基于小波变换的土壤有机质含量高光谱估测

利用统计分析方法选取了土壤N、P、K元素含量近似而有机质含量差异较大的样本60个,通过高光谱探测分析获得样本反射率对数的一阶导数光谱,采用Bior 1.3函数进行多层离散小波分解,剔除低频近似信号和高频噪声信号,得到反映土壤理化参数的特征光谱曲线;采用相关分析筛选土壤有机质含量的显著相关波段,基于显著相关波段和特征光谱曲线分别构建土壤有机质含量高光谱多元回归估测模型;通过比较分析,确定了提取土壤有机质特征光谱的最佳小波分解尺度并构建了最佳预测模型.结果表明： 提取土壤有机质特征光谱的最佳小波分解层数是9层,其次是8层和10层;基于小波9层分解特征光谱曲线的有机质含量估测模型最佳,其决定系数（R²）为0.89,比基于显著相关波段构建模型的R²增加了0.31,比基于原始光谱所构建模型的R²增加了0.10.     

基于DWT-GA-PLS的土壤碱解氮含量高光谱估测方法

以山东齐河县为研究区,实地采集土壤样本,在土样高光谱测试并进行一阶导数变换的基础上,先运用离散小波变换(DWT)对土壤光谱去噪降维,然后采用遗传算法(GA)筛选土壤碱解氮定量估测模型的参与变量,最后应用偏最小二乘(PLS)回归构建土壤碱解氮含量的估测模型.结果表明: 离散小波变换结合遗传算法和偏最小二乘法(DWT-GA-PLS)用于土壤碱解氮含量定量估测,不仅可压缩光谱变量、减少模型参与变量,而且可改善模型估测准确度;较之于采用土壤全谱,小波离散分解1～2层低频系数构建的模型在参与变量大幅减少的情况下,取得更准确或与之相当的预测结果,其中,基于第2层小波低频系数采用GA筛选变量构建的PLS模型的预测效果表现最好,预测R²达到0.85,RMSE为8.11 mg·kg^-1,RPD为2.53.说明DWT-GA-PLS用于土壤碱解氮含量高光谱定量估测的有效性.     

一种估测土壤有机质含量的近红外光谱参数

通过系统分析我国中、东部地区5种不同类型土壤风干样本的有机质含量与近红外(1000～2500 nm)光谱反射率和一阶导数两波段构成的比值、差值及归一化指数之间的关系,构建了适合土壤有机质含量估测的光谱参数及定量反演模型.结果表明：用多元散射校正及Savitzky-Golay平滑方法对原始光谱反射率进行预处理后,其两波段组成的光谱参数与土壤有机质含量的相关性明显优于原始光谱反射率组成的光谱参数,而由上述预处理后的反射率一阶导数的两波段构成的光谱参数介于二者之间;不同类型光谱参数构成形式中,以差值指数的预测性最好,其次为比值和归一化指数;与土壤有机质含量相关程度最高的光谱参数,是以近红外合频区1883和2065 nm 2个波段的反射率经多元散射校正和Savitzky-Golay平滑后构建而成的差值指数DI(CR₁₈₈₃, CR₂₀₆₅),两者呈极显著的直线相关.经不同类型土壤的观测资料检验,模型的决定系数为0.837,均方根误差为4.06;与偏最小二乘法的全谱建模结果相比,尽管DI(CR₁₈₈₃, CR₂₀₆₅)的预测精度略低于后者,但该指数只使用了2个波段的反射率,且所建模型比较简单,能为便携式监测仪的研制提供更有效的信息,可作为一种良好的土壤有机质估测光谱参数.     

