香菇135菌株特异SCAR标记在其原生质体单核中的分布

以香菇保藏菌种庆元135以及庆元出菇的135新鲜子实体组织分离得到的菌丝为材料制备原生质体,分别获得58和83个原生质体单核体;经交配型鉴定后,用已获得的135特异SCAR引物对单核进行PCR扩增,统计SCAR条带的分布。结果显示:原生质体单核体分为A1B1和A2B2两种交配型,而特异条带仅存在于后者中,证明135特异SCAR标记是稳定遗传的,也为鉴定以带标记核为亲本之一的杂交后代提供了依据,这就进一步拓宽了分子标记应用于菌株鉴定的适用范围。     

香菇135菌株特异SCAR标记在其原生质体单核中的分布

以香菇保藏菌种庆元135以及庆元出菇的135新鲜子实体组织分离得到的菌丝为材料制备原生质体,分别获得58和83个原生质体单核体;经交配型鉴定后,用已获得的135特异SCAR引物对单核进行PCR扩增,统计SCAR条带的分布。结果显示：原生质体单核体分为A1B1和A2B2两种交配型,而特异条带仅存在于后者中,证明135特异SCAR标记是稳定遗传的,也为鉴定以带标记核为亲本之一的杂交后代提供了依据,这就进一步拓宽了分子标记应用于菌株鉴定的适用范围。     

Construction of a homologous selectable marker gene for Lentinula edodes transformation

We cloned a gene for the iron sulfur protein (Ip) subunit from an edible mushroom, Lentinula edodes, and introduced a point mutation that confers carboxin resistance into it. The mutant gene successfully transformed L. edodes with high efficiency (9 transformants/2.5 microg vector DNA). Restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) increased the transformation efficiency by about two-fold.     

运用萎锈灵抗性基因构建香菇聚乙二醇介导的遗传转化方法

【背景】萎锈灵抗性基因作为筛选标记在植物和真菌中得到广泛应用。【目的】构建可以使用萎锈灵作为筛选标记的香菇遗传转化技术。【方法】利用溶壁酶消化培养4 d的香菇菌株411-4的菌丝体获得原生质体,加入适量pL-cbx质粒和聚乙二醇溶液,混合物涂布于再生筛选培养基上,培养后挑选菌落进行验证试验。【结果】在原生质体数目108个和添加4μg质粒DNA的情况下,得到了40个抗性转化子。利用PCR实验和转代实验对转化子进行验证,结果显示38个转化子的抗性可稳定遗传,表明萎锈灵抗性基因整合进入了供试菌株的基因组中。【结论】利用香菇411-4菌株建立了一套运用萎锈灵抗性基因作为分子标记的遗传转化技术体系。     

香菇新菌株选育

采用香菇135双核体秋水仙碱(C22H25NO6)诱变及香菇K303单核体秋水仙碱诱变的菌株388B1与香菇JL-2双核体杂交(单×双)的方法,成功地获得了优良的诱变菌株(编号为K05)和杂交菌株(编号为K48)。经拮抗试验、酯酶同工酶、分子标记等多种方法鉴定和栽培试验证明,诱变、杂交菌株为有别于出发菌株和亲本菌株的新菌株;3年的栽培比较试验结果表明:新菌株比当地主栽香菇135、939高产,K05比135每筒平均增产28.5%,K48比939每筒平均增产10.7%,产量生物学统计显示增产显著;经济性状考评为优质,菌柄短、菇形圆整。该研究成果不仅有望满足菇农对香菇新菌株的需求,而且可为香菇育种提供新的途径。     

Construction of a genetic linkage map of shiitake mushroom Lentinula edodes strain L-54

From fruiting bodies of L. edodes strain L-54, single-spore isolates (SSIs) were collected. Two parental types of L-54 were regenerated via monokaryotization. By means of random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), DNA samples from L-54, its two parental types, and 32 SSIs were amplified with arbitrary primers. Dedikaryotization was demonstrated, and 91 RAPD-based molecular markers were generated. RAPD markers that were segregated at a 1:1 ratio were used to construct a linkage map of L. edodes. This RAPD-linkage map greatly enhanced the mapping of other inheritable and stable markers [such as those that are linked to a phenotype (the mating type), a known gene (priA) and a sequenced DNA fragment (MAT)] with the aid of mating tests, bulked-segregant analysis, and PCR-single-strand conformational polymorphism. These markers comprised a genetic map of L. edodes with 14 linkage groups and a total length of 622.4 cM.     

