Analysis of preincisional and postincisional treatment with alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine regarding analgesic consumption and hemodynamic stability in surgical patients

Preemptive analgesia aims to prevent the sensitization of central nervous system, hence the development of pathologic pain after tissular injury. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of preincisional clonidine treatment on analgesic consumption and hemodynamic stability compared to clonidine administered at the end of the operation and control group. Ninety-one patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery were randomly assigned to four groups: peroral clonidine before operation, epidural clonidine before operation, epidural clonidine at the end of operation, and epidural saline before operation as a control group. After the operation, patient-controlled analgesia with epidural morphine was instituted. Analgesic consumption, blood pressure and heart rate were obtained at 1, 2, 6 and 24 h postoperatively, and the cumulative consumption of analgesics was assessed at the end of the study period. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in postoperative systolic blood pressure, with highest hemodynamic stability was observed at 1 h and 6 h in the group of patients administered epidural clonidine before operation. In this group of patients we found significant reduction in analgesic consumption during the study period (p < 0.05), compared to other groups. The cumulative consumption of analgesics assessed at the end of the study period was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in the group of patients administered epidural clonidine before operation (8.40 +/- 3.74, respectively) as compared with the peroral clonidine before operation (16.79 +/- 5.75, respectively), epidural clonidine at the end of the operation (11.11 +/- 4.24, respectively) and control group of patients (18.00 +/- 6.45, respectively). Preincisional administration of epidural clonidine was associated with a significantly lower analgesic use, lower cumulative analgesic consumption and greater hemodynamic stability, in comparison with other groups.     

舒芬太尼复合吗啡硬膜外术后镇痛的最佳剂量配伍

目的：观察腹式子宫全切术后硬膜外镇痛应用舒芬太尼复合吗啡时两种药物不同剂量的镇痛效果和不良反应,以寻找其最佳剂量配伍。方法：选择90例美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）标准Ⅰ-Ⅱ级、年龄20-60岁拟行腹式子宫全切术的病人,均实施腰硬联合麻醉。随机分成3组,每组30例：Ⅰ组：舒芬太尼10μg＋吗啡2 mg＋氟哌利多1 mg＋1%罗哌卡因20 mg;Ⅱ组：舒芬太尼15μg＋吗啡1.5 mg＋氟哌利多1 mg＋1%罗哌卡因20 mg;Ⅲ组：舒芬太尼20μg＋吗啡1 mg＋氟哌利多1 mg＋1%罗哌卡因20mg。术中监测生命体征,记录术后24小时内的镇痛效果、不良反应及辅助镇痛药物的使用情况。镇痛效果评价采用视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）标准。结果：2组各个时间点VAS评分均明显低于1组（P〈0.05）,在术后6 h,8 h,12 h,18 h,24 h与3组有统计学差异（P〈0.05）,3组在2 h,4 h,6 h的VAS评分低于1组（P〈0.05）;2组恶心评分与3组相比明显较低（P〈0.05）,其他不良反应三组间没有统计学差异;各组患者在术后24h内辅助镇痛药物使用情况比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论：舒芬太尼15μg复合吗啡1.5 mg用于腹式子宫全切术后硬膜外镇痛效果优于其他常用剂量配伍,镇痛效果平稳确切且不良反应少,具有临床应用价值。     

地佐辛联合舒芬太尼对开胸患者术后镇痛镇静效果、血流动力学及免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨地佐辛联合舒芬太尼对开胸患者术后镇痛镇静效果、血流动力学及免疫功能的影响。方法:选取2017年1月~2018年12月期间新疆医科大学附属第一医院收治的拟行开胸手术患者70例,根据术后镇痛药物的不同将患者分为对照组(n=35)和研究组(n=35),对照组术后给予舒芬太尼镇痛,研究组术后给予地佐辛联合舒芬太尼镇痛。比较两组患者镇痛镇静效果、血流动力学、免疫功能及不良反应发生情况。结果:研究组术后6 h、12 h、24 h视觉疼痛模拟评分法(VAS)评分呈逐渐递减趋势,且低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组术后3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h Ramsay镇静评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组术后5 min、3 h、12 h心率(HR)、舒张压(DBP)、收缩压(SBP)均低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者术后1 d、7 d CD3^+、CD4^+/CD8^+、自然杀伤(NK)细胞水平均呈先降低后升高趋势,术后7 d可恢复至术前水平(P<0.05),研究组术后1 d CD3^+、CD4^+/CD8^+、NK细胞水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组不良反应发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:开胸患者术后应用地佐辛联合舒芬太尼,镇静镇痛效果较好,可有效维持患者血流动力学稳定,减轻机体免疫功能抑制,安全可靠。     

