高寒地区种植不同种类牧草对土壤节肢动物群落的影响

为了明确高寒地区种植不同种类牧草对土壤节肢动物群落的影响,于2016年7月,选取2013年建植的垂穗披碱草、老芒麦、早熟禾、羊茅、燕麦、苜蓿6种牧草地为研究样地,以外围天然草地为对照样地,采集0—15 cm混合土样,采用干漏斗法(Tullgren)分离土壤节肢动物。结果表明:(1)7种类型牧草种植地对土壤节肢动物群落组成结构、密度、类群数、Shannon多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数均有显著差异性(P0.05或0.01)。群落密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数均表现为燕麦显著高于垂穗披碱草和苜蓿牧草地,而Simpson指数与之相反,其他几种牧草地间土壤节肢动物群落指数均无显著差异性。(2)典范对应分析(CCA)结果表明,影响土壤节肢动物群落组成结构的主要因素是土壤pH、TN、N/P、C/N、AK;其中,在垂穗披碱草样地中土壤节肢动物群落与pH呈正相关,在早熟禾样地中土壤节肢动物群落与TN和N/P呈正相关,而在天然草地中土壤节肢动物群落与C/N和AK呈正相关。(3)回归分析表明,土壤节肢动物群落密度及多样性指数仅与TK含量呈显著正相关(P0.05或0.01)。研究表明,在青藏高原种植不同种类牧草对土壤节肢动物的群落结构、密度和多样性均存在较大的影响。从长远的观点来看,种植苜蓿等其他种类牧草虽然能缓解草畜矛盾,但会降低土壤节肢动物多样性,不利于生物多样性保护和草地生态系统的可持续利用。     

复合茶园节肢动物类群特征值关系研究

为深入了解影响茶园节肢动物群落多样性的因子,本文对在茶园地面种植长节耳草Hedyotis uncinella Hook & Arn(茜草科,耳草属)的复合茶园茶树生境节肢动物类群多样性指数、物种丰富度、类群均匀度、物种优势度指数和类群优势集中性指数5个主要特征值之间的关系进行了因子分析与通径分析。结果显示:茶树生境节肢动物类群5个主要特征值可综合为三个主份量。第一主份量代表类群多样性指数和均匀性;第二主份量集中体现物种丰富度;第三主份量代表优势度指数,它们对方差的贡献率分别为50.279%、26.920%和22.466%。复合茶园节肢动物类群多样性与节肢动物类群丰富度和天敌类群丰富度呈极显著的正相关,而同类群优势集中性呈极显著的负相关。因此,要提高茶园节肢动物类群的多样性可通过营造复合茶园生境来增加节肢动物类群物种丰富度和天敌类群物种丰富度而减少物种优势集中性来实现。     

桃园捕食性节肢动物群落结构及动态研究

【目的】探讨桃园捕食性节肢动物群落特征、结构组成及动态规律,为桃园害虫防治提供依据。【方法】在西北农林科技大学实验站选择树龄5~6年的桃园为调查对象,系统调查园内节肢动物群落的种类和数量,测定群落的相对丰富度、多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(E)及优势集中性指数(C)等指标,研究园内捕食性节肢动物群落的变化规律。【结果】桃园捕食性节肢动物群落的多样性指数和均匀度指数表现为高-低-高-低的趋势;群落优势度(B)与优势集中性指数呈现低-高-低趋势。食蚜蝇、蜘蛛、瓢虫、步甲和草蛉是桃园主要捕食性节肢动物亚群落。大灰食蚜蝇Metasyrphus corollae和黑带食蚜蝇Episyrphus balteata是食蚜蝇亚群落的优势种群,5月中旬至6月下旬是其发生高峰期;龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica是瓢虫亚群落的优势种群,5月中旬至7月下旬是其发生高峰期,随后数量维持在较低水平;龟纹瓢虫鼎斑变型和锚斑变型是桃园最常见的色斑变型,分别占49.6%和29%;蜘蛛亚群落主要包括皿蛛、蟹蛛和球蛛类群,5月上中旬、8月中下旬和10月中旬是其发生高峰期;步甲亚群落的发生高峰期为5月上旬至6月下旬,随后维持在较低的水平;中华草蛉Chrysoperla sinica为草蛉亚群落的优势种群,6月上旬至8月上旬是其发生高峰期。【结论】桃园捕食性节肢动物主要包括捕食性蜘蛛、食蚜蝇、捕食性瓢虫、步甲和草蛉5个亚群落,不同天敌亚群落的结构特征随着季节和气温的变化而相互演替,共同发挥控制害虫的作用。     

