不同松林内马尾松毛虫种群动态的特征

通过对1992-2001年5种不同混交林型的马尾松林内各代幼虫发生量,受害面积和有虫株率的系统调查,研究了各种不同林型的松林对马尾松毛虫种群动态的影响。结果表明,不同树种混交的马尾松林对马尾松毛虫的种群动态有较大的影响。马尾松毛虫在马尾松纯林中发生量多,为害最严重。暴发周期最短;在与杉木等混交的马尾松林中发生次之;而在与阔叶树混交的马尾松林中平均每株虫口数少,发生与危害率及有虫株率均较其它林型小,不易引起松毛虫暴发为害。     

自然种群中混沌的检测及其在种群动态研究中的意义

混沌现象广泛地存在于自然界,20世纪70年代以来,通过大量的生物模型模拟说明混沌也存在于生物系统中。几十年来生态学家一直在努力寻找混沌在自然生态系统存在的证据,但所获不多,这是源于自然的现实还是由于检测方法的不当和数据的局限?一直困扰着生态学家,自然界中对混沌的检测成为一个要点,也是一个难点。在概述混沌概念和性质的基础上,着重介绍目前在自然生态系统检测混沌的方法,对各种方法的应用条件和范围进行了概述。这些方法包括功率谱法、时间序列的自相关函数分析、模型参数估计、庞加莱截面法、全局和局域李雅普若夫特征指数的估计、吸引子关联维的确定、非线性预测。大量研究结果显示,虽然在自然界检测到的混沌的例子还不多,但其存在却是不容怀疑的。问题是什么样的系统在什么样的条件下会出现混沌?研究表明食物链的结构、种群的迁入和迁出、环境噪音都会对种群的复杂性动态特征产生影响。混沌动态可能对产生系统的多样性和适应性有利,它比随机系统对外界干扰的抵抗能力更强。自然界的变化和系统的维持是持续性和混沌相互矛盾统一的结果。害虫种群复杂性动态的研究为害虫的管理提供了更多的理论依据。混沌控制的理论和方法有可能为害虫管理提供新的思路和途径。在孤立的种群中,混沌会增加种群的灭绝概率,而在集合种群中,混沌动态降低了各局域种群的同步性和同时灭绝的倾向,所以混沌虽然能增加局域种群灭绝的概率,但却能减少整个集合种群灭绝的概率。系统结构及其时空动态与混沌及种群灭绝之间的关系,是保护生物学及生物多样性保护研究的一个重要方面。今后的研究应更多地从种群、群落、生态系统及景观不同层次上的时空动态入手,利用3S等信息技术和空间动态分析方法,研究复杂性动态产生的条件及其在系统调控中的作用机制。     

马尾松毛虫2、3代分化和干旱对种群时间动态的影响

通过对安徽冬至县金寺山林场27年中马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus Walker发生面积的时间序列和2、3代分化率及干旱记录进行相关分析,进一步探讨2、3代分化和干旱对马尾松毛虫种群时间序列动态的影响。马尾松毛虫2、3代分化率有一定的周期性,而且波动的幅度很大,大致可以分成低、中、高三个等级,三个等级的分化率范围分别为1%～10%,11%～40%和41%～100%。大致每隔5～6年出现一次高分化率,高分化率的前后往往是低分化率,高分化率之间一般是中等的分化率和低分化率交替出现。通过分析马尾松毛虫2、3代分化对种群时间序列动态的影响,说明2、3代分化主要影响当代的数量,与以后各代数量无明显相关。2、3代分化前的种群数量与2、3代分化也无明显的相关。中等以上的分化率常引起松毛虫的发生。影响2、3代分化的主要气候因子是7月份的气温,7月份的气温越高,卵孵化的高峰期越早,更多幼虫于分化的临界光周期以前孵化,分化率就高。干旱与2、3代分化有微弱的相关,对松毛虫时间动态的影响具有延迟作用,影响最明显的是第二年的第1代,这说明干旱不仅影响当代松毛虫的动态,更重要的是通过影响寄主,从而影响到以后世代的松毛虫动态。     