肺癌根治术后不同镇痛方式的临床效果比较

目的：观察和比较硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）和静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）用于肺癌根治术患者围术期的镇痛效果及其不良反应的发生情况。方法：选择择期全麻下行肺癌根治性切除术的患者1214例,ASAI～II级,依镇痛方式不同分为硬膜外自控镇痛组（PCEA组,n=1023）和静脉自控镇痛组（PCtA组,n=191）。观察围术期两组患者镇痛效果、不良反应及术后康复情况。结果：PCEA组术后2h静止状态下和术后6h、24h活动状态下VAS评分均明显低于PCIA组（P〈O．05）;术后48h的Ramsay评分明显低于PCIA组（P〈0．05）;术后住院时间明显短于PCIA组（P〈0．05）;肺部并发症的发生率、切口感染和术后谵妄、恶心呕吐的发生率均明显低于PCIA组（P〈0．01）。结论：PCEA和PCIA两种镇痛方式用于肺癌根治术患者围术期均可达到满意的临床镇痛效果,但PCEA的用药量更少,镇静作用轻,副反应少,并可以降低肺感染和切口感染的几率,缩短住院时间,更有利于肺癌根治术患者的镇痛和康复。     

术中静脉不向剂量右美托咪啶对全髋置换术患者术后患者芬太尼静脉自控镇痛效果的影响

目的：观察气管内全身麻醉下行全髋置换术患者,术中静脉应用不同剂量右美托咪定对术后芬太尼静脉自控镇痛效果的影响及相关不良反应发生的情况。方法：选择择期在气管内全麻下行全髋置换术的患者60 例,ASA Ⅰ ～Ⅱ级,年龄47～78 岁,体重42～79 kg。患者随机分组法分为3 组（n=20）：C 组（盐水对照组）、D1 组（右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg 组）和D2 组（右美托咪定1 μg/kg组）,在手术结束前约1 小时按分组分别给予生理盐水和右美托咪啶,术后镇痛使用芬太尼静脉自控镇痛24 h。记录患者术后2h、2～6 h、6～12 h、12～24 h芬太尼的用量;VAS 评分法评估患者术前、术后2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h 时的疼痛程度;记录镇痛期间恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒及过度镇静等不良反应发生的情况。结果：术后2h 和术后2～6 h芬太尼用量D1组和D2 组较C 组减少（P＜0.05）,但D1组和D2 组之间比较无差异（P＞0.05）;而术后6～12 和12～24 h三组患者芬太尼用量无差异（P＞0.05）。术后2 h、2～6 hVAS评分D1 组和D2 组较C组减少（P＜0.05）,而D1组和D2 组之间比较无差异（P＞0.05）;术后6～12、12～24 h三组患者VAS 评分无差异（P＞0.05）。与C 组比较,D1 组和D2 组镇痛期间恶心呕吐发生率降低（P＜0.05）,余不良反应各组之间比较无差异（P＞0.05）。结论：气管内全身麻醉下行全髋置换术的患者,术中静脉应用右美托咪啶可在术后6 h内增强芬太尼镇痛的效果减少芬太尼的用量,但增大剂量效果并不增加而作用时间也不延长。     

帕瑞昔布钠复合舒芬太尼对甲状腺手术患者术后镇痛镇静效果、血流动力学及炎症反应的影响

目的:探讨帕瑞昔布钠复合舒芬太尼对甲状腺手术患者术后镇痛镇静效果、血流动力学及炎症反应的影响.方法:选择2018年6月～2019年6月期间100例在我院择期行甲状腺手术患者,根据随机数字表法分为对照组(n=50,术后镇痛予以舒芬太尼)和研究组(n=50,术后镇痛予以帕瑞昔布钠复合舒芬太尼),比较两组患者术后镇痛镇静效果...     