桃园节肢动物群落的多样性、均匀度和相对稳定性季节动态

对桃园节肢动物群落进行了系统调查,并对数据进行了数学分析．结果表明,群落与植食动物亚群落的多样性指数相关系数为0．9480,两者极显著相关;群落与捕食动物亚群落的多样性指数相关系数为0．7855,两者极显著相关;两个亚群落的多样性均与群落多样性有关,两个亚群落多样性指数间相关系数为0．6741,两者显著相关;群落多样性指数与群落均匀度指数问相关系数为0．7870,两者极显著相关;群落多样性指数与两个亚群落均匀度指数之间均不相关．群落多样性指数(H’),与捕食性动物个体数(Sd)和植食性动物个体数(Sz)之比值(Sd／Sz)相关系数为0．8112,两者极显著相关;与群落物种数(Sz)和个体数(Si)之比值(Sz／Si)相关系数为0．9188,两者极显著相关;与捕食动物类群(科)数(Spl)和植食动物类群(科)数(Szl)之比值(Spl／Szl)不相关。     

猕猴桃园节肢动物群落重建及主要类群的生态位

为研究猕猴桃节肢动物群落重建过程和主要类群生态位移,本试验系统调查野生猕猴桃和人工栽植不同树龄(3年、9年、14年)猕猴桃园节肢动物群落,测定群落特征指标和主要类群的时空生态位。结果表明,群落包含3纲15目74科,约90种。不同桃园节肢动物群落的主要类群不同,各类群占群落总数的比例差异显著,野生猕猴桃园群落中各类群分布较均匀,栽植桃园群落中害虫比例较大。野生猕猴桃园和栽植猕猴桃园之间,群落的多样性指数、均匀度和优势度差异均极显著,群落稳定性表现为野生>9年>14年>3年。各类群的时空二维生态位也会随着栽植时间增长发生变化：蜘蛛和蝇类的生态位在不同树龄的猕猴桃园中都保持在较高水平;人工栽植初期,山楂叶螨和叶蝉占据的时空生态位较宽,成为优势类群,小薪甲与山楂叶螨生态位重叠较大,竞争激烈;随后,小薪甲和瘿蚊的时空二维生态位逐渐增大,到14年桃园中已经取代了山楂叶螨和叶蝉,成为主要害虫。总之,人工干扰的节肢动物群落重建是一个次级演替过程,与自然生态系统群落明显不同。     

拉萨半干旱河谷植被对地表节肢动物多样性的影响

调查不同植被恢复措施下拉萨半干旱河谷地表节肢动物类群多样性以及群落结构,为揭示地表节肢动物多样性对植被恢复措施的响应具有重要意义。采用陷阱法对青藏高原半干旱河谷砂生槐灌丛、人工杨树林和藏沙蒿灌丛样地地表节肢动物群落组成、类群多样性以及功能群结构进行调查,计算各处理地表节肢动物类群相对多度、类群丰富度、多样性指数、Cody指数和S9rensen指数。共采集半干旱河谷地表节肢动物个体数738,隶属5纲15目51科。砂生槐灌丛样地收集节肢动物40科,占所有类群78.4%,杨树人工林和藏沙蒿灌丛样地调查到土壤节肢动物类群为30和23科,分别占总科数的58.8%和45.1%。各植被恢复类型在目的分类单元下,双翅目、膜翅目和弹尾目类群相对多度较高,而在科的分类单元下,驼跳科、蚁科和漏斗网蛛科为拉萨半干旱河谷优势地表节肢动物类群。砂生槐灌丛节肢动物类群丰富度和多样性指数最高,人工杨树林最低。砂生槐灌丛和藏沙蒿灌丛地表节肢动物营养功能群均以捕食性为主。不同植被群落间群落相似性也有差异,砂生槐与藏沙蒿灌丛间相似性较高,而人工杨树林与藏沙蒿之间较低。不同植物群落组成和结构影响土壤理化特性、地表凋落物数量、质量和微生境条件,进而影响地表节肢动物群落组成、数量和营养功能群。砂生槐灌丛样地具有较高节肢动物类群丰富度和捕食性动物类群,有利于拉萨半干旱河谷地区地表节肢动物多样性维护。     