亚热带典型区域水稻土氧化铁高光谱反演——以珠江三角洲为例

氧化铁是土壤中铁元素的主要存在形式,亚热带土壤中高含量的氧化铁形成了该区域重要的土壤附色成分针铁矿和赤铁矿等矿物,使得土壤颜色明显区别于其他气候带.以亚热带典型地区珠江三角洲为例,分析不同光谱形式与土壤氧化铁含量的相关性,提取特征光谱波段建立土壤氧化铁的反演模型.结果表明: 土壤氧化铁含量与反射光谱之间呈负相关,且敏感波段主要位于404、574、784、854和1204 nm等可见近红外区域.微分处理后的光谱与土壤氧化铁的相关性明显提高.在相关性显著波段的基础上采用逐步多元线性回归以及主成分分析剔除共线性波段,最后选择特征光谱波段作为反演模型的输入参数.比较反演模型的结果,得出该地区土壤氧化铁含量的最佳反演模型为BP人工神经网络(RMSEC=0.22,RMSEP=0.81,R²=0.93,RPD=12.20),该模型具有非常好的稳定性,适用于快速估测土壤中氧化铁含量,并且能够为测度土壤氧化铁的空间分布提供研究基础.     

基于多光谱遥感影像的表层土壤有机质空间格局反演

利用多光谱LandSat TM遥感影像反演辽宁省阜新镇表层土壤有机质的空间格局,筛选出与土壤有机质分布相关的TM波段,分析并确定表层土壤有机质含量与TM1、TM2、TM3、TM4、TM5、TM6、TM7波段亮度值(digital number,DN)的相关关系,建立了土壤有机质含量的光谱预测模型.结果表明:研究区表层土壤有机质含量与TM4、TM5波段DN值呈极显著的负相关关系(r分别为-0.617和-0.623,P0.001),与TM3、TM5波段DN值之间满足负二次多项式回归关系(R2=0.9134,P0.001);基于TM3、TM5波段DN值的回归模型对研究区表层土壤有机质含量的预测结果可靠(R2=0.9151,P0.001).研究区表层土壤有机质含量10g·kg-1的农田主要分布在山地边缘地带,而平坦地区农田表层土壤有机质含量一般10g·kg-1,部分达到15～20g·kg-1.     

基于小波变换的毛竹叶片净光合速率高光谱遥感反演

在对毛竹林叶片高光谱反射率数据进行小波变换的基础上,寻找和确定最佳的小波植被指数反演毛竹林叶片的净光合速率(P_n).结果表明:理想的高频小波植被指数反演得到的P_n精度高于低频小波植被指数和光谱植被指数,其中,由小波分解第一层高频系数构建的归一化植被指数、比值植被指数和差值植被指数与P_n之间的相关性最好,R~2为0.7,均方根误差(RMSE)较低,为0.33;而低频小波植被指数反演P_n的精度低于光谱植被指数.由各层理想小波植被指数所构建的多元线性模型反演得到毛竹叶片P_n与实测P_n之间具有显著的相关关系,R~2为0.77,RMSE为0.29,且精度明显高于基于光谱植被指数所构建的多元线性模型.与光谱植被指数反演毛竹P_n的敏感波段仅局限于可见光波段相比,小波植被指数探测的敏感波长范围更广,包含了可见光及多个红外波段.高光谱数据在经过小波变换后能够发现更多反映毛竹P_n的细节信息,且整体反演精度比原始光谱有了显著提高,研究结果为基于高光谱遥感反演植被P_n提供了一种新的可选方法.     

基于高光谱的苹果果期冠层光谱特征及其果量估测

苹果冠层光谱特征是苹果树遥感生理监测和生产管理的重要依据。对栖霞市苹果果期的冠层反射光谱进行实测,结合数码照相技术探明了苹果果期的反射光谱特性和敏感波段,并通过敏感波段与果树比指标建立回归模型,实现了对苹果冠层果量(果树比)的无损估测。结果表明:苹果树果期冠层光谱曲线总体表现为对蓝光和红光的吸收及对绿光的反射,在近红外750—1300nm之间表现为强烈的反射,且在1650nm和2200nm附近呈现两个反射峰。选择435、670、730、940、1140nm和1480nm等6个波段为苹果果期的敏感波段。利用这些波段分别构建了差值、比值及归一化植被指数,筛选了最佳光谱参数,进而构建了果量(果树比)估测模型,经筛选验证确定苹果果量的最佳估测模型为:y=0.0086[NDVI(940,730)]2-1.0934NDVI(940,730)+0.3209。模型为苹果果期果量的精确估测提供了比较快捷的方法途径。     