硬膜外腔单次注射吗啡联合地佐辛静脉用于剖宫产术后镇痛的疗效及对患者血清5-羟色胺、泌乳素水平的影响

目的:探讨硬膜外腔单次注射吗啡联合地佐辛静脉用于剖宫产术后镇痛的疗效及对患者血清5-羟色胺、泌乳素水平的影响。方法:选择2016年1月至2018年11月择期进行剖宫产的产妇80例,按照随机数字法将其分为观察组和对照组,每组各40例。对照组采用硬膜外腔单次注射吗啡自控镇痛,观察组采用硬膜外腔单次注射吗啡联合地佐辛静脉自控镇痛。采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评估两组产妇术后镇痛效果,酶联免疫法及化学发光法分别测定产妇术前、术后6 h、12 h、24 h和48 h血清5-羟色胺水平及泌乳素水平,并观察两组产妇术后不良反应的发生情况。结果:两组产妇患者术后VAS评分随着时间延长逐渐降低,观察组术后第6 h、12 h、24 h以及48 h的VAS评分均显著低于对照组(P0.05);两组产妇术后血清5-羟色胺水平均较术前明显降低(P0.05),而血清泌乳素均较术前显著升高(P0.05),且观察组术后第6 h、12 h、24 h以及48 h血清5-羟色胺水平均显著低于对照组(P0.05),而血清泌乳素浓度均明显高于对照组(P0.05)。两组产妇患者术后均未出现呼吸抑制,对照组恶心(Nausea)、呕吐、头晕、皮肤瘙痒的发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:硬膜外腔单次注射吗啡联合地佐辛静脉用于剖宫产术后镇痛疗效及安全性均较硬膜外腔单次注射吗啡自控镇痛更好,产妇术后血清泌乳素及5-羟色胺浓度显著提高,对于产后抑郁的发病可能有一定的抑制作用,也有利于产妇术后恢复,尽早哺乳。     

A comparison of two subarachnoid α2-agonists,xylazine and clonidine,with respect to duration of antinociception,and hemodynamic effects in goats

Subarachnoid administration of clonidine and xylazine produces antinociception in several species and in humans. The present study compares these two drugs administered by the subarachnoid route to goats. Goats (n=6) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups. All animals of each group received 0.06 mg kg⁻¹ clonidine (CLO), 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ xylazine (XIL) and 0.9% saline solution (SS), with a minimum interval of 1 week between treatments. All injections were made into the subarachnoid space between the last lumbar vertebra and the first sacral vertebra. Analgesia, ataxia, sedation, cardiovascular and respiratory effects, and rectal temperature were evaluated at predefined regular time intervals before drug administration (baseline) and after administration. The onset of analgesia by clonidine and xylazine was observed in 6.8±1.8 and 9.5±2.6 min (mean±S.D.), respectively. Both α₂-agonists produced analgesia of dorsocaudal rib areas, flanks, hind limbs, perineum and tail, sedation and ataxia. The duration of antinociception after clonidine administration was 118.8±24 min and after xylazine 88.3±15 min (mean±S.D.). Clonidine and xylazine subarachnoidally administered induced a significant (P<0.05) decrease in heart and respiratory rates and hypothermia in relation to the basal value. Neither drug significantly altered blood pressure. Both α₂-agonist drugs induced frequent diuresis and an increase in salivation. We conclude that subarachnoid clonidine produces longer antinociception with less ataxia than xylazine in goats. However, the drug induced bradycardia, a decrease in the respiratory rate and hypothermia, with a small compromise in the blood pressures at the doses studied. Further studies should be done to determine whether this analgesia is sufficient for surgical procedures.     