濒危植物太白红杉种群年龄结构及其时间序列预测分析

为了阐明太白红杉(Larix potaninii var.chinensis)种群的年龄结构和未来发展趋势,合理保护现有资源,在太白山地区调查了 29个样地(10 m×10m),对处于不同生境的 5个种群的年龄结构、静态生命表和时间序列预测进行了分析。种群年龄结构分析表明,各种群个体数量主要集中于Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ龄级(个体数量比重占68.64％),幼、老龄个体数量较少。受所处生境条件影响,不同种群年龄结构特点不同:海拔较低的种群(B)由于水热条件适宜,林内有林窗出现,幼龄级个体数相对丰富;而其他种群由于幼龄个体严重缺乏,衰退趋势明显。太白红杉不同种群生命表和存活曲线的分析表明,尽管所处的生境差异较大,但存活曲线基本属于Deevey Ⅲ型,种群偏离典型存活曲线的程度与幼苗缺乏程度有关,一般V-Ⅸ龄级死亡率较高。时间序列分析表明,在未来20、60、100和200年中,各太白红杉种群均会呈现老龄级株数先增加后减少的趋势,种群稳定性维持困难。太白红杉种群年龄结构和动态趋势与银杉(Cathaya argyrophylla)等其他濒危植物比较,导致种群衰退的原因相似:在郁闭的林下种子萌芽和幼苗生长困难。应该利用太白红杉喜光、耐旱和中老年个体产种量丰富的特性,对现有太白红杉林分实行就地保护,合理抚育管理。低海拔地区,应适当间伐非目的树种     

油松毛虫幼虫,蛹种群聚集动态的分析

本文用灰色聚类分析、模糊聚类分析方法研究油松毛虫(Dendrolimustabulaeformis)幼虫、蛹种群的聚集动态。两种聚类分析方法综合分析结果表明:油松毛虫从越冬幼虫至蛹的种群聚集动态过程可分为:高度聚集,中等聚集程度和低聚集度三个阶段,它们各自相应的生物学阶段是:“刚刚上树期”,“上树后重新分布,扩散期(死亡率较高期)”,“取食盛期”以及蛹期,其中前二个阶段为“高聚集度”阶段。     

三江平原不同群落小叶章种群地上生物量动态及其时间序列分析

本文通过对三江平原典型草甸、沼泽化草甸、沼泽3个群落的优势植物小叶章种群地上生物量及其时间序列分析。结果表明:3个群落小叶章种群地上生物的季节动态均呈单峰型,均在7月末达到极大值。其抛物线拟合效果良好。时间序列分析准确地反映了小叶章种群地上生物量的季节动态变化规律。     

马尾松毛虫CPV基因组S7的序列分析及部分序列的原核表达

马尾松毛虫质多角体病毒(湖南株)基因组S7节段(AY180908)cDNA克隆及序列分析结果表明：S7由1501个碱基组成,编码由448个氨基酸组成的分子量为49．8kDa的多肽P50。5’末端和3’末端具有5’-AGTAA-3’和5’-GTTAGCC-3’末端保守序列。该基因组与舞毒蛾质多角体病毒1型和家蚕质多角体病毒1型s7节段有很高的同源性,核苷酸序列同源性分别为97．2％和87．0％,氨基酸序列同源性分别为98．7％和92．8％。P50多肽与人型支原体的DnaK样蛋白在C-末端有相似性。本文报道了编码P50 C259的cDNA序列的克隆并作了原核表达,当用1．0mmol／L IPTG诱导2h,分子量约为37.3kDa的融合蛋白在大肠杆菌BL21中得到大量表达。     

松毛虫在重复发生的松林里种群动态的研究

本对松毛虫在重复发生的松林里种群数量的消长及其原因进行了研究。结果表明,在重复发生的松林里,轮毛虫的虫口密度会自然地下降到最低状态。其原因主要是天敌和被害松林综合作用的结果。天敌对抑制松毛虫种群数量的消长起了重要作用,被害松林对松毛虫的生长发育和繁殖有着明显的影响,这就为松毛虫的综合治理提供了依据。     

不同受害类型松林中马尾松毛虫自然种群生命表研究

通过组建自然种群生命表来研究比较受害松林与未受害松林间马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus Walker的种群动态.结果表明,在未受害松林中马尾松毛虫的存活率达15.33%,种群趋势指数为24.0489;在受害松林中马尾松毛虫的存活率为0.61%,种群趋势指数为0.4864.在受害松林中的总K值(3.2183)也要远远大于未受害松林中的总K值(0.8146).在未受害松林中易引起马尾松毛虫种群数量的剧增,而在受害的松林中马尾松毛虫的种群呈下降趋势.这一结果表明受害的松林本身对马尾松毛虫种群具有一定的自然调控作用.     

