Cases of Crohn's disease involving the small bowel, diagnosed by the barium contrast agent ENTERO-VU

The paper deals with the capacities of X-ray diagnosis of Cronh's disease involving the small bowel, using the barium contract agent Entero-VU specially designed to examine the bowel. It describes 3 cases of Crohn's disease presented by its different stages and localization in the small bowel. In the author's opinion, the barium contrast agent Entero-VU designed to examine the small bowel has two basic advantages: it is easy-to-use and highly diagnostically effective.     

Potential use of current X-ray contrast studies in the detection of small intestinal polyps in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

The paper presents the results of studies of the small bowel in 9 patients with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. The indications for the study were the clinical picture of gastrointestinal bleeding and the symptoms of ileus. The author's intubation enterographic procedure using the better composition of barium suspension and an infusion system for administering contract substances into the small bowel, an improved fractional contrasting procedure, and a procedure employing the agent Entero-view was applied for contrasting the small bowel. All the procedures revealed an obvious picture of polyposis of the small bowel. The minimum size of detected tumors was 0.3-0.4 cm in diameter. Emphasis is laid on the quantitative image of neoplasms with Entero-view and the therapeutic effect of intubation enterography in evolving small-small intestinal intussusception.     

New capacities of X-ray diagnosis in detection of small intestine pathology

The paper based on the data of more than 200 studies of the small bowel with the new agent Entero-VU specially designed for X-ray study of the bowel gives an objective evaluation of this agent. The authors of the paper analyze the capacities of Entero-VU in diagnosing 38 cases of Crohn's disease, tuberculosis and tumors of the small bowel. Moreover, as a separate section the paper provides an assessment of the agent in mapping the X-ray standards of the small bowel. In the authors' opinion, the use of this agent as though fills the existing gap in the X-ray study of the small bowel.     

New capacities of roentgen diagnosis in detecting small intestinal pathology

The paper based on the data of more than 200 studies of the small bowel with the new agent Entero-VU specially designed for X-ray study of the bowel gives an objective evaluation of this agent. The authors of the paper analyze the capacities of Entero-VU in diagnosing 38 cases of Crohn's disease, tuberculosis and tumors of the small bowel. Moreover, as a separate section the paper provides an assessment of the agent in mapping the X-ray standards of the small bowel. In the authors' opinion, the use of this agent as though fills the existing gap in the X-ray study of the small bowel.     

Ultrasound study in the diagnosis of colon obstruction

The authors present the results of their investigations into the use of routine transabdominal sonography and ultrasound irrigoscopy in the diagnosis of acute colon obstruction in 70 patients. In 55 patients, the cause of this pathology was tumor-induced obturation of colon lumen and in 15 cases, the pathology resulted from colon evacuation dysfunction due to congenital abnormalities, acquired stenosis due to inflammatory diseases. Ultrasound irrigoscopy was first applied to determine the presence and degree of colon obstruction and to establish its causes. The procedure and semiotics of ultrasound irrigoscopy and routine transabdominal sonography for this abnormality have been developed and are described in detail. Analysis of the findings has demonstrated that ultrasound irrigoscopy used in the diagnosis of acute colon obstruction is on a par with X-ray irrigoscopy in its informative value and may be widely employed in the used arsenal of diagnostic techniques.     

Place of digital X-ray fluorography in improving the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis,lung cancer and mediastinal pathology

The prime objective of this paper is an effort to make a comprehensive assessment of a place of current digital X-ray fluorography in the diagnosis of various diseases of the lung, primarily its tuberculosis and cancer, and abnormalities of the mediastinum. The investigation used a principle of obligatory examination of the diagnostic potentialities of film X-ray study and digital X-ray fluorographic findings. Assessment of digital X-ray fluorography showed its potentialities of identifying an abnormality just on the monitor screen and through printer (paper) image reproduction. A total of 2,500 cases from different patient groups (those registered at a dispensary or identified at screening, those with a previously verified pathology). In addition to a particularly diagnostic section, the authors state their ideas on a multiplicity of organizational and methodological problems in the introduction of digital X-ray fluorography into practical public health of Russia. By defining "a diagnostic field" of application of the method, the authors restrict it only to the diagnosis of lung and mediastinal diseases.     

行胶囊内镜检查67 例患者临床结果分析

目的:评价胶囊内镜在小肠疾病中的诊断价值,总结胶囊内镜临床应用策略。方法:回顾性分析上海市第一人民医院胃肠镜室2009年7月-2011年4月67例行胶囊内镜检查患者的检查结果,结合其中32名患者双气囊小肠镜检查结果及手术病理,分析胶囊内镜在小肠疾病的检出率,诊断率和不良事件发生率,总结胶囊内镜检查时的注意事项。结果:1例胶囊内镜操作失败,66例受检者检出率80.3%,诊断率为66.7%,发现病变中血管病变为主要诊断,占62.1%,其次为肠道占位(息肉、肿瘤)为14.6%,克罗恩病占10.9%,所有患者均未出现严重不良事件。结论:胶囊内镜在小肠疾病检查中安全,无创,诊断率较高,临床胶囊内镜检查时建议充分肠道准备,实时监控及结合双气囊小肠镜检查。     