经腹子宫全切术后舒芬太尼和芬太尼自控静脉镇痛的比较

目的观察舒芬太尼用于经腹子宫全切术后静脉镇痛效果、临床副作用,并与等效价的芬太尼比较有无优越性。方法选择择期硬膜外阻滞麻醉下经腹行子宫全切术患者80例,随机分为A组（芬太尼组）40例,B组（舒芬太尼组）40例。A组给予负荷量芬太尼40μg;B组给予负荷量舒芬太尼4μg。两组均采用珠海福尼亚电子微量泵（CPE-101—200型）行自控静脉镇痛。观察术后4、8、16、24h的疼痛、镇静、恶心呕吐的评分,记录血氧饱和度、镇痛液消耗量。疼痛情况用水平视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评估,镇静程度按Ramsay评分法评估。结果与A组比较,B组各时点VAS评分普遍低于A组,但仅术后24h差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组患者镇静评分均无达到3分者,B组各时点Ramsay评分普遍高于A组,其中术后16、24h差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．05）。B组患者术后各时点镇痛液消耗量普遍低于A组,其中术后16、24h差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组术后恶心呕吐发生率均低,其中术后4h差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论经腹子宫全切术后舒芬太尼组的静脉镇痛效果略优于芬太尼组,镇静作用亦明显高于芬太尼组,而且减少恶心呕吐等副作用的发生率。     

舒芬太尼联合地佐辛术后自控静脉镇痛对腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者疼痛应激和T细胞亚群的影响

目的:观察舒芬太尼联合地佐辛术后自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)对腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者疼痛应激和T细胞亚群的影响。方法:选取2018年1月~2020年7月期间于我院行腹腔镜胃癌根治术的患者97例,采用双色球法将患者分为对照组(48例,舒芬太尼术后PCIA)和观察组(49例,舒芬太尼联合地佐辛术后PCIA)。观察两组患者术后2 h、4 h、8 h、12 h、24 h疼痛及镇静情况[视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、Ramsay评分]。观察两组术前、术后24 h的疼痛应激[β-内啡肽、前列腺素E2(PEG2)、P物质]和T细胞亚群相关指标的变化情况,记录两组镇痛期间不良反应发生情况。结果:观察组术后4 h、8 h、12 h、24 h VAS评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组术后4 h、8 h、12 h、24 h Ramsay评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。术后24 h,观察组血清β-内啡肽、PEG2、P物质水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。术后24 h,观察组CD3;、CD4;、CD4;/CD8;高于对照组,CD8;低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率对比无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:舒芬太尼联合地佐辛术后PCIA应用于腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者,镇静镇痛效果较好,安全性较好,可进一步抑制疼痛应激,对患者的免疫功能予以保护。     

Interaction of clonidine with chronotropic agents on isolated right atria

Clonidine was administered to isolated guinea pig right atria in order to characterize its chronotropic activity and its interaction with other chronotropic agents at the postjunctional level. Clonidine either had no significant effect (10(-7)--10(-4) M) or decreased (10(-3) M) atrial rate. Pretreatment of the atria with clonidine noncompetitively antagonized (10(-6)--10(-4) M) the positive chronotropic actions of isoproterenol, and competitively antagonized (10(-4) M) the negative chronotropic actions of pilocarpine. At doses of 10(-6) or 3 X 10(-6) M, clonidine also noncompetitively antagonized the positive chronotropic effects of 4-methylhistamine and glucagon. The results show that clonidine antagonizes both adrenergic and cholinergic influences on atrial rate at the postjunctional level and suggest that the antagonism of adrenergic influences does not involve a direct interaction with beta-adrenergic receptors.     