长期施加N、P肥对高寒草甸小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响

为查明长期施肥对高寒草甸小型土壤节肢动物群落影响,2012年5月下旬在西南民族大学青藏高原畜牧业高科技研究基地内用随机区组方式设置施N、P和NP混施三种处理实验样地,每种施肥处理分别设置10 g/m²、20 g/m²和30 g/m²三个施肥梯度,以不施肥的高寒草甸为对照样地。2017年8月对各样地内的小型土壤节肢动物、植物群落和土壤理化性质进行调查。结果表明：（1）施肥可以明显改变高寒草甸小型土壤节肢动物的群落组成结构,其中NP混施比单施N、P肥更能有效增加螨类和昆虫的类群数;（2）N、P、NP三种施肥种类的小型土壤节肢动物群落个体密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数均显著增加（P<0.05）,且当施肥量为20 g/m²时,小型土壤节肢动物群落的个体密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数均达到最大;（3）小型土壤节肢动物群落的个体密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数均与全磷含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。研究表明,在高寒草甸长期施加氮、磷肥,尤其是氮磷混施,不仅能够明显改变小型土壤节肢动物群落组成结构,还能显著提高群落密度和多样性,建议按照20 g/m²的总量对高寒草甸进行氮磷等量混施,以提高小型土壤节肢动物群落多样性及其生态功能。     

有机管理对柑橘园节肢动物群落多样性恢复的作用

比较了有机管理、常规管理和自然园3种不同管理方式下柑橘树冠层节肢动物群落多样性。结果表明：常规管理的柑橘园转有机管理后,柑橘园节肢动物群落的物种组成增加了1目、24科、130种;害虫类群的个体数量减少,而天敌类群的个体数量增加;在有机管理方式下,节肢动物群落的多样性指数、均匀度及优势集中性指数等全年的波动幅度介于自然园和常规管理区之间;有机管理区节肢动物群落的丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度及优势集中性指数等指标与自然园相比无显著差异,而与常规管理之间差异显著。有机管理方式能够提高和恢复柑橘园节肢动物群落的多样性,有助于实现对柑橘害虫的生态控制。     

哀牢山不同类型亚热带森林地表凋落物及土壤节肢动物群落特征

分别于2005年4月（干热季）、6月（雨季）和12月（干热季）,采用样线法对哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林、山顶苔藓矮林和滇山杨次生林地表凋落物及其中的土壤节肢动物群落进行了调查.结果表明： 凋落物现存总量、C储量和C/N在干、湿季均表现为苔藓矮林＞滇山杨林＞常绿阔叶林,N储量差异不大.蜱螨目和弹尾目是3林地凋落物层节肢动物群落的优势类群,双翅目幼虫、鞘翅目、蚁类和同翅目为常见类群,3林地凋落物层土壤节肢动物群落相似性系数极高.3林地凋落物层土壤节肢动物群落密度(ind·m^-2)没有显著差异,但相对密度(ind·g^-1)呈现出常绿阔叶林和滇山杨林显著高于苔藓矮林;土壤节肢动物密度季节变化呈现干季（4月和12月）显著高于雨季（6月）,群落香农多样性指数差异不显著.干热季(4月)3林地枯枝落叶现存量与其土壤节肢动物群落和主要类群密度呈显著正相关关系,而在干冷季(12月)凋落物总现存量与其土壤节肢动物群落及蜱螨目相对密度则呈显著负相关关系;弹尾目和鞘翅目密度与地表凋落物层的N储量也有显著的正相关关系.哀牢山亚热带森林凋落物及其土壤节肢动物群落的发展与森林植被结构密切相关, 其群落个体数量和多样性受森林地表凋落物的调控, 但林内其他环境因素如温湿度对森林凋落物层土壤动物个体数的季节变动也有明显影响.     

