灌水时间对冬小麦生长发育及水肥利用效率的影响

研究秸秆还田后不同越冬前灌水时间(11月10日、11月25日、12月10日)和春季灌水时间(3月5日,返青期;4月5日,拔节期)对冬小麦生长发育、干物质运转及水肥利用效率的影响.结果表明： 越冬前灌水时间主要影响冬前和拔节期群体大小,而春灌时间对冬小麦成穗数、产量、干物质运转和水肥利用效率的影响较大,而且越冬前灌水时间对冬小麦产量构成的影响与春灌时间密切相关.在春季返青期灌水条件下,越冬前灌水时间越早,成穗数和产量越高;在拔节期灌水条件下,随越冬前灌水时间的推迟,成穗数和产量呈先升高再降低的趋势,而穗粒数逐渐增加,千粒重受影响较小.水分利用效率、养分吸收量和肥料利用率均随越冬前灌水时间的推迟而降低,随春季灌水时间的推迟而升高.因此,在秸秆还田足墒播种条件下,将越冬前灌水时间适当提前,可以塌实土壤,促进冬小麦冬前分蘖,增加群体大小;配合拔节期增量灌水,可以控制早春无效分蘖,提高成穗率,稳定粒重,提高水肥利用效率,实现节水高产高效栽培.     

小麦灌水时期与灌水量对花后果聚糖积累与转运及水分利用效率的影响

于2004-2005年和2005-2006年冬小麦生长季,在山东泰安和兖州进行田间试验,研究不同灌水时期和灌水量处理对冬小麦开花后倒二节间果聚糖积累与转运和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：全生育期不灌水促进了灌浆后期倒二节间贮藏果聚糖向籽粒的转运.在拔节期和开花期各灌水60 mm,可提高开花后旗叶的光合速率和同化物输入籽粒量及其对籽粒的贡献率,拔节期、开花期和灌浆期各灌水60 mm或拔节期和开花期各灌水90 mm,灌浆后期旗叶的光合速率显著降低,营养器官花前贮藏同化物转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率升高,花后同化物输入籽粒量及其对籽粒的贡献率降低,灌浆后期倒二节间的聚合度（DP）≥4、DP=3果聚糖滞留量增加,不利于果聚糖向籽粒的转运.两个生长季中,拔节期和开花期各灌水60mm处理的小麦籽粒产量较高,水分利用效率最高.拔节期、开花期和灌浆期各灌水60 mm或拔节期和开花期各灌水90 mm,小麦籽粒产量无显著变化,水分利用效率降低.     

灌溉对干旱区冬小麦干物质积累、分配和产量的影响

为探明灌溉对干旱区冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、干物质积累及分配等的影响, 以甘肃河西走廊冬小麦适宜种植品种‘临抗2号’为材料进行了研究。在冬季灌水180 mm的条件下, 生育期以灌水量和灌水次数等共设置5个处理, 分别为: 拔节期灌水量165 mm (W1)、拔节期灌水量120 mm +抽穗期灌水量105 mm (W2)、拔节期灌水量105 mm +抽穗期灌水量105 mm +灌浆期灌水量105 mm (W3)、拔节期灌水量75 mm +抽穗期灌水量75 mm +灌浆期灌水量75 mm (W4)、拔节期灌水量105 mm +抽穗期灌水量75 mm +灌浆期灌水量45 mm (W5)。结果表明: 随着生育期的推进, 土壤有效含水量(AWC)受灌水次数及灌水量影响更加明显; W3、W4处理的土壤各层AWC在灌浆期均较高; 叶面积指数(LAI)下降慢, 延缓了生育后期的衰老; 生育后期干物质积累增加, 提高了穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量。籽粒产量以W3处理最高, 但W4具有最高的WUE, 且籽粒产量与W3无显著差异, 但W4较灌溉总量相同的W2和W5以及灌水量最少的W1具有明显的指标优势。W1、W2、W5处理灌浆期各层土壤AWC均较低, 花后LAI下降快, 干物质积累减少, 灌浆持续期缩短, 穗粒数和千粒重减少, 最终表现为籽粒产量和WUE下降。灌浆期水分胁迫可促进花前储存碳库向籽粒的再转运, 并随着干旱胁迫的加重而提高, 对籽粒产量起补偿作用; 水分胁迫提高了灌浆速率, 但缩短了灌浆持续期。相关性分析表明, 灌浆持续期、有效灌浆持续期、有效灌浆期粒重增加值和最大籽粒灌浆速率出现时间与千粒重和籽粒产量均呈正相关。综合考虑, 拔节、抽穗及灌浆期各灌溉75 mm是高产高WUE的最佳灌水方案。     