右美托咪定复合羟考酮在腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术患者术后镇痛中的作用及对应激反应和胃肠功能恢复的影响

摘要 目的：观察腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术患者应用右美托咪定复合羟考酮在术后镇痛中的作用以及对应激反应和胃肠功能恢复的影响。方法：纳入我院2018年1月~2019年12月收治的腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术患者100例,根据随机数字表法分为对照组（n=50,术后镇痛选用羟考酮）和研究组（n=50,术后镇痛选用右美托咪定复合羟考酮）。观察术后镇痛、镇静情况,分析术后不同时间点应激反应指标变化情况,观察两组术后胃肠功能恢复情况和不良反应情况。结果：两组术后不同时间点（3 h、12 h、24 h）Ramsay镇静评分、视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分随着时间的延长而降低（P＜0.05）。研究组术后不同时间点（3 h、12 h、24 h）VAS评分均低于对照组,Ramsay镇静评分则高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组肠鸣音出现时间、排气时间、排便时间组间对比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组术后不同时间点（3 h、12 h、24 h）的白介素-6（IL-6）、皮质醇（Cor）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）水平先升高后降低（P<0.05）。研究组术后12 h和术后24 h的IL-6、Cor、NE水平低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率组间对比无差异（P>0.05）。结论：右美托咪定复合羟考酮应用于腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术患者,可获得良好的镇静镇痛效果,同时还可减轻机体应激反应,且不影响机体胃肠功能恢复,安全有效。     

不同麻醉和术后镇痛方式对中老年胸科手术后胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的：探讨不同麻醉和术后镇痛方式对中老年胸科手术后胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法：中老年胸科手术患者80例随机分为治疗组与对照组各40例,两组都采用开胸手术治疗,于手术结束前30min硬膜外腔给予镇痛,治疗组采用舒芬太尼镇痛,对照组采用地佐辛镇痛。结果：两组镇痛后2h与镇痛后24h的HR和MVP对比差异明显（P〈0．05）,同时对照组不同时间点的组内对比差异明显（P〈0．05）,治疗组组内对比无明显差异。治疗组在镇痛后2h与镇痛后24h的VAS评分都明显少于对照组（P〈0．05）,Ramsay评分治疗组高于对照组（P〈0．05）。治疗组组内不同时间点胰岛素含量和胰岛素敏感性对比无明显差异,而对照组对比差异明显（P〈0．05）,同时镇痛后组间对比也有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论：相对于地佐辛,舒芬太尼用于中老年胸科手术术后疼痛镇痛效果良好,能有效地抑制胰岛素抵抗与应激反应的发生,有很好的应用效果。     

腰硬联合麻醉下术中静脉右美托咪啶对术后硬膜外镇痛的影响

目的：观察腰硬联合麻醉下术中静脉持续输注0．5μg·kg-1．h-1的右关托咪啶对腹式全子宫切除术病人术后吗啡硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）的影响及相关不良反应发生的情况。方法：选择ASAI或II级、择期行腹式全子宫切除术病人50例,腰硬联合麻醉成功后,随机分为Ⅰ组（右关托咪啶组）和Ⅱ组（盐水对照组）,每组25例,术后镇痛采用硬膜外镇痛。观察患者术后第一疼痛出现时间,术后24h和术后24--48h吗啡用量、PCEA泵按压次数和有效次数,VAS评分法评估患者术后不同时点的疼痛程度;记录围术期血流动力学的变化和血管活性药物的使用情况;记录镇痛期间恶心呕吐及皮肤瘙痒等不良反应的发生情况。结果：患者术后第一疼痛时间Ⅰ组较Ⅱ组延长（P〈0．05）;术后24小时吗啡用量、PCEA泵按压次数及有效按压次数Ⅰ组较Ⅱ组显著减少（P〈0．05）,24---48小时两组病人无差异（P〉0．05）;病人术后0．5小时、6小时静息和运动VAS评分Ⅰ组较Ⅱ组显著减低（P〈0．05）,其余时点无差异（P〉0．05）;麻醉后15min时Ⅰ组较Ⅱ组心率下降（P〈0．05）,其余各时点比较无差异（P〉0．05）,各时点平均动脉压两组无差异（P〉0．05）;阿托品和麻黄碱Ⅰ组使用量较Ⅱ组增多（P〈0．05）;恶心的发生率Ⅰ组较Ⅱ组降低（P〈0．05）。结论：腰硬联合麻醉下行腹式全子宫切除术,术中静脉持续输注0．5μg·kg-1．h-1的右美托咪啶可在术后24小时内减轻患者的疼痛反应,减少硬膜外镇痛吗啡的用量,且无明显不良反应。     

