Modified Map Positions for lac and the pro Markers in Escherichia coli K-12

Interrupted mating experiments were performed with Hfr strains H and C and three leu lac purE recipient strains derived from a common parent and carrying, respectively, the proA(-), proB(-), and proC(-) mutations. It was concluded that if leu is placed at 1.5 min and purE at 12 min from thr, the origin on the Taylor-Trotter map, lac is at about 7.5 min and the pro genes are at about 6.0, 6.6, and 8.4 min, respectively. Both conjugational and transductional data suggest that the strain carrying the proB(-) mutation also carries a second mutation close to the proA site which independently confers a Pro(-) phenotype. The times before the onset of transfer of chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid by both Hfr strains B4 and B8 were approximately 3 min.     

Genomic hsd-Mu(lac) operon fusion mutants of Escherichia coli K-12.

Genomic (chromosomal)hsd-Mu(lac) operon fusions have been constructed in two strains of Escherichia coli K-12 for the three hsd genes, hsdRK, hsdMK and hsdSK, using MudX and lambda placMu53. Expression of hsdK mutants ranged from 16 to 74 units (u) (with a mean of 52 u) for fusions to promoter pres and ranged from 26-75 u (also with a mean of 52 u) for fusions to promoter pmod. The expression of the two hsdK promoters was measured in different stages of growth. The pres fusion mutant showed a lag in beta-galactosidase (beta Gal) production, as compared to the pmod fusion mutant. One r-Km-K mutant (JR205) showed more than ten times the beta Gal activity of other insertion mutants. The activity of this mutant decreased by 20-fold upon the transfer of F101-102, which includes the wild-type hsd region. Positive gene-dosage effect was observed using F' plasmids containing the hsd-lacZ region.     

L-Serine-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli K-12

While attempting to isolate d-serine-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli K-12, we found a class of mutants sensitive to low concentrations of l-serine (10 to 25 mug/ml).     

Ozone-induced damage of Escherichia coli K-12

Escherichia coli K-12 transformed with pACYC184 plasmid DNA was exposed to ozone (O₃) in aqueous solution. The damage to the membrane, protein, plasmid DNA, and cell survival were investigated. Cell viability was unaffected by short-term O₃ exposure (1–5 min) but membrane permeability was compromised as indicated by protein and nucleic acid leakage and lipid oxidation. The intracellular components, protein and DNA, remained intact. With longer durations of O₃ exposure (up to 30 min) cell viability decreased with a more significant increase in lipid oxidation and protein and nucleic acid leakage. The proteins leaking out were further oxidized by O₃. The total intracellular proteins run on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and plasmid DNA run on agarose gel, showed progressive degradation corresponding to the decrease in cell viability. The data indicate that membrane components are the primary targets of O₃ damage with subsequent reactions involving the intracellular components, protein and DNA. Received: 18 Apirl 1996 / Received revision: 26 July 1996 / Accepted: 5 August 1996     

Phosphoglucomutase Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12

Bacteria with strongly depressed phosphoglucomutase (EC 2.7.5.1) activity are found among the mutants of Escherichia coli which, when grown on maltose, accumulate sufficient amylose to be detectable by iodine staining. These pgm mutants grow poorly on galactose but also accumulate amylose on this carbon source. Growth on lactose does not produce high amylose but, instead, results in the induction of the enzymes of maltose metabolism, presumably by accumulation of maltose. These facts suggest that the catabolism of glucose-1-phosphate is strongly depressed in pgm mutants, although not completely abolished. Anabolism of glucose-1-phosphate is also strongly depressed, since amino acid- or glucose-grown pgm mutants are sensitive to phage C21, indicating a deficiency in the biosynthesis of uridine diphosphoglucose or uridine diphosphogalactose, or both. All pgm mutations isolated map at about 16 min on the genetic map, between purE and the gal operon.     