农杆菌介导香菇菌丝遗传转化体系的研究

香菇Lentinula edodes是世界第二大食药用真菌,随着其全基因组测序的完成,功能基因组学研究也逐渐展开,建立稳定的香菇转化体系是目前的研究热点。本文将探索以农杆菌为介导的遗传转化体系在香菇中进行随机插入突变的转化效率以及稳定性。构建的质粒p YN6982以潮霉素抗性基因hyg作为筛选标记基因,以增强型荧光蛋白基因egfp作为报告基因,以农杆菌EHA105和LBA4404为介导,同时转化了孢子单核体、原生质体单核体和双核体菌株。结果表明采用小米粒培养基进行菌丝培养和转化,经潮霉素抗性筛选,以及5代传代后,对转化子中的hyg和egfp基因进行PCR扩增和测序,验证了转化子的遗传稳定性。经过荧光显微观察表明,EGFP在转化子中可稳定表达。本研究探索出一种采用小米粒培养基培养菌丝并进行转化的新方法,建立了稳定的农杆菌介导的香菇遗传转化体系,为进一步开展香菇的基因功能研究奠定了良好的基础。     

中国主栽香菇品种SSR指纹图谱的构建

以商业栽培的25个香菇(Lentinula edodes)品种为材料,应用SSR分子标记技术进行区别性分析。本研究使用14对引物,引物的多态性为100%,每对引物产生的等位基因数为2～9个,平均5.0个,基因型数为2～12个,平均6.3个。预期杂合度为0.1151～0.8131,平均预期杂合度为0.6126;PIC值为0.1064～0.7736,平均PIC值为0.5541。25个品种中,除申香10号和申香12号不能区分外,对其他23个品种清晰鉴别,为构建香菇栽培品种的SSR分子指纹图谱提供了依据和方法。本方法获得的数据可以成为重复性良好、实验室间可比对的香菇栽培品种标准指纹图谱,在品种特异性鉴定中不再需要已有所有品种做参照,较RAPD、ISSR、SRAP等鉴定方法工作量大大减少。     

数据库搜索及ISSR-抑制PCR法开发香菇微卫星标记

采用数据库搜索及ISSR-抑制PCR法开发香菇微卫星标记。由数据库搜索法开发出21对引物,11对有多态性,各位点平均产生3.3个等位基因;通过ISSR-抑制PCR法开发出8对引物,5对具多态性,各位点平均产生3个等位基因。结果表明,在香菇SSR开发中,两种方法均是行之有效的。     

香菇交配型因子次级重组体的鉴定

对13个香菇菌株的担孢子后代进行了交配型分析,其中8个菌株非亲和反应与亲和反应之比与预期的3∶1的比例无显著差异。另外5个菌株非亲和反应与亲和反应之比不符合3∶1,其中4个菌株在0.05显著水平的X2值仅略高于理论值,而另一菌株HL01具有特殊的表现,其单核体132个随机配对的非亲和反应与亲和反应之比为82∶50,X2值显著偏离3∶1的临界值。用4个标准测试菌株鉴定了来自HL01同一子实体的189个孢子单核体的交配型,在189个单核体中,161个单核体归于4种正常交配型(A1B1,A2B2,A1B2,A2B1)之一。而另外28个可能源于次级重组的单核体可分成另外4个类群。通过以所有可能的组合进行配对杂交,进一步分析了28个单核体的交配型。结果表明,次级重组同时在A因子和B因子中发生,重组值分别为8.5%和11.6%。A因子至少由2个亚基组成而B因子可能由不止2个亚基组成。随后的出菇试验表明,至少含有1个重组体的所有可亲和配对均具有结实能力。     