不同施肥条件下夏玉米光谱特征与叶绿素含量和LAI的相关性

在不同施肥方式下研究了长期试验地夏玉米在4个典型生育期的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、叶面积指数(LAI)和冠层光谱特征,系统分析了单波段以及由可见光和近红外波段组成的归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)与叶片叶绿素含量和LAI的相关性.结果表明:在同一个生育期,NK、PK处理和CK的光谱曲线特征相似,NPK、NP、OM、1/2OM1/2NPK处理的光谱特征曲线相似.除460nm外,其它单波段反射率与叶绿素含量和LAI都显著相关,尤其在510~1100nm波段相关性最为密切;不同波段组合的NDVI与这2个指标也显著相关,且相关系数大于单波段.从拔节期到乳熟期,绝大部分NDVI都可以有效地拟合叶绿素含量和LAI的变化,选用NDVI(560,950)和NDVI(660,760)建立拟合模型(R2>0.60),并以NDVI(560,950)拟合效果最佳(R2>0.80).可见,不同施肥方式条件下长期试验地夏玉米冠层光谱特征与叶绿素含量、LAI都具有良好的相关性,可以为夏玉米肥料管理提供科学依据.     

一种青海湖流域消除植被光谱对土壤光谱影响的土壤有机质含量遥感估算方法

基于遥感技术手段快速测定区域尺度土壤有机质含量(SOM), 对气候、陆地生态系统和农业等领域具有重要的作用和意义。但现有的多光谱遥感影像因其波段宽度较窄, 包含的土壤有机质信息有限, 导致其估算结果的可靠性与精度较低。为此, 以青海湖流域为实证试验区, 将2016 年9 月底(此时, 青海湖流域牧草等植被停止生长, 土壤有机质积累达到全年最高)地面采集并测定的土壤有机质含量数据与同时期MODIS 黑空BRDF/Albedo 产品的宽、窄波段进行了对比与检验。发现: BRDF/Albedo 宽波段的相关性(近红外、短波波段相关系数分别为0.704 和 0.670)高于窄波段相关性(第2, 5, 6 波段的相关系数分别是0.583、0.631 和0.625), 证实了宽波段含有更加丰富、完整的土壤有机质含量信息。为了进一步提高SOM 估算的精度, 基于梯形方法构建了宽波段近红外反照率/植被覆盖度梯形特征空间,从宽波段近红外反照率(包含植被、土壤混合光谱)中成功分离出裸土反照率, 并分别构建了SOM 遥感估算模型。经验证,消除了植被对土壤光谱影响的裸土反照率模型精度(均方根误差为16.87、平均绝对百分比误差为30.0%, 希尔不等系数为0.22)高于宽波段近红外反照率模型精度(均方根误差为20.12、平均绝对百分比误差为31.0%, 希尔不等系数为0.27)。该方法简单易操作, 不仅有助于提高表层土壤有机质含量遥感估算的精度, 也可为土壤其他属性如N, P等元素含量的遥感估算提供了新思路。     

橡胶树叶片高光谱特征分析

从光谱曲线特征和光谱变换特征分析橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)叶片反射曲线特征.结果表明,蓝边、红边、黄边位置特征分别出现于525 nm、725 nm、550 nm波段附近,红谷位置特征变化较大,并提取了红边积分面积等重要光谱变量特征.叶片氮含量与反射光谱的相关分析表明橡胶树叶片氮素敏感波段为700～1300 nm,其中730 nm处相关性最好,达到0.8422的极显著水平,以730 nm处的反射率与叶片氮含量建立线性模型,其复相关系数R2达到0.7094.     

Intensity analysis in time-frequency space of surface myoelectric signals by wavelets of specified resolution

Surface myoelectric signals often appear to carry more information than what is resolved in root mean square analysis of the progress curves or in its power spectrum. Time-frequency analysis of myoelectric signals has not yet led to satisfactory results in respect of separating simultaneous events in time and frequency. In this study a time-frequency analysis of the intensities in time series was developed. This intensity analysis uses a filter bank of non-linearly scaled wavelets with specified time-resolution to extract time-frequency aspects of the signal. Special procedures were developed to calculate intensity in such a way as to approximate the power of the signal in time. Applied to an EMG signal the intensity analysis was called a functional EMG analysis. The method resolves events within the EMG signal. The time when the events occur and their intensity and frequency distribution are well resolved in the intensity patterns extracted from the EMG signal. Averaging intensity patterns from multiple experiments resolve repeatable functional aspects of muscle activation. Various properties of the functional EMG analysis were shown and discussed using model EMG data and real EMG data.     