灌水对冬小麦群体、花后干物质和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

为优化北方晚熟冬麦区冬小麦节水灌溉方式，于2018—2020年连续2年进行田间试验，第一年设置全生育期不灌水(CK)、越冬期1水(W)、拔节期1水(J)、孕穗期1水(B)、越冬期+拔节期2水(WJ)、越冬期+孕穗期2水(WB)、拔节期+孕穗期2水(JB)以及生产上采用的越冬期+拔节期+孕穗期3水(WJB)共8个处理；在第一年试验结果基础上，第二年设置CK、W、B和WB共4个处理，调查了不同灌水处理对冬小麦群体、花后干物质和籽粒淀粉积累的影响。结果表明：灌越冬水W更有利于提高冬小麦群体总茎数；与CK相比，灌水处理(B除外)显著提高花前及花后干物质积累量；早期灌水(如W)有利提高花前贮藏同化物向籽粒转运量，而后期灌水(如B)有利提高花后积累同化物向籽粒分配量；花前贮藏同化物与花后积累同化物对籽粒贡献率因夏闲期降水而异；随灌水次数及灌水总量增加，花后同化物对籽粒贡献率增大。成熟期不同器官干物质含量和比例表现为籽粒(约50%)>茎鞘+叶片(约33%)>颖壳+穗轴(约17%);灌水提高了籽粒淀粉及其组分含量，而降低了直链淀粉与支链淀粉比值。灌越冬水W或孕穗水B处理的籽粒总淀粉及其组分...     

调亏灌水和分蘖干扰对冬小麦生长的补偿效应

为探索抑制个体功能的生长冗余以实现群体性能优化并挖掘作物高产潜力的途径,通过桶栽试验,选择分蘖能力中等的小偃22号和分蘖能力较强的郑麦7698,对比研究2种灌水模式（全生育期充分灌水和分生育期调亏灌水）和3种分蘖干扰（从拔节期开始去除所有小分蘖,仅保留主茎和1个大分蘖;抽穗期去除所有无效分蘖;以不作任何干扰为对照）,来模拟不同水分供应和不可预测干扰对冬小麦生理生长、产量和水分利用效率的补偿机制.结果表明： 2个冬小麦品种均存在生长冗余.与小偃22号相比,郑麦7698有效分蘖数较高,但穗部性状较差.调亏灌水和抽穗期去除无效分蘖均可减少生长冗余,弱化竞争能力,改变源 库关系,提高资源分配.但冗余消除过度（拔节期干扰）则会破坏植株固有的根冠平衡和功能结构,导致生长的不足补偿.与对照相比,调亏灌水联合抽穗期去除无效分蘖可在时空尺度上充分开发和利用作物自身调控潜力实现补偿生长,在不显著影响籽粒产量的同时可提高水分利用效率20.4%～25.4%,是适宜的减冗增效措施.     

不同灌水模式对冬小麦籽粒产量和水、氮利用效率的影响

在田间试验条件下,以冬小麦品种泰农18为材料,设置灌底墒水(CK)、底墒水+拔节水(W1)、底墒水+拔节水+越冬水与灌浆水交替灌溉(越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式,W2)、底墒水+拔节水+开花水(优化传统灌溉模式,W3)、底墒水+越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水(传统灌溉模式,W4)5种灌溉模式,每处理每次灌水量均为600 m3·hm-2,研究了山东泰安偏旱年份(2009-2010年)不同灌溉模式对小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明:在小麦全生育期119.7 mm降水量条件下,越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式(W2)与传统灌溉模式(W4)籽粒产量差异不显著,但水分利用效率显著高于传统灌溉模式,与灌水量相同的优化传统灌溉模式(W3)相比,其小麦籽粒产量明显提高,水分利用效率无显著差异;越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式和传统灌溉模式的氮肥偏生产力最高,且籽粒收获后越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式在0 ～100 cm土层的硝态氮积累量显著高于传统灌溉模式和优化传统灌溉模式,降低了硝态氮的淋溶损失.在本试验条件下,越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式(W2)是可以兼顾小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率的最佳灌溉模式.     