A place of digital X-ray fluorography in the detection of lung diseases in the public health facilities of the Russian Federation

The paper shows the authors' opinion as to the use of digital X-ray fluorography (DXF) to detect pathology of the lung, primarily its tuberculosis and cancer from organizational-and-methodological and purely diagnostic standpoints. Based on a great body of data pooling 21,295 studies of patients, which comprised two (screening and routine clinical) groups, they authors state their views on the place and role of lung DXF in the work of public health facilities in the Russian Federation (RF). The objectivity of the authors' opinion is confirmed by the different nature of a lung abnormality detected by DXF at both the municipal and regional levels of the RF public health system and by a comparative analysis of the findings with those of film fluorography, routine X-ray study, linear tomography, X-ray computed tomography (XCT), and surgical evidence. The study has allowed the authors to express their opinion by recommending DXF as a method for primary diagnosis of lung diseases instead of film fluorography and routine X-ray study and to appreciate it in screenings. The authors' data indicate that XCT in its simplest variant rather than linear tomography should become the optimum method that specifies the diagnosis of lung diseases detected by DXT.     

Experience in examining the small bowel with the agent Enteroview

The paper presents data of small bowel X-ray study in 20 patients by using the contrast agent Enteroview. Thirteen patients were found to have changes typical of chronic enteritis (n = 9); atypical location of the cecum and inflammatory ileocecal lesion (n = 2); Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (n = 10); Crohn's disease (n = 1). The X-ray semiotics of the normal and abnormally changed small bowel is given. The advantages of Interview during X-ray study are shown.     

Some problems of radiation diagnosis of colon cancer

The paper gives the view of the author who is based on his many-year experience in studying a role of radiation diagnosis of colon cancer. It shows it necessary to enhance the significance of radiation diagnosis. More attention should be given to the traditional section on the current radiation study of the large bowel: to irrigoscopy and single double contrasting. By taking into account the labor-consumption of irrigoscopy, the author suggests that the procedure should be simplified without losing its diagnostic capacities. However, he considers single double contrasting of the bowel to be the optimum technique of traditional X-ray study of the bowel in detecting its tumors. Pneumocolonoscopy and iliocecal node study of the ileocecal angle are given in the paper as supplementary techniques of traditional X-ray study of the large bowel. Emphasis is also placed on the role of radiation diagnostic techniques, such as ultrasound diagnosis, X-ray computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. By highly appreciating their significance in the diagnosis of colon cancer, the author believes that they should play a role of important, but additional ways of detecting this pathology. By pointing out the excellent capacities of fibrocolonoscopy, as applied to the problem discussed in the paper, the author does emphasize the certain limitations of this technique, by taking into account that its application can cause some complications. The author's opinion that the obvious increase in the incidence of endophytic carcinomas drastically enhances the role of their radiation diagnosis, but by obligatorily correcting currently available principal methodic and semiotic directives, runs through the entire paper.     

Noninvasive magnetic resonance myelography in patients with lumbosacral intervertebral disk herniation

For many decades X-ray myelography has remained one of the major diagnostic methods for spinal pathology. With the advent of computed tomography (CT), CT myelography using water-soluble contrast agents has been developed. Visualization of the subarachnoidal spaces of the spinal cord and dural sac without an intrathecal contrast agent has become possible with the emergence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Its further development and improvement has brought to existence the new noninvasive technique MR myelography based on the suppression of a signal from the medulla and its enhancement from the cerebrospinal fluid-containing spaces. This paper compares routine X-ray myelography, CT myelography, and MR myelography used in the diagnosis of lumbosacral intervertebral disk herniation and assesses the informative value and benefits of MR myelography as a noninvasive diagnostic method for this pathology.     

Potential use of radiation diagnosis of esophageal achalasia

The prime objective of the paper is to attempt to reevaluate the potentialities of current radiation diagnosis of esophageal achalasia. Moreover, its main idea is to assess the procedure of a traditional X-ray section of radiation study. In the authors' opinion, the main motivation of writing this paper was the emergence of new recent potentialities of radiation diagnosis, including its traditional X-ray section in gastroenterological pathology, as well as a considerable body of information on esophageal achalasia (144 cases). The tasks to be solved in the paper include the differential diagnosis of esophageal achalasia and cardioesophageal cancer, as well as the basic capacities of radiation diagnosis to help clinicians in characterizing the changes caused by medical and surgical treatments for this disease. The authors consider that the obtained volume of necessary information on this abnormality rather frequently encountered in esophagogastroenterological pathology can be increased by applying the current possibilities of radiation study and mainly its traditional X-ray section.     

Ultrasound study in the diagnosis of small and large intestinal obstruction

The results of ultrasound study were analyzed in 148 and 26 patients with acute small and intestinal obstruction, respectively, the causes of the latter included different diseases of the intestine and abdominal organs. The commonest ultrasound symptoms based on the diameter of the bowel, on the thickness and structure of the intestinal wall, on the status of mucosal motility folds of intestinal loops and on the pattern of motility were defined. They enable one to differentiate large and small intestinal obstruction and to define its degree with a high degree of validity. Abdominal ultrasonography used in the emergency surgical setting may rapidly solve problem in the diagnosis of abnormal changes, differential mechanical and functional ileus in most cases. Dynamic ultrasound monitoring allows the efficiency of the treatment performed to be evaluated.     