不同负荷方式引起的腰部肌肉表面肌电信号变化特征

采用时频、复杂度和定量递归信号分析方法对Biering-sorensen和Ito-Shirado条件下腰部肌肉表面肌电信号的变化规律和特点进行了比较。10名正常受试者分别参加Biering-sorensen和Ito-Shirado运动负荷试验,分别获取两侧L2～L3和L5～S1部位表面肌电信号。研究发现,以上两种运动负荷方式下平均功率频率和复杂度时间序列曲线呈单调递减型变化,而确定性线段百分数时间序列曲线呈单调递增型变化。双因素方差分析表明负荷方式和采样部位对以上信号分析指标变化斜率的影响均有显著统计学意义,证明Biering-sorensen负荷方式较Ito-Shirado负荷方式对腰部肌肉表面肌电信号特征有较大的影响,而采样部位也是腰部肌肉功能评价不可忽视的因素。     

Complexity and characteristic frequency studies in ECG signals of mice based on multiple scale factors

Existing methods of physiological signal analysis based on nonlinear dynamic theories only examine the complexity difference of the signals under a single sampling frequency. We developed a technique to measure the multifractal characteristic parameter intimately associated with physiological activities through a frequency scale factor. This parameter is highly sensitive to physiological and pathological status. Mice received various drugs to imitate different physiological and pathological conditions, and the distributions of mass exponent spectrum curvature with scale factors from the electrocardiogram (ECG) signals of healthy and drug injected mice were determined. Next, we determined the characteristic frequency scope in which the signal was of the highest complexity and most sensitive to impaired cardiac function, and examined the relationships between heart rate, heartbeat dynamic complexity, and sensitive frequency scope of the ECG signal. We found that all animals exhibited a scale factor range in which the absolute magnitudes of ECG mass exponent spectrum curvature achieve the maximum, and this range (or frequency scope) is not changed with calculated data points or maximal coarse-grained scale factor. Further, the heart rate of mice was not necessarily associated with the nonlinear complexity of cardiac dynamics, but closely related to the most sensitive ECG frequency scope determined by characterization of this complex dynamic features for certain heartbeat conditions. Finally, we found that the health status of the hearts of mice was directly related to the heartbeat dynamic complexity, both of which were positively correlated within the scale factor around the extremum region of the multifractal parameter. With increasing heart rate, the sensitive frequency scope increased to a relatively high location. In conclusion, these data provide important theoretical and practical data for the early diagnosis of cardiac disorders.     

表面肌电信号采集与降噪处理

目的:本文以设计的表面肌电(sEMG)信号采集系统为基础,探讨sEMG信号中的降噪处理问题。方法:结合sEMG信号的噪声影响情况,首先利用带通滤波器消除肌电信号频带外噪声,再通过频谱插值法来抑制工频干扰分量,最后使用小波分析方法来削弱肌电信号频带内噪声。结果:通过对检测sEMG信号的降噪处理,信号噪声得到明显抑制。结论:所设计采集系统能够获得满意的sEMG信号检测效果,所采用降噪方法能够有效提高sEMG信号的质量。     

A new method in applying power spectral statistics to examine cardio-respiratory interactions in fish

Power spectral analysis (PSA) provides a powerful tool for determining frequency oscillations in time signals, and it is accepted that mammals can show distinct components in the heart rate (fH) spectrum that are synchronous with ventilatory frequency (fV). Using similar signal processing techniques, these fundamental components at fV are not apparent in the spectrum calculated from fish fH. Here we compare conventional PSA on the R-R interval tachogram generated from ECG traces recorded in rats and fish, with PSA on the raw ECG waveform. The rat R-R tachogram showed a defined sigmoidal component, whereas the fish R-R tachogram was a more chaotic waveform. In agreement with the literature, PSA of these respective waveforms produced a component at the same frequency as ventilation in the rat, but of lower frequency than ventilation for the fish. Applying PSA to the rat ECG produced a spectrum with a fundamental component of similar frequency to that observed in the R-R tachogram spectrum, indicating that the latter adequately contained heart rate variability (HRV) oscillations. However, PSA of the ECG in fish contrasted with that from the R-R tachogram, with components observed in the latter spectrum being absent from the former. This suggests that the frequency components determined by PSA on the fish R-R tachogram were not true components, but were aliased (or folded-back) from higher up in the spectrum. Using established aliasing equations, recalculation of these peaks showed that their true frequency was similar to that of the ventilatory frequency for individual fish. The extent of cardio-respiratory interaction, resulting in fV < f(H/2) in rats but fV > f(H/2) in fish, is suggested to be the origin of the differences observed.     