Potassium-dependant mutants of Escherichia coli K-12

Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 that grow more slowly in media containing low concentrations of K have been isolated. All independent mutants of this type which have been studied carry a mutation in a small region of the bacterial chromosome between the supE and gal loci. The growth rate of the mutants is the same as that of the parental strains in medium containing more than 1 mm K, but is only 50% that of the parent when the K concentration is reduced to 0.1 mm. The mutants do not appear to have a primary alteration in K transport, and are therefore referred to as K-dependent. The abbreviation kdp is proposed for this class of mutant.     

Flavodoxin mutants of Escherichia coli K-12

The flavodoxins are flavin mononucleotide-containing electron transferases. Flavodoxin I has been presumed to be the only flavodoxin of Escherichia coli, and its gene, fldA, is known to belong to the soxRS (superoxide response) oxidative stress regulon. An insertion mutation of fldA was constructed and was lethal under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions; only cells that also had an intact (fldA(+)) allele could carry it. A second flavodoxin, flavodoxin II, was postulated, based on the sequence of its gene, fldB. Unlike the fldA mutant, an fldB insertion mutant is a viable prototroph in the presence or absence of oxygen. A high-copy-number fldB(+) plasmid did not complement the fldA mutation. Therefore, there must be a vital function for which FldB cannot substitute for flavodoxin I. An fldB-lacZ fusion was not induced by H(2)O(2) and is therefore not a member of the oxyR regulon. However, it displayed a soxS-dependent induction by paraquat (methyl viologen), and the fldB gene is preceded by two overlapping regions that resemble known soxS binding sites. The fldB insertion mutant did not have an increased sensitivity to the effects of paraquat on either cellular viability or the expression of a soxS-lacZ fusion. Therefore, fldB is a new member of the soxRS (superoxide response) regulon, a group of genes that is induced primarily by univalent oxidants and redox cycling compounds. However, the reactions in which flavodoxin II participates and its role during oxidative stress are unknown.     

Novel UGA-suppressors in Escherichia coli K-12

UGA-specific nonsense suppressors from Escherichia coli K-12 were isolated and characterized. One of them (Su+UGA-11) was identified as a mutant of the prfB gene for the peptide releasing factor RF2. It appears that in this strain, while peptide release at sites of UGA mutations is retarded, the UGA stop codon is read through even in the absence of a tRNA suppressor, exhibiting a novel type of passive nonsense suppression. Three suppressors (Su+UGA-12, -16 and -34) were capable of restoring the streptomycin sensitive phenotype in resistant bacteria (strAr). Because of their drug-related phenotype, these are possibly mutations in the components of the ribosomal machinery, particularly those concerned with peptide release at UGA nonsense codons. A tRNA suppressor was also obtained which was derived from the tRNA(Trp) gene. In this strain, a long region between rrnC (84.5 min) and rrnB (89.5 min) was duplicated and one of the duplicated genes of tRNA(Trp) was mutated to the suppressor. The mechanism of UGA-suppression is discussed in terms of translation termination at the nonsense codon in both active and passive fashions.     

Iron transport in Escherichia coli K-12

The study of iron uptake promoted by 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate (DHB) into Escherichia coli K-12 aroB mutants allowed some dissection of outer and cytoplasmic membrane functions. These strains are unable to produce the iron-transporting chelate enterochelin, unless fed with a precursor such as DHB. When added to the medium, enterochelin and its natural breakdown products, the linear dimer and trimer of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine (DBS), efficiently transported iron via the feuB, tonB and fep gene products. Thus mutants in these genes were defective in transport of the above chelates. However, feuB and tonB mutants were able to take up iron when DHB was added to the medium. Thus DHB-promoted iron uptake bypassed two functions required for the transport of ferric-enterochelin from the medium. One of these functions, feuB, has been shown to be an outer membrane protein. In contrast to three other iron transport systems including ferric-enterochelin uptake, DHB-promoted iron uptake was little affected by the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol. Dissipation of the energized state of the cytoplasmic membrane apparently only affects those iron transport systems which require an outer membrane protein. Since DHB-promoted iron uptake bypasses the feuB outer membrane protein and the tonB function, it is concluded that, in ferricenterochelin transport, the tonB gene may function in coupling the energized state of the cytoplasmic membrane to the protein-dependent outer membrane permeability. DHB-promoted iron uptake required the synthesis and enzymatic breakdown of enterochelin as judged by the effects of the entF and fesB mutations. A fep mutant was not only deficient in the transport of the ferric chelates of enterochelin and its breakdown products, but was also deficient in DHB-promoted iron uptake. A scheme is presented in which iron diffuses as DHB-complex through the outer membrane, and is subsequently captured by enterochelin or DBS dimer or trimer and translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane.List of Abbreviations DHB 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate - DBS 2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine - NTA nitrilotriacetate - DNP 2,4-dinitrophenol     