Permeability of epidural somatostatin and morphine into the intrathecal space of dogs

In an in vivo saline perfusate of the intrathecal space of 6 dogs, the concentration of somatostatin was determined by radioimmunoassay before and over 2 h after epidural administration of 3 mg somatostatin. The total recovered amount of somatostatin was negligible, about 0.02%. However, within 50 min after the bolus epidural injection of somatostatin, the concentration per ml perfusate increased from 0.1 +/- 0.02 ng/ml to 138 +/- 102 ng/ml (P less than 0.001) and declined to 4 +/- 1.7 ng/ml after 120 min. This increase of the somatostatin concentration by 3 orders of magnitude might explain why epidurally administered somatostatin is effective in treatment of acute and chronic pain. In a control investigation with epidural morphine in another 6 dogs to prove the feasibility of the method, the total recovered amount of morphine in the intrathecal perfusate over 2 h was about 12%.     

不同剂量地佐辛用于腹腔镜妇科手术超前镇痛的效果观察

目的：观察不同剂量地佐辛用于腹腔镜妇科手术超前镇痛的效果。方法：将90例ASAI．II级、年龄18~60岁拟行腹腔镜妇科手术的患者随机分成3组,每组30例,A组给予地佐辛0．1mg／kg开皮前15rain静脉注射;B组给予地佐辛0．15mg／kg开皮前15min静脉注射;C组给予地佐辛0．2mg／kg开皮前15min静脉注射,采用VAS评分评估术后镇痛效果并观察术后辅助镇痛药物的使用和不良反应的发生情况。结果：B、c组术后2、4、6、8h的VAS评分明显低于A组（P〈0．05）;C组术后2、4h的Ramsay评分明显高于A、B组（P〈0.05）;A组术后辅助镇痛药的使用率明显高于B组和C组（P／0．05）;3组不良反应的发生率比较均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：开皮前15rain静注地佐辛0．15mg／kg用于腹腔镜妇科手术镇痛效果好,且不增加不良反应的发生率。     

Analgesic responses to intrathecal morphine in relation to CSF concentrations of morphine-3,beta-glucuronide and morphine-6,beta-glucuronide.

This study was performed to determine whether variations in analgesic responses to intrathecal morphine could be explained by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of morphine metabolites. Twenty-four CSF samples were collected at the beginning, middle and end of treatment periods in seven cancer patients with pain of malignant origin. CSF concentrations of morphine-3,beta-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6,beta-glucuronide (M6G) metabolites were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Analgesic responses to morphine were estimated concurrent with CSF collection using a visual analog scale representing percentages of pain relief. Effective analgesia was defined as > or = 75% pain relief. CSF concentration of M3G and M6G in the 24 samples were 722 +/- 116 ng/ml and 699 +/- 158 ng/ml, respectively. CSF samples were categorized into two groups: (1) those collected during effective analgesia (N=14), and (2) those collected during ineffective analgesia (N=10). M6G levels detected in group 1 samples (effective analgesia) were significantly greater than those found in group 2 samples (ineffective analgesia) (978 +/- 243 ng/ml vs 309 +/- 68 ng/ml, P<0.05). Intergroup differences in CSF M3G concentrations and M3G/M6G ratios were not significant. It is concluded that CSF M6G may be indicative of effectiveness of analgesia in cancer patients subjected to intrathecal morphine.     