马尾松毛虫幼虫的捕食天敌及其捕食作用的研究

根据林间调查和室内观察资料,分析了江西省万年县不同松林中马尾松毛虫不同发生代别低龄幼虫期的主要捕食天敌种类及数量。结果表明低龄幼虫期捕食无敌有13科31种,其中以蜘蛛类最多,其次为蚂蚁类。不同林型中捕食天敌的种类和数量在年份间代别间均存在一定差异,数量差异尤其显著。在室内研究了几种主要捕食无敌对马尾松毛虫低龄幼虫的捕食作用及其功能反应,结果表明功能反应为S型,由此建立了它们的功能反应模型。     

Ten polymorphic microsatellite markers developed in the masson pine moth Dendrolimus punctatus Walker (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

A set of 10 polymorphic di‐ and trinucleotide microsatellite loci were developed for the forestry pest insect, masson pine moth, Dendrolimus punctatus Walker. The expected heterozygosity at these loci ranges from 0.285 to 0.859, and the observed allele numbers from five to 19. Cross species amplification of these loci in four other congeneric pine moth species indicates variable levels of loci conservation and thus cross‐applicability. Therefore, the microsatellite loci reported here should be useful for population genetic and other related studies in the masson pine moth and other closely related species.     

马尾松毛虫对马尾松和湿地松的选择与适应研究

用马尾松老叶、新叶,湿地松老叶、新叶,当年生马尾松新叶、湿地松新叶和当年生以20％和40％β-蒎烯处理过的马尾松新叶作食料饲养马尾松毛虫。结果表明：马尾松毛虫幼虫在第1代发生期取食马尾松老叶、马尾松新叶、湿地松老叶和湿地松新叶等4种不同质量的食料后,因其食料中10种必需氨基酸含量和挥发性物质β-蒎烯含量的不同,导致幼虫的存活率差异显著。其中,取食马尾松老叶的幼虫成活率最高（44％）,依次为马尾松新叶（32.7％）、湿地松老叶（4％）,而取食湿地松新叶的幼虫全部死亡。通过马尾松针叶增加外援β-蒎烯喂养马尾松毛虫实验,表明增加了外源β-蒎烯的松针饲养的马尾松毛虫幼虫与用同样松针未增加外源β-蒎烯饲养的幼虫相比,死亡率明显提高;松树中β-蒎烯含量的增加与幼虫成活率呈显著负相关。由此,我们阐明了马尾松与湿地松对马尾松毛虫的抗虫机制。     

Male age affects female mating preference but not fitness in the monandrous moth Dendrolimus punctatus Walker (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

It is widely accepted that male age can influence female mating preference and subsequent fitness consequences in many polyandrous species, yet this is seldom investigated in monandrous species. In the present study, we use the monandrous pine moth Dendrolimus punctatus to examine the effects of male age on female mating preference and future reproductive potential. In multiple male trials, when permitted free mating from an aggregation consisting of virgin males aged 0 (young), 2 (middle-aged) and 4 (old) days, virgin females preferentially mate with young and middle-aged males, although mating latency and mating duration are independent of male age. In single male trials, when virgin females are randomly assigned single virgin males of known age, a negative correlation is found between mating success and male age in this species. However, we find that male age also has no effect on mating latency and mating duration. Further fitness analysis reveals that females do not receive benefits in terms of oviposition period, total egg production, average daily egg production, percentage of egg hatching, longevity, expected reproduction and relative expected reproduction from mating with young and middle-aged males compared with mating with old males. The results of the present study are the first demonstrate that females mated preferentially with younger males but gain no apparent fitness benefits in a monandrous moth species.     

Stimulation of sex pheromone production by PBAN-like substance in the pine caterpillar moth, Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Sex pheromone production in the female pine caterpillar moth, Dendrolimus punctatus is controlled by a PBAN-like substance located in the head of female moth. Pheromone titer was significantly decreased by decapitation of female moth, and restored by injection of either Hez-PBAN or head extract prepared from male or female moth. Stimulation of pheromone production by head extract followed a dose-dependent pattern from 0.5 to at least 4 head equivalent. A gland in vitro assay was used to study the relationship between gland incubation time and pheromone production as well as calcium involvement in the stimulation of pheromone production by head extract. Maximum pheromone production was occurred at 60 min after pheromone gland was incubated with two equivalents of head extracts. In vitro experiments showed that the presence of calcium in the incubation medium was necessary for stimulation of pheromone production. The calcium ionophore, A 23187, alone stimulated pheromone production. The pheromone components (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol and its acetate and propionate were produced in these experiments but in addition to the aldehyde, (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienal was also found. This indicates that females are capable of producing four oxygenated functional groups. The PBAN-like substance control of the pheromone biosynthetic pathway was investigated by monitoring the incorporation of the labeled precursor into both pheromone and pheromone intermediates.     