Fusion of the lac genes to the promotor for the cytidine deaminase gene of Escherichia coli K-12

Summary Phage Mu has been inserted into the structural gene for cytidine deaminase (cdd). By the use of phage (lac, Mu) the promoter for the cdd gene has been fused to lacZ. In these strains lacZ expression is regulated by the cytR repressor protein and is therefore induced by cytidine. The fusion strains were used for the isolation of cddo mutants. Plaque forming phages carrying the different cdd-lacZ fusions were isolated. Studies of the cdd-Mu strains showed that the cdd gene is transcribed clockwise with respect to the Escherichia coli map.     

Uroporphyrin-accumulating mutant of Escherichia coli K-12.

An uroporphyrin III-accumulating mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 was isolated by neomycin. The mutant, designated SASQ85, was catalase deficient and formed dwarf colonies on usual media. Comparative extraction by cyclohexanone and ethyl acetate showed the superiority of the former for the extraction of the uroporphyrin accumulated by the mutant. Cell-free extracts of SASQ85 were able to convert 5-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen to uroporphyrinogen, but not to copro- or protoporphyrinogen. Under the same conditions cell-free extracts of the parent strain converted 5-aminolevulinic to uroporphyringen, coproporphyrinogen, and protoporphyrinogen. The conversion of porphobilinogen to uroporphyrinogen by cell-free extracts of the mutant was inhibited 98 and 95%, respectively, by p-chloromercuribenzoate and p-chloromercuriphenyl-sulfonate, indicating the presence of uroporphyrinogen synthetase activity in the extracts. Spontaneous transformation of porphobilinogen to uroporphyrin was not detectable under the experimental conditions used [4 h at 37 C in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.2]. The results indicate a deficient uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity of SASQ85 which is thus the first uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase-deficient mutant isolated in E. coli K-12. Mapping of the corresponding locus by P1-mediated transduction revealed the frequent joint transduction of hemE and thiA markers (frequency of co-transduction, 41 to 44%). The results of the genetic analysis suggest the gene order rif, hemE, thiA, metA; however, they do not totally exclude the gene order rif, thiA, hemE, metA.     

Ultraviolet-Sensitive Mutator Strain of Escherichia coli K-12

An ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive mutator gene, mutU, was identified in Escherichia coli K-12. The mutation mutU4 is very close to uvrD, between metE and ilv, on the E. coli chromosome. It was recessive as a mutator and as a UV-sensitive mutation. The frequency of reversion of trpA46 on an F episome was increased by mutU4 on the chromosome. The mutator gene did not increase mutation frequencies in virulent phages or in lytically grown phage lambda. The mutU4 mutation predominantly induced transitional base changes. Mutator strains were normal for recombination and host-cell reactivation of UV-irradiated phage T1. They were normally resistant to methyl methanesulfonate and were slightly more sensitive to gamma irradiation than Mut(+) strains. UV irradiation induced mutations in a mutU4 strain, and phage lambda was UV-inducible. Double mutants containing mutU4 and recA, B, or C were extremely sensitive to UV irradiation; a mutU4 uvrA6 double mutant was only slightly more sensitive than a uvrA6 strain. The mutU4 uvrA6 and mutU4 recA, B, or C double mutants had mutation rates similar to that of a mutU4 strain. Two UV-sensitive mutators, mut-9 and mut-10, isolated by Liberfarb and Bryson in E. coli B/UV, were found to be co-transducible with ilv in the same general region as mutU4.