森林-草原交错带土壤节肢动物群落多样性

在河北北部的塞罕坝森林草原交错区进行了土壤节肢动物群落组成与多样性调查,共获得土壤节肢动物25类,10420头,分属于6纲24目.交错区地带土壤节肢动物群落优势类群为弹尾目和蜱螨目,常见类群有8类,稀有类群15类.群落的多样性分析表明,森林带的多样性指数(H′)、密度-类群指数(DG)和均匀度指数较大,而草甸草原带各种指数较小.pH值与土壤节肢动物的类群数关联度较大,而温度和含水量与土壤节肢动物的个体数关联度较大.     

茶园节肢动物类群多样性和稳定性研究

对常年用人工或除草剂除草的茶园和地面种植长节耳草(Hedyotis uncinella)的茶园茶树生境节肢动物类群的多样性和稳定性进行了分析和比较．结果表明,复合茶园节肢动物类群主要特征的丰富度值除一次低于4外,其他都在4～8之间,最高达7．7403．单一园丰富度值大部分在4～6之间,最高的为6．7810;复合园丰富度值平均值为5．4672±0．3483,高于单一园相应值4．8809±0．3175．复合园节肢动物Shannon-Weiner多样性指数平均值为3．8535±0．1232,比单一园相应值3．4654±0．1856高．复合园均匀度指数平均值0．8781±0．012,高于单一园均匀度值0．8261±0．038．相反,复合园节肢动物优势集中度平均值(0．0992±0．009)低于单一园值(0．1636±0．038)．复合园稳定性指标Ss／Si和Sn／Sp比单一园的高,而复合园多样性变异系数ds／dm值(0．1107)比单一园相应值(0．1855)低．研究表明,复合茶园生态系统有比单一茶园生态系统更丰富的生物多样性和更高的系统稳定性．     

Spatial and temporal patterns of dispersal of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in nectarine orchards in British Columbia

Thrips were sampled from six nectarine orchards in the Dry Central Interior, British Columbia, Canada, between April and June 1993 using yellow sticky cards on posts spaced around the perimeter of each orchard. Although 12 identified species of thrips were captured, >90% of individuals were the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). The flight patterns and abundances of western flower thrips were compared between orchards located in two differently oriented valleys (N-S and E-W) and between orchards located close to or far from areas of wild land. Results indicate that densities of western flower thrips entering orchards, and their direction of movement, were related more to the external vegetation than either location within the two different valleys or general wind flow patterns. Western flower thrips tended to move into orchards close to ground level in early spring (late April and early May) but flew higher as ground cover grew taller and temperatures increased. Densities of western flower thrips at ground level were highest in an orchard with the densest dandelion ground cover. We conclude that the location of nectarine orchards in relation to wild areas is a major determinate of western flower thrips densities.     

Spider abundance and diversity in apple orchards under three insect pest management programmes in Washington State,U.S.A.