A role and a place of ultrasound diagnosis of acute ileus

The main purpose of the authors is to present their view of a place of present-day ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute small and large intestinal obstruction. A comparatively sizable material covering 218 verified cases of acute ileus, including 77 patients with large intestinal obstruction and 141 patients with impaired passage of the intestinal contents along the small bowel was used to outline the aspects of ultrasound techniques and the symptomatology of ileus, by differentiating its some types. Along with the general assessment of the methodological and semiotic aspects of ultrasound diagnosis of acute uleus, the authors emphasizes a role of sonography in the detection of large intestinal obstruction by outlining their modified procedure of ultrasound irrigoscopy. For greater objectivization of their positive assessment of the place of ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute ileus and large intestinal obstruction, the authors comparatively studied X-ray and ultrasound studies to reveal this pathology. In addition to their purely personal assessment of a role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of large intestinal obstruction, the lecture also shows its authors' opinion as to the organizational issues associated with the necessity of correcting the existing diagnostic algorithm to detect large intestinal obstruction.     

SARS-CoV-2 RNA screening in routine pathology specimens

Virus detection methods are important to cope with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemics. Apart from the lung, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in multiple organs in severe cases. Less is known on organ tropism in patients developing mild or no symptoms, and some of such patients might be missed in symptom-indicated swab testing. Here, we tested and validated several approaches and selected the most reliable RT-PCR protocol for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in patients’ routine diagnostic formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens available in pathology, to assess (i) organ tropism in samples from COVID-19-positive patients, (ii) unrecognized cases in selected tissues from negative or not-tested patients during a pandemic peak, and (iii) retrospectively, pre-pandemic lung samples. We identified SARS-CoV-2 RNA in seven samples from confirmed COVID-19 patients, in two gastric biopsies, one small bowel and one colon resection, one lung biopsy, one pleural resection and one pleural effusion specimen, while all other specimens were negative. In the pandemic peak cohort, we identified one previously unrecognized COVID-19 case in tonsillectomy samples. All pre-pandemic lung samples were negative. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in FFPE pathology specimens can potentially improve surveillance of COVID-19, allow retrospective studies, and advance our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 organ tropism and effects.     

X-ray method for examination of patients with obstructive diseases of the large bowel

The paper presents a new priority X-ray method for examining the large bowel in patients with strictures. It is based on the principle of one-stage double contrasting, that has been substantially modified and supplemented by some distinctive signs and original methodological techniques. A randomized study of 150 patients with stenotic tumors of the distal colon assessed this method in comparison to traditional irrigoscopy and classical double contrasting. The study provided strong evidence for the advantage of the proposed method over the well-known ones. In the presence of stenosis, this method makes it possible to completely examine all the portions of the large bowel in 90% of the cases, to reduce the time of examination by almost 15 minutes and a radiation load per patient by 4 m3v. When the method is applied, the informative value of X-ray characteristics of a colonic stricture maximally retains. This is of great value in examining the category of patients with obstructive diseases of the large bowel, which presents a problem in making a differential diagnosis.     

Quantitative analysis of immunoglobulin-containing cells in gastrointestinal pathology

The morphometric quantitative analysis of immunoglobulin-containing cells in gastrointestinal biopsies was explored as a possible additional parameter in making the histologic diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases. Determination of immunoglobulin-containing cells was useful in the differential diagnosis of small intestinal disorders and may be useful in inflammatory diseases of the colon. However, before its general application in diagnosing inflammatory diseases of the colon can be advocated, prospective studies are necessary to determine the specificity and sensitivity of the quantitative analysis of immunoglobulin-containing cells in individual cases of large bowel disease.     

Colonic Retention of Barium in the Elderly after Barium-meal Examination and its Treatment with Lactulose

Five cases of colonic retention of barium with severe constipation occurring in elderly patients after a barium-meal examination were seen in a two-year period and it is suggested that this complication may be unrecognized. Lactulose 50% (Duphalac) was an effective agent in inducing bowel evacuation in these patients, who were resistant to more generally used methods.     

Histopathological diagnosis of mycoses

Infectious diseases emerge as a cause of pathology in our patients. Among the possible etiologies, mycoses have shown a considerable increase in the two last decades. In general, the clinical features of fungal diseases are not very distinctive. The morphology and the clinical aspects of the fungi serve as a protocol for their correct identification. Clinicians, microbiologists and pathologists are essential for the diagnosis. The pathologist using a simple and fast methodology can diagnose some types of mycosis, but they do not only identify the causal agent, but also the kind of injury that produces, the inflammatory response and the affected organ or organs. Moreover, they can classify the mycosis as superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, deep and systemic depending on the location. The present review paper describes study guidelines for the pathologist faced with a fungal infection and new technical advances that are established in pathology laboratories for a more precise identification of the mycoses.