香菇对潮霉素的抗性实验

选用4株不同品系的香菇菌种,比较了香菇在固体、液体2种不同培养条件下,对潮霉素抗性的差异;研究了香菇以原生质体、原生质体再生菌丝、冷藏菌种等3种不同生理状态为实验材料,对潮霉素的抗性特点。试验表明,香菇对潮霉素极为敏感,在固定的条件下,抗性稳定;而当条件改变时,抗性有一定变化。     

Characterization of brown film formed by Lentinula edodes

Lentinula edodes is a widely-produced mushroom in China that forms a brown film via pigment accumulation on mature mycelial surfaces to ensure high-quantity and high-quality fruiting body formation. Here, ultraviolet–visible, infrared spectra, and elemental analyses predicted that the pigment in the brown film was melanin. Electron microscopy revealed the size, morphological characteristics, accumulation, and morphogenesis of electron-dense material, which were similar to those of melanin, as well as subcellular structural changes during brown film formation. The electron-dense material appeared as granules, vesicles, and polymers. The accumulation of electron-dense materials on the cell wall was followed plasmolysis, plasma membrane disruption, electron-dense material accumulation in the interstitial space, and gradual accumulation on the outer cell wall. Dolipore septa degradation and morphogenetic cell death occurred during browning. In the final stage of browning, the dolipore septum disappeared and the cell was nearly empty. This study provides a cytological foundation for evaluating the regulation of brown film formation in L. edodes.     

香菇中镉含量的检测与分析

为了解影响香菇镉富集的一些因素,对不同品种、不同地区、不同潮次的香菇以及香菇不同形态部分中的镉含量进行了比较研究。结果表明：不同品种香菇、不同地区以及不同潮次香菇中的镉含量具有一定的差异;此外,香菇的不同形态部分中镉的含量也不一样,其镉含量从高到低的顺序为：菌褶＞菌盖＞菌柄。     

Extraction of manganese peroxidase produced by Lentinula edodes

Lentinula edodes, commonly called shiitake, is considered a choice edible mushroom with exotic taste and medicinal quality. L. edodes grows very well and produces a range of enzymes when cultivated on eucalyptus residues. Development of appropriate experimental procedures for recovery and determination of enzymes became a widely important cash crop. In this work, enzymes produced by L. edodes were extracted using different pH buffer and determined regarding peroxidases and proteases. Lignin peroxidase (LiP) was not detected in the extracts based on veratryl alcohol or azure B oxidation. Proteases were very low while Mn-peroxidases (MnP) predominated. The optimal pH for MnP recovery was 5.0, under agitation at 25 degrees C. The oxidation of phenol red decreased after dark-colored small compounds or ions were eliminated by dialysis. The extract of L. edodes contained components of high molecular weight, such as proteases or high polyphenol, that could be involved in the LiP inactivation. L. edodes sample previously submitted to dialysis was also joined to LiP of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and a total inhibition of LiP was observed.     

Mating-Type Incompatibility between Commercial Strains of Lentinula edodes

Fox, H. M., Burden, J., Chang, S-T., and Peberdy, J. F. 1994. Mating-type incompatibility between commercial strains of Lentinula edodes. Experimental Mycology 18, 95-102. Lentinula edodes has a multiallelic tetrapolar mating system. Matings between monokaryotic isolates obtained from 21 strains of the fungus were carried out to investigate the number of A and B factors present in a range of commercially cultivated strains obtained from different areas of the world. Seventeen commercial stocks were characterized and found to have 9 different A factors and 10 different B factors, while 4 wild isolates from China were found to have 8 different A and B factors. Three A and 2 B factors were shared between the commercial and wild strains. In addition, the expected 1:1 ratio of nuclear types of the dikaryon was not obtained for homokaryotic protoplast regenerants. Recombination between B factors was not uncommon and when detected it was found to occur in different strains having the same A and B factors.     