石羊河流域武威绿洲春玉米水氮耦合效应

为探讨西北旱区春玉米最佳的水氮耦合模式,在甘肃石羊河流域武威绿洲边缘进行田间正交试验,研究不同生育阶段水量分配及施氮量对春玉米群体产量和水氮利用的影响.结果表明：石羊河流域武威绿洲春玉米籽粒产量随施氮量的增加而增加;施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2、拔节期灌水136 mm时的籽粒产量最大.籽粒灌溉水利用效率随灌水量的增加而降低;全生育期灌水340 mm时增施氮肥可使籽粒产量和籽粒灌溉水利用效率同时提高;施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2、苗期和灌浆期分别灌水34 mm时籽粒灌溉水利用效率最大.各因素对玉米植株全氮累积总量的影响由大到小依次为：施氮量、拔节期灌水、苗期灌水、灌浆期灌水和抽穗期灌水.石羊河流域武威绿洲春玉米水氮耦合最佳模式为：施氮量300 kg·hm^-2,苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期分别灌水34、136、68和102 mm.     

微喷灌水氮一体化对冬小麦生长发育和水肥利用效率的影响

在等灌水量和施氮量下,探索小麦-玉米一年两熟轮作区玉米秸秆还田后冬小麦生育期微喷灌水氮一体化模式对冬小麦生长发育和水肥利用效率的影响。2016—2018年通过2年田间大区试验,在生育期设6种微喷灌水氮一体化模式,其中,灌水设W₁(越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水,各灌600 m³·hm^-2)、W₂(越冬水+返青水+拔节水+灌浆水,各灌450 m³·hm^-2)和W₃(越冬水、拔节水各灌600 m³·hm^-2,返青水、灌浆水各灌300 m³·hm^-2)3种模式;施氮设N₁(基施氮60%+随拔节水追氮40%)和N₂(基施氮60%+随拔节水追氮30%+随灌浆水追氮10%)2种模式,以W₁下不施肥为对照(CK),共7个处理,调查群体动态、灌浆期干物质积累转移和成熟期养分积累规律。结果表明: 1)越冬水灌水量由450 m³·hm^-2增至600 m³·hm^-2,有利于越冬期植株总茎数和成穗数的增加而增产,灌返青水拔节期总茎数增加,对成穗数影响较小;拔节期施氮越多,单株茎数增加越多,但成穗数降低。2)生育期灌4水(W₂和W₃),配合拔节期和灌浆期分次水氮一体化(N₂),有利于灌浆期总干物质积累、穗粒数和千粒重增加而增产。3)灌4水处理比灌3水处理生育期耗水量和氮、磷、钾素吸收量增加,水肥利用效率提高。灌4水处理(W₂和W₃)中N₂的生育期耗水量低于N₁,氮、磷、钾素吸收量高于N₁,灌水和氮磷钾利用率显著提高,以W₃N₂效果最好。因此,W₃N₂处理,即玉米秸秆还田后播种冬小麦,微喷灌生育期灌4水,越冬水和拔节水灌水量增加到600 m³·hm^-2,配合拔节水和灌浆水追施氮肥,使冬小麦成穗数和千粒重增加而增产,且水肥利用效率最高,是山西南部冬小麦微喷灌水肥一体化高产高效最佳水氮管理模式。     

灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性及干物质生产的影响

于2008-2010年通过田间试验,以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,设等行距平作、宽窄行平作、沟播3种种植方式,每种种植方式下设不灌水(W₀)、拔节水(W₁)、拔节水+开花水(W₂)、拔节水+开花水+灌浆水(W₃)4种灌溉处理(每次灌水量为60 mm),研究不同灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性及干物质积累与分配规律的影响.结果表明： 随灌水量的增加,3种植方式下农田总耗水量均增加,灌水量占总耗水量的比例也增加,而土壤贮水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例显著降低;与W₀处理相比,各灌水处理提高了开花后干物质的积累量、小麦籽粒产量,而水分利用效率(WUE)降低.同一灌溉条件下,与其他两种种植方式相比,沟播方式土壤贮水量消耗比例、籽粒产量和WUE均较高.综合考虑小麦的籽粒产量和WUE,沟播结合灌拔节水+开花水是华北平原冬麦区较适宜的节水种植方式.     

灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性及干物质生产的影响

于2008—2010年通过田间试验,以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,设等行距平作、宽窄行平作、沟播3种种植方式,每种种植方式下设不灌水(W0)、拔节水(W1)、拔节水+开花水(W2)、拔节水+开花水+灌浆水(W3)4种灌溉处理(每次灌水量为60 mm),研究不同灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性及干物质积累与分配规律的影响.结果表明:随灌水量的增加,3种植方式下农田总耗水量均增加,灌水量占总耗水量的比例也增加,而土壤贮水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例显著降低;与W0处理相比,各灌水处理提高了开花后干物质的积累量、小麦籽粒产量,而水分利用效率(WUE)降低.同一灌溉条件下,与其他两种种植方式相比,沟播方式土壤贮水量消耗比例、籽粒产量和WUE均较高.综合考虑小麦的籽粒产量和WUE,沟播结合灌拔节水+开花水是华北平原冬麦区较适宜的节水种植方式.     

群体分布和灌溉对冬小麦农田光能利用的影响

于2006-2008年进行冬小麦田间试验,设置行距×株距分别为：7 cm×7 cm（A）、14 cm×3.5 cm（B）、24.5cm×2 cm（C）、49 cm×1 cm（D）4种群体分布方式,每种分布方式设4种灌溉处理：整个生育期内不灌溉,灌拔节水,灌拔节和抽穗水,灌拔节、抽穗和灌浆水（每次灌水量相同,均为0.60 m³）,研究在同一群体密度(2.04×10⁶ 株·hm^-2)下不同群体分布和灌溉对冬小麦光能利用状况的影响及其在生产中的利用价值.结果表明：A、B处理的群体分蘖数和叶面积指数（LAI）显著高于C、D处理;随着行距的加大,光合有效辐射（PAR）透射率逐渐增多,而PAR截获率呈下降趋势;增加灌溉可提高冬小麦群体单茎数和LAI,降低PAR透射率,从而明显提高了PAR总截获率.冠层内PAR截获率表现为上强下弱的趋势,相对均匀的群体分布和所有灌溉处理均显著增加了冠层40 cm以上的PAR截获率.冬小麦光能利用率（RUE）随行距增大而逐渐降低,其中,A、B、C、D处理总RUE两年的均值分别为1.24%、1.27%、1.21%和1.06%,B处理较C、D处理分别提高了5.21%和19.56%,差异显著.群体分布相对均匀的A、B处理可显著改善冬小麦群体结构和PAR截获状况,有利于充分利用光能;所有灌溉处理也可影响群体结构,进而明显提高作物的RUE.     

Effects of different irrigation modes on winter wheat grain yield and water- and nitrogen use efficiency

Taking the widely planted winter wheat cultivar Tainong 18 as test material, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different irrigation modes on the winter wheat grain yield and water- and nitrogen use efficiency in drier year (2009-2010) in Tai' an City of Shandong Province, China. Five treatments were installed, i. e., irrigation before sowing (CK), irrigation before sowing and at jointing stage (W1), irrigation before sowing and at jointing stages and at over-wintering stage with alternative irrigation at milking stage (W2), irrigation before sowing and at jointing and flowering stages (optimized traditional irrigation mode, W3), and irrigation before sowing and at over-wintering, jointing, and milking stages (traditional irrigation mode, W4). The irrigation amount was 600 m3 hm(-2) one time. Under the condition of 119.7 mm precipitation in the winter wheat growth season, no significant difference was observed in the grain yield between treatments W2 and W4, but the water use efficiency was significantly higher in W2 than in W4. Comparing with treatment W3, treatments W2 and W4 had obviously higher grain yield, but the water use efficiency had no significant difference. The partial factor productivity from N fertilization was the highest in W2 and W4, and the NO3(-)-N accumulation amount in 0-100 cm soil layer at harvest was significantly higher in W2 than in W3 and W4, suggesting that W2 could reduce NO3(-)-N leaching loss. Under the conditions of our experiment, irrigation before sowing and jointing stages and at over-wintering stage with alternative irrigation at milking stage was the optimal irrigation mode in considering both the grain yield and the water- and nitrogen use efficiency.     