1 Many apple growers in Washington State, U.S.A. use mating disruption (MD) for control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus). Fewer applications of synthetic, broad‐spectrum insecticides are made in MD orchards than in orchards under conventional (C) management. Spider abundance and diversity in MD, C and certified organic (O) orchards were compared. Spiders inhabiting the trees (arboreal), the understory vegetation, and the ground surface were studied. 2 Total arboreal spider density and total understory spider density were significantly higher in O orchards than in MD and C orchards. Many species occurred in both the trees and the understory. 3 Arboreal, visually orientated, hunting spiders and arboreal ambushers/runners were significantly more abundant in O orchards compared to C and MD orchards. Visual hunters were significantly more abundant in MD compared to C orchards. Numbers of spiders in two other guilds (web‐makers and nocturnal hunters) showed no statistical differences with respect to orchard management type. 4 The highest density of ground surface‐dwelling spiders occurred in one of the O orchards. Two C orchards had higher densities than any MD orchard. Ground surface species were distinct from those in the understory and the trees. 5 With one exception, an orchard's arboreal fauna was most similar to that of another orchard under the same type of pest management. Three exceptions were noted among comparisons of the understory faunas. The ground surface‐dwelling fauna of one O orchard was distinctive, whereas that in the second O orchard was similar to the C and MD orchards. 6 Reduced use of synthetic, broad‐spectrum insecticides in MD orchards did not result in arboreal spider densities comparable to those found in O orchards. A contributing factor may be that all species were univoltine. Spider populations may thus be severely reduced by even a small number of synthetic, broad‐spectrum insecticide applications and the time required for recovery may be lengthy.     

Arthropod biodiversity in olive groves under two soil management systems: presence versus absence of herbaceous cover crop

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Relationships between management practices and ground‐active invertebrate biodiversity in New Zealand kiwifruit orchards

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Effects of ground cover treatments and insecticide use on population density and damage caused by Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae) in apple orchards

We conducted a 2-yr study in commercial apple orchards in Nova Scotia to assess the effects of ground cover treatments and insecticides on population density and fruit injury caused by tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois). The design was a split-plot with insecticides applied to whole orchard blocks and ground cover treatments applied to plots nested within orchard blocks. Ground cover treatments were 1) standard herbicide use, 2) enhanced weed control in tree rows, and 3) treatment two plus use of a selective herbicide in laneways. Treatments had few significant effects on vegetation in the tree row, but in laneways, known dicot hosts of L. lineolaris were suppressed and nonhost grasses promoted with treatment 3. Ground cover treatments did not affect cumulative captures of adult tarnished plant bugs on white sticky traps located in the plots but did affect captures in sweep nets. Split-plot ANOVA indicated no significant effect of insecticides on injury in either year, but ground cover treatments were significant in 2001. The lowest ranking rates of injury in both years were in orchards treated before bloom with a pyrethroid insecticide, either cyhalothrin-lambda or cypermethrin. The highest ranking rate of injury occurred in an orchard where insecticide was not applied until after bloom despite a high prebloom capture of L. lineolaris adults on orchard perimeter sticky traps. Fruit injury values for the ground cover treatment 3 were 63.3% (n.s.) and 50.0% (P < 0.05), respectively, of those in the standard treatment in 2000 and 2001.     

Almond orchards with living ground cover host more wild insect pollinators

Wild pollinators are becoming more valuable to global agriculture as the commercial honeybee industry is increasingly affected by disease and other stressors. Perennial tree crops are particularly reliant on insect pollination, and are often pollen limited. Research on how different tree crop production systems influence the richness and abundance of wild pollinators is, however, limited. We investigated, for the first time, the richness and abundance of potential wild pollinators in commercial temperate almond orchards in Australia, and compared them to potential pollinator communities in proximate native vegetation. We quantified ground cover variables at each site and assessed the value of ground cover on the richness and abundance of potential wild pollinators in commercial almond systems focussing on three common taxa: bees, wasps and flies. More insects were caught in orchards with living ground cover than in native vegetation or orchards without ground cover, although overall species richness was highest in native vegetation. Percent ground cover was positively associated with wasp richness and abundance, and native bee richness, but flies showed no association with ground cover. The strongest positive relationship was between native bee abundance and the richness of ground cover plants. Our results suggest that maintaining living ground cover within commercial almond orchards could provide habitat and resources for potential wild pollinators, particularly native bees. These insects have the potential to provide a valuable ecosystem service to pollinator-dependent crops such as almond.     