香菇主要育种技术研究进展

香菇是仅次于双孢蘑菇的世界第二大类食用菌,在中国食用菌产业中占有举足轻重的地位。综述了香菇的主要育种技术及其应用研究进展,包括人工选择育种、杂交育种、诱变育种、原生质体融合育种、基因工程育种以及分子标记辅助育种等,并针对当前香菇产业发展需求,对香菇育种今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

Isolation and characterization of a mycovirus in Lentinula edodes

A mycovirus was isolated from an edible mushroom, Lentinula edodes, that was suffering from a severe epidemic. Fractionation of the diseased cell extract by isopycnic centrifugation with 50% CsCl revealed that the diseased mushroom was infected by Lentinula edodes spherical virus (LeSV), a new spherical virus with a diameter of 55 nm. The particle of LeSV encapsidated the 12 kb RNA genome by a 120 kDa coat protein. BLAST analysis of the partially sequenced LeSV genome showed 95% sequence identity with a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of the mycovirus HKB, which was previously reported as being a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) element. In contrast to HKB, the RNA genome in LeSV is encapsidated by the 120 kDa coat protein. To confirm that the LeSV coat protein is encoded by the viral genome, the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the coat protein was determined. The resulting N-terminal amino acid sequence, N-SALDVAPVVPELYFXXLEV-C, was found to be located in the middle of the HKB ORF1, suggesting that the LeSV coat protein was indeed encoded by the virus. To detect LeSV in L. edodes, a primer set targeting the RdRp gene was designed based on the partial sequence of the LeSV genome. RT-PCR analysis showed that 56 of the 84 commercially available dikaryotic cultivars carry LeSV. The transmission pattern of the virus was determined by analysing basidiospores from LeSV-infected and LeSV-free fruiting bodies. Nine out of 10 basidiospores from the LeSV-infected cultivars contained the virus while the spores from the LeSV-free parent were free of LeSV, suggesting that vertical transmission is the primary mode of LeSV propagation.     

耐高温香菇新品种的选育

正香菇(Lentinula edodes)是产于北半球温带与亚热带地区的一种腐生真菌,不仅营养丰富,而且具有较高的保健价值,自古以来深受人们的喜爱[1]。但香菇属中低温型变温结实性菇类,在福建、浙江等香菇主产区,因夏季温度较高,能够高温出菇的香菇品种少,导致夏季鲜香菇供应不足。目前可用于夏季香菇栽培的方法主要有两种:一是在海拔500 m以上的高山上栽培;二是利用林下或山沟出菇、覆土栽培出菇等。但这两种栽培方法也有其局限性。因此,要从根本上解决香菇高温栽培的问     

Selection of strains of Lentinula edodes and Lentinula boryana adapted for efficient mycelial growth on wheat straw

Mycelial growth rates are presented for 11 strains of Lentinula edodes and six strains of Lentinula boryana cultivated on solid media: derived from malt extract (MEA); malt yeast extract (YMEA); and, YMEA plus soluble lignin derivatives (YMEA+WSLD). The results were compared with data for mycelial growth rates, of the same strains cultivated on substrates derived from wheat straw treated at different temperatures (50, 65, 75 and autoclaving at 121 degrees C). In general, the addition of WSLD significantly reduced mycelial growth rates in both species. The greatest mycelial growth rate was obtained on sterilized straw at 121 degrees C for the majority of strains. However, this growth was not significantly different from that obtained at 75 degrees C. L. edodes showed greater growth rates than L. boryana. The feasibility of using estimates of mycelial growth rate on YMEA and YMEA+WSLD are discussed as possible indicators of a strain's potential for mycelial growth on substrates derived from wheat straw.     

设施化专用香菇种质资源挖掘

以香菇L808菌株基因组序列为参照,开发了300份插入/缺失(InDel)标记。通过5个菌株的初筛,选出均匀分布于基因组的82份多态标记对42份香菇种质资源进行遗传背景分析。同时在设施化栽培条件下考察了种质资源的生育期、菌棒转色、菌棒硬度、现蕾期和产量等表型。结果表明：供试香菇种质资源的遗传多样性丰富,栽培菌株与野生菌株的遗传距离较远,遗传相似性系数平均值为0.51。群体结构分析将种质资源分为6个亚群,与基于遗传距离的系统聚类结果较为一致。亚群间菌株具有较远的亲缘关系,遗传分化指数平均值为0.290,适合用于杂交育种。表型结果显示,设施化栽培条件下的种质资源农艺性状分化程度高,亚群间菌株的生育期、现蕾期和产量均有显著差异。种质资源多样性分析结果为香菇杂交育种工作奠定了基础。