罗哌卡因配伍布托啡诺及芬太尼用于术后自控镇痛的临床观察

目的：观察布托啡诺、芬太尼、布托啡诺与芬太尼配伍罗哌卡因用于术后硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）的临床效果及安全性。方法：选择150例ASAI或Ⅱ级,拟择期行开胸手术的全麻联合硬膜外麻醉患者,将其随机分为罗哌卡因联合芬太尼组（RF）,罗哌卡因联合芬太尼与布托啡诺组（RFB）,罗哌卡因联合布托啡诺组（RB）,术毕采用硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）。记录并比较术后4、8、12、24、和48h的镇痛、镇静效果、舒适度、病人自控镇痛（PCA）给药次数及有效次数,监测其不良反应发生的发生情况。结果：三组PCEA方案均能达到良好镇痛和镇静目的,在术后4h、24h和48h,RFB组的VAs值均明显低于RF组（P〈0．05）,24h（P〈0．01）;术后8hVAS值明显小于RB组（P〈0．01）。术后RFB4hRamsay嗜睡少于RB组（P〈0．05）,其它时间段评分优于其他两组但无统计学意义。术后48h不良反应比较：恶心呕吐RFB低于RF（P〈0．05）;头痛头晕RFB组低于RB（P〈0．05）;嗜睡RFB组明显少于RB组（P〈0．01）。结论：罗哌卡因配伍布托啡诺及芬太尼用于术后硬膜外自控镇痛效果良好,值得在临床推荐使用。     

罗哌卡因切口浸润联合静脉自控镇痛对肝癌肝切除术患者术后镇痛镇静效果及肝功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）联合罗哌卡因切口浸润对肝癌肝切除术患者术后的镇痛镇静效果及肝功能的影响。方法：选取2017年2月~2019年4月期间我院收治的119例行肝切除术的肝癌患者,根据随机数字表法分为对照组（n=59）和研究组（n=60）,对照组患者术后给予生理盐水联合 PCIA,研究组患者术后给予罗哌卡因切口浸润联合PCIA。比较两组患者术后指标、镇痛镇静效果、肝功能及不良反应。结果：研究组腹腔引流管拔出时间、术后首次下床活动时间、术后住院时间较对照组更短（P<0.05）,术后 PCIA 药物使用量少于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者术后4 h~术后48 h视觉模拟疼痛评分量表（VAS）评分均呈先升高后降低趋势,且术后12 h、术后24 h、术后48 h研究组VAS评分均低于对照组（P<0.05）;研究组术后12 h、术后24 h、术后48 h Ramsay镇静评分均高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组患者术后3 d丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBIL)水平均升高（P<0.05）。两组患者不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：罗哌卡因切口浸润联合PCIA应用于肝癌肝切除术患者术后镇痛,镇静镇痛效果确切,可有效改善术后指标,且不增加肝功能损害,不良反应发生率较低。     

Clonidine Prevents Transient Loss of Noradrenaline in Response to Cholinergic Hypofunction Induced by Ethylcholine Aziridinium (AF64A)

Intracerebroventricular injection of ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A) (2 nmol/ventricle) induced a considerable decrease in the level of acetylcholine (ACh) in hippocampus (from 21.14 +/- 0.84 to 10.04 +/- 0.59 pmol/mg of tissue; p less than 0.001) 4 days after application. The reduction of cholinergic function was accompanied by a decrease in the level of noradrenaline (NA) (from 1.96 +/- 0.08 to 1.41 +/- 0.06 pmol/mg of tissue; p less than 0.001). Two days after administration of AF64A (1 or 2 nmol/ventricle), the dose-dependent decrease in NA level was associated with an increase in the level of its major metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), resulting in a considerable increase in the MHPG/NA molar ratio (from 0.84 +/- 0.06 to 1.62 +/- 0.17; p less than 0.002). Chronic treatment of AF64A-injected rats with clonidine (0.02-0.2 mg/kg, i.p., every 8-12 h) had no significant effect on the loss of ACh content, whereas the decrease in NA content in hippocampus was completely prevented. Clonidine induced aggressive behavior in the AF64A-treated rats, in contrast to sedation in vehicle-injected rats. The response to clonidine under these experimental conditions and the increased MHPG/NA molar ratio in response to AF64A suggest that the transient loss of NA content following AF64A administration results from increased NA release. The increased noradrenergic activity in hippocampus may be linked to the reduction of tonic inhibitory cholinergic input. These results are discussed in relation to possible implications for senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.