水氮互作对小麦土壤水分利用和茎中果聚糖含量的影响

通过田间试验,以强筋小麦济麦20为材料,设置3个施氮水平：0 kg·hm^-2（N₀）、180 kg·hm^-2（N₁）、240 kg·hm^-2（N₂）;4个灌水处理：不灌水（W₀）、底墒水+拔节水+开花水（W₁）、底墒水+冬水+拔节水+开花水(W₂)、底墒水+冬水+拔节水+开花水+灌浆水(W₃),每次灌水量为60 mm,研究水氮互作对土壤水分含量、旗叶光合速率、倒二茎中果聚糖含量及氮肥和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：施氮水平为180 kg·hm^-2处理的旗叶光合速率和倒二茎中果聚糖含量较高,籽粒产量、氮肥表观利用效率、氮肥农学利用率和水分利用效率最高;施氮水平为240 kg·hm^-2处理的茎中果聚糖含量较高;不施氮（N₀）或施氮过多（N₂）均不利于小麦籽粒产量、氮肥和水分利用效率的提高.W₁水分处理促进了倒二茎中果聚糖的积累和向籽粒的转运,有利于产量的提高.180 kg·hm^-2施氮水平配合灌溉底墒水+拔节水+开花水的水氮交互处理（N₁W₁）具有较高的籽粒产量及较高的氮肥和水分利用效率,在此基础上增加施氮量或灌水量,小麦旗叶光合速率和倒二茎中果聚糖含量升高,籽粒产量无显著变化或降低,氮肥和水分利用效率降低.     

Rice Performance and Water Use Efficiency under Plastic Mulching with Drip Irrigation

Plastic mulching with drip irrigation is a new water-saving rice cultivation technology, but little is known on its productivity and water-saving capacity. This study aimed to assess the production potential, performance, and water use efficiency (WUE) of rice under plastic mulching with drip irrigation. Field experiments were conducted over 2 years with two rice cultivars under different cultivation systems: conventional flooding (CF), non-flooded irrigation incorporating plastic mulching with furrow irrigation (FIM), non-mulching with furrow irrigation (FIN), and plastic mulching with drip irrigation (DI). Compared with the CF treatment, grain yields were reduced by 31.76–52.19% under the DI treatment, by 57.16–61.02% under the FIM treatment, by 74.40–75.73% under the FIN treatment, which were mainly from source limitation, especially a low dry matter accumulation during post-anthesis, in non-flooded irrigation. WUE was the highest in the DI treatment, being 1.52–2.12 times higher than with the CF treatment, 1.35–1.89 times higher than with the FIM treatment, and 2.37–3.78 times higher than with the FIN treatment. The yield contribution from tillers (YCFTs) was 50.65–62.47% for the CF treatment and 12.07–20.62% for the non-flooded irrigation treatments. These low YCFTs values were attributed to the poor performance in tiller panicles rather than the total tiller number. Under non-flooded irrigation, root length was significantly reduced with more roots distributed in deep soil layers compared with the CF treatment; the DI treatment had more roots in the topsoil layer than the FIM and FIN treatments. The experiment demonstrates that the DI treatment has greater water saving capacity and lower yield and economic benefit gaps than the FIM and FIN treatments compared with the CF treatment, and would therefore be a better water-saving technology in areas of water scarcity.     

不同小麦品种耗水特性和籽粒产量的差异

在田间试验条件下,采用10个小麦品种,设全生育期不灌水(W0)、灌底墒水+拔节水(W1)、灌底墒水+拔节水+开花水(W2)3个处理,每次灌水量60 mm,研究不同小麦品种不同生育阶段的耗水特点和籽粒产量的差异.结果表明:以W0、W1和W2处理的小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率(WUE)2因子为指标进行聚类分析,可将10个品种分为3组:高产高水分利用效率组(组Ⅰ)、高产中水分利用效率组(组Ⅱ)和中产低水分利用效率组(组Ⅲ).在W0处理下,组Ⅰ小麦品种的总耗水量、开花至成熟期的耗水量和耗水模系数均低于组Ⅱ和组Ⅲ,籽粒产量最高;在W1处理下,组Ⅰ小麦品种拔节至开花期的耗水量和耗水模系数均低于组Ⅱ和组Ⅲ,开花至成熟期的耗水量和耗水模系数在组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ和组Ⅲ间无显著差异;在W2处理下,组Ⅰ小麦品种的土壤供水量、拔节至开花期的耗水量和耗水模系数均低于组Ⅱ和组Ⅲ,开花至成熟期的耗水量和耗水模系数为组Ⅰ和组Ⅲ低于组Ⅱ.表明组Ⅰ高产高水分利用效率品种为最适宜品种,而底墒水和拔节水各灌60 mm的W1处理是兼顾高产与节水的最佳处理.     

