淋巴瘤细胞的增殖、转移和耐药调控有关。目前生长因子及其受体已成为潜在的药物靶点,多种生长因子及其受体抑制剂在开发和临床试验中。本文就近年来生长因子及其受体在淋巴瘤中异常表达研究进展作简要综述。