基于归一化植被指数变化分级的深圳市植被变化

基于深圳市1988和2003年的TM遥感数据及2004年土地利用变更调查资料,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化分级方法对深圳市植被覆盖变化及与其相关的自然和社会经济因子之间的响应关系进行了分析.结果表明：1988—2003年间,快速城市化过程对深圳地区地表植被没有产生整体性影响,但平原台地地区的植被退化较明显;深圳市局部地区生态退化的主要原因是建设用地侵占林地和园地、海拔100 m以上区域林地向园地的转移、以及部分建设用地绿化率过低.今后深圳市植被保护和建设工作的重点主要包括：强化植被保护和恢复工作;尽可能避免建设用地侵占林地和园地等植被覆盖较好的区域;尽快纠正海拔100 m以上不合理的园地建设行为;强化城市内部的绿地建设.NDVI指数变化分级方法是揭示大尺度区域植被宏观变化趋势的有效方法,可有效避免数据噪声对NDVI指数的影响.     

Effects of management intensity and orchard features on bird communities in winter

The knowledge and conservation of diminishing valuable habitats in agricultural landscapes are of key importance in saving declining farmland biodiversity. One of these habitats is the traditional orchard whose role in supporting birds is still poorly known, especially in winter. We counted birds in 106 orchards differing in management intensity (abandoned, traditional, and intensive) during December 2009 and January 2010 in Wielkopolska, western Poland and measured site characteristics and composition of surrounding landscapes for every orchard. Old abandoned and traditionally managed orchards had significantly higher bird species richness than intensive ones. Irrespective of orchard type, bird species richness as well as density were positively influenced by the cover of unmown herb layer in orchards and tree diversity. Tree and fruit densities positively affected bird species richness and density mainly in abandoned orchards while in other orchard types the effect of these variables was less pronounced. Land cover diversity in a landscape had a positive effect on species richness and density mostly in abandoned orchards and we believe that this effect reflects the elevated utilization of such orchards by birds from the surrounding landscape. Thus, abandoned, as well as traditionally managed orchards seems to be especially important habitats that offer food source and refuge for wintering birds and should be protected. We propose to diversify fruit production by planting various tree species, leaving part of the herb layer unmown and several trees unharvested in intensive orchards in order to improve suitability of modern orchards for birds.     

Microbial Biomass, N Mineralization and Nitrification, Enzyme Activities, and Microbial Community Diversity in Tea Orchard Soils

Understanding the chronological changes in soil microbial and biochemical properties of tea orchard ecosystems after wasteland has been reclaimed is important from ecological, environmental, and management perspectives. In this study, we determined microbial biomass, net N mineralization, and nitrification, enzyme (invertase, urease, proteinase, and acid phosphatase) activities, microbial community diversity assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, and related ecological factors in three tea orchard systems (8-, 50-, and 90-year-old tea orchards), adjacent wasteland and 90-year-old forest. Soil microbial biomass C (C_mic) and activity, i.e., soil basal respiration (R_mic), microbial biomass C as a percent of soil organic C (C_mic/C_org), N mineralization, invertase, urease, proteinase, and acid phosphatase, significantly increased after wasteland was reclaimed; however, with the succeeding development of tea orchard ecosystems, a decreasing trend from the 50- to 90-year-old tea orchard became apparent. Soil net nitrification showed an increasing trend from the 8- to 50-year-old tea orchard and then a decreasing trend from the 50- to 90-year-old tea orchard, and was significantly higher in the tea orchards compared to the wasteland and forest. Urea application significantly stimulated soil net nitrification, indicating nitrogen fertilizer application may be an important factor leading to high-nitrification rates in tea orchard soils. The Shannon’s diversity index (H) and richness (S) based on DGGE profiles of 16S rRNA genes were obviously lower in all three tea orchards than those in the wasteland; nevertheless, they were significantly higher in all three tea orchards than those in the forest. As for the three tea orchard soils, comparatively higher community diversity was found in the 50-year-old tea orchard.