Effect of pine foliage damage on the incidence of larval diapause in the pine caterpillar Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

The pine caterpillar Dendrolimus punctatus (Walker) with a larval facultative diapause is one of the most destructive insect pests of the pine tree Pinus massoniana in China. The larvae feeding on pine trees with different damage levels were studied to determine the induction of diapause under both laboratory and field conditions. Developmental duration of larvae before the third instar was the longest when fed with 75%–90% damaged needles, followed by 25%–40% damaged needles and intact pine needles, whereas mortalities did not differ among different treatments under the conditions of 25° and critical photoperiod 13.5:10.5 L:D. At 25°, no diapause was induced under 15:9 L:D, whereas 100% diapause occurred under 12:12 L:D regardless of the levels of needle damage. Incidences of larvae entering diapause when they were fed with intact, 25%–40% and 75%–90% damaged pine needles were 51.7%, 70.8% and 81% under 13.5:10.5 L:D, respectively. Similar results were obtained in the field experiment. Incidence of diapause was significantly different among the pine needle damage levels of pine trees when the photoperiod was close to the critical day length, indicating that the effect of host plants on diapause induction was dependent on the range of photoperiod. The content of amino acid and sugar decreased and tannin increased in pine needles after feeding by the pine caterpillars, suggesting that changed levels of nutrients in damaged needles or a particular substance emitted by damaged pine trees was perhaps involved in the diapause induction of the pine caterpillar.     

马尾松毛虫及其寄主松属植物的地史初步考证

初步考证了我国重要的森林害虫———马尾松毛虫DendrolimuspunctatusWalker及其寄主松 (科 )属植物的化石起源 ,认为马尾松毛虫衍生为一个新的物种的时间 ,不应早于中生代的侏罗纪 ,很可能是侏罗纪与白垩纪早期的某个时期 ;并初步探讨了第三纪以来中国古地质、古气候变化对现今马尾松毛虫的分布、遗传多样性的空间格局及其历史成因的可能影响 ,文史还涉及许多重要的生物地质历史事件 ,对于理解马尾松毛虫在同样的地质时期的动态等具有重要的参考意义     

被害马尾松（Pinus massoniana）针叶挥发性物质的提取、鉴定及蚕饰腹寄蝇（Blepharipa zebina）的电生理活性

试验使用动态顶空吸附的方法,提取了被害马尾松(Pinus massoniana)针叶挥发物,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)及标准样品进行鉴定。结果表明,被害马尾松针叶挥发性物质主要包括绿叶挥发物、单萜、含氧单萜及倍半萜等四大类物质;挥发物中以单萜的含量最高,其它3类物质含量较低。通过触角电位图(EAG)技术,测定了23种挥发性物质标准样品的石蜡油溶液对蚕饰腹寄蝇(Blepharipa zebina)雌蝇的电生理活性。结果表明,蚕饰腹寄蝇雌蝇对α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、长叶烯、莰烯、乙酸冰片酯等的相对触角电位反应值与湿润空气对照相比并无显著差异;雌蝇对其它刺激物的相对触角电位反应值与湿润空气对照相比均存在显著差异。同时测定了雌蝇对8种标样,在5个浓度系列下的剂量-反应,并分析了反应阈值。结果表明,蚕饰腹寄蝇雌蝇对顺-3-己烯-1-醇和里哪醇的反应阈值为0.1μg/μl,对壬醛的反应阈值为1μg/μl,对柠檬烯、α-水芹烯、2,6-二甲基-2,4,6-辛三烯、β-石竹烯4种物质的反应阈值为100μg/μl,而对α-蒎烯,在测试的剂量范围内不存在反应阈值。在确定对蚕饰腹寄蝇有生理活性的物质成分和分析反应阈值的基础上,对寄生蝇类定位寄主的机制进行了讨论。