Effects of varying levels and frequencies of irrigation on growth,yield, nutrient uptake and water use efficiency of maize and cowpeas on a sandy loam ultisol

Summary A greenhouse study was carried out on an Nsukka sandy loam Ultisol having low soil moisture retention capacity to investigate the soil moisture regime and irrigation frequency required for optimum growth, yield, nutrient uptake and water use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.) and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Four irrigation amounts (400 cm³, 300 cm³, 200 cm³ and 100 cm³ equivalent to 100, 75, 50 and 25% of field capacity, respectively) and four irrigation frequencies (daily, 2-day, 3-day and 4-day intervals) were tested in a factorial randomized design with three replications.Growth of maize was best when irrigation with water equivalent to 75% field capacity at daily interval but the optimum yields and nutrient uptake of both crops as well as cowpea nodulation were obtained when irrigating with water equivalent to 100% field capacity at daily or 2-day interval. The optimum water use efficiency was, however, achieved when irragating with amount equivalent to 100% field capacity at a 2-day interval. Irrigation with water equivalent to 50 or 25% field capacity at any interval resulted in various degrees of moisture stress which manifested in poor crop performance.     

Survival and recovery of perennial forage grasses under prolonged Mediterranean drought: I. Growth, death, water relations and solute content in herbage and stubble

Swards of Dactylis glomerata cultivars (cvs) KM2 and Lutetia and of Lolium perenne cvs Aurora and Vigor were grown under full irrigation or prolonged summer drought (80 d) in a field experiment in the South of France.
After irrigation was withheld, leaf extension rates of all cvs fell by 90% within 9–12 d, and rapid scorching of laminae followed. Tiller mortality at the end of the drought was very different in the cocksfoot cvs (4% for KM2 and 76% for Lutetia) and intermediate (41%) for both ryegrass cvs. Following re-watering, rates of herbage regrowth were closely correlated with tiller survival. Measured minerals contributed c . 0·52 MPa to osmotic potential in all treatments, whereas water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) contributed 0·25 MPa under irrigation and 0·46 MPa during drought.
There was no systematic difference between the two species for summer survival under severe drought, but large differences between the cocksfoot cvs. The traits most strongly associated with superior survival were: (a) a deep root system and greater water uptake at depth; (b) low water and osmotic potentials in surviving laminae, i.e. better tolerance to dehydration; (c) large pool-size of WSC reserves (fructans having degree of polymerization >4) in entire tiller bases (stubble); (d) low accumulation of proline in stubble; (e) rapid nitrogen uptake after rewatering.     

间歇灌溉对北方水稻生理生态需水的影响

通过田间试验研究了间歇灌溉(IT)条件下北方水稻生理生态需水变化特性．试验于2002年在中国科学院沈阳生态实验站水田试验区进行．分别采用非称重式蒸渗仪和小型蒸渗仪对间歇灌溉和淹灌(CSF)条件下的稻田蒸散量和棵间蒸发量进行了测定．结果表明。间歇灌溉条件下的水稻蒸腾量与淹灌相比没有达到显著差异,而稻田棵间蒸发量和渗漏量则分别减少了16％和24％。水分利用效率提高了10％,在显著减少用水量的情况下并未对水稻产量造成不良影响．针对本地区土质而言,与淹灌相比,尽管间歇灌溉可以有效地减少稻田用水量,但仍有近60％的稻田用水通过渗漏损失掉．为此,本文提出着眼于提高稻田水分利用效率、降低渗漏量和土壤水蒸发量的相应对策．     

Water footprint and irrigation use efficiency of important crops in Northern Cyprus from an environmental,economic and dietary perspective

Availability of freshwater is currently one of the most important limiting factors for crop production and food security throughout the world. Northern Cyprus is one of the world’s most important countries that has been facing drought and salinization problems since the 1970 s. The present study aimed to determine the irrigation use efficiency (IUE), irrigation economic productivity (IEP), irrigation economic efficiency (IEE) and irrigation dietary efficiency (IDE) of some major crops in Northern Cyprus to ensure better planning for sustainable water management, not only for Northern Cyprus but also for all countries facing similar problems. The results of the present study showed that both carob and fig crops require the least amount (24 L) of irrigation to produce 1 kg of fruit, and “open field” lettuce and “greenhouse” eggplant require the least amount (10 and 16 L) of irrigation to produce 1 kg of vegetables in Northern Cyprus. The irrigation economic productivity (IEP) and irrigation dietary efficiency (IDE) of crops were also found to be significantly different and meaningful for different crops. Our results showed that reshaping the distribution of crops based on their water consumption would reduce the use of water resources while continuing to feed the population.