Surface myoelectric signals during ergocycle exrcises at various mechanical powers and pedalling rates

The surface myoelectric (ME) signal from the vastus lateralis muscle was studied during ergocycling at various mechanical powers (MPs) and pedalling rates (PRs). The envelope of the signal was described using a power spectral density function estimate at very low frequency. A highly smoothed burst pattern was found independently at 80 rpm on MP. The envelope presence in surface ME signals was demonstrated to affect the total band power spectrum estimate slightly. In addition, the total band power spectrum changes with MPs and PRs were described using the root mean square value and the mean power frequency. Total band power spectrum was enhanced and shifted toward the low frequencies as PR increased. It was shifted toward the high frequencies as MP increased. These changes were attributed to the progressive recruitment of fast fibers.     

Amplitude modulation in sound signals by mammals

Periodic variations in amplitude of a signal, or amplitude modulation (AM), affect the structure of communicative messages spectrum. Within the spectrum of AM-signals, side frequencies are formed both above and below the carrier frequency that is subjected to modulation. In case of harmonic signal structure they are presented near fundamental frequency as well as near harmonics. Thus, AM may by viewed as a relatively simple mechanism for controlling the spectrum of messages transmitted by mammals. Examples of AM affecting the spectrum structure of functionally different sound signals are discussed as applied to representatives of four orders of mammals: rodents (Reodentia), duplicidentates (Lagomorpha), pinnipeds (Pinnipedia), and paridigitates (Artiodactia). For the first time, the classification of AM in animals' sound signals is given. Five forms of AM are picked out in sound signals by mammals: absence of AM, continuous AM, fragmented, heterogeneous, and multilevel one. AM presence/absence is related neither with belonging to any specific order nor with some particular function of a signal. Similar forms of AM can occur in different orders of mammals in parallel. On the contrary, different forms of AM can be detected in signals meant for similar functions. The assumption is made about AM-signals facilitating information encoding and jamprotection of messages transmitted by mammals. Preliminry analysis indicates that hard-driving amplitude modulation is incompatible with hard-driving frequency modulation.     

表面肌电信号采集与降噪处理

目的：本文以设计的表面~g（sEMG）信号采集系统为基础,探讨sEMG信号中的降噪处理问题。方法：结合sEMG信号的噪声影响情况,首先利用带通滤波器消除肌电信号频带外噪声,再通过频谱插值法来抑制工频干扰分量,最后使用小波分析方法来削弱肌电信号频带内噪声。结果：通过对检测sEMG信号的降噪处理,信号噪声得到明显抑制。结论：所设计采集系统能够获得满意的sEMG信号检测效果,所采用降噪方法能够有效提高sEMG信号的质量。     

Model analysis of the effect of modulated electromagnetic fields with various parameters of modulating signals in cells

A theoretical analysis of the dependence of cell response to modulated electromagnetic fields on the parameters of modulating signals was performed on the basis of the model for calcium-dependent membrane-associated intracellular signaling systems. Expressed amplitude-frequency "windows" in the response of the nonlinear system to external influence were shown to depend on the effective time during which the amplitude of the influencing signal exceeded some threshold value, which is determined by the properties of the system. The presence of negative values in the influencing signal, i.e. the variations in the rate of some process around the inherent value, played an important role for the effect characteristics. The response of the nonlinear system to external influence strongly depended on the waveform of the modulating signal which is determined not only by frequency spectrum, but also by the initial phase of each frequency component. To ensure a regime for the optimal effect, the rates of increase and drop in the modulating signal amplitude should be synchronized with dynamic processes in the biological object being exposed.