罗汉果疱叶丛枝病的病原及其在某些寄主上的症状反应

葫芦科的罗汉果(Siraitia grosvenori(Swingle)Jeffrey)感染一种系统性的黄化型病害。 通过两次超薄切片的电镜观察:在病茎和病叶脉的韧皮组织中的薄壁细胞和伴胞中,发现有类菌质体(MLO),同时在重复的电镜观察中,在上述组织的薄壁细胞内,还发现风轮状的病毒(Virus)内含体。在健株的上述组织中。没有发现MLO和风轮状内含体。 在用三种不同接种方法(媒介昆虫、叶擦和汁液重创摩擦)进行的生物学测定的结果表明:罗汉果疱叶丛枝病有广泛的寄生范围,其症状特点:在常用的鉴定病毒的常规寄主上,最终均呈现黄化症状,没有系统性或局部性的斑点反应。其中在葫芦科的某些植物上的症状,基本上与罗汉果的症状相近似:初期明脉或脉间褪绿,继之出现疱状斑驳叶,叶片扭卷畸形,后期黄化。在茄科的供试植物上,症状特点:初期多为脉间褪绿,随之株形矮化,叶片变小。豆科上的症状:既有明脉,也有脉间褪绿,叶片呈现细长扭曲,变小并丛生。十字花科的症状特点是褪绿斑驳叶,株形矮化,叶片变小。     

Organogenesis of Lear Explants of Momordica grosvenori Swingle In Vitro

Leaves of Momordica grosvenori Swingle were used as experimatal material. Plantlets were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 6-BA 1 ppm and IBA 0.5 ppm. Histocytological observations on adventitious bud formation were carried out. After 1 week in culture, mesophyll cells obviously enlarged, cell divisions began in the mesophyll cells near the cut ends of explants, and meristemoids which consisted of small dark stained cells without chloroplasts were produced. Then meristemoids continued to proliferate and redifferentiated into many leaf-shaped bodies. Three weeks after cultivation, adiventitious buds were produced from meristemoids at surface layer of leaf-shaped body. The stem of plantlet was cut off when it reached 2 cm in height, and then was transferred onto MS basic medium supplemented with NAA 0.25–0.5 ppm for rooting. About 10 days after cultivation, vigorous root system was produced from the cut end of plantlets. It is possible that this technique of obtaining whole plants by leaf explant culture provides a method for the multiplication of the good individual plants of M. grosvenori.     

Association of mycoplasma-like bodies with potato witches' broom disease from Scotland

Mycoplasma-like bodies were found by electron microscopy of sections of sieve tubes, both from shoots and roots of potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants affected by Scottish witches' broom disease and from graft-inoculated tomato shoots. The bodies were bounded by a unit membrane, contained ribosome-like material and mostly measured 200–800 nm in diameter. Most were oval in cross-section but some had lobes or slender protrusions. Some of the bodies were found in the mouths of sieve pores.     

AFLP用于构建罗汉果DNA指纹图谱及其幼苗雌雄鉴别

对罗汉果(Siraita grosvenorii(Swingle)C．Jeffrey ex Lu et Z．Y．Zhang)的几个品种进行AFLP标记分析,从中筛选出2个引物组合,其中一个能够用于构建不同品种的指纹图谱,另一个可以结合数量性状分析成功地鉴别罗汉果幼苗的雌雄。建立了一种可用于罗汉果幼苗雌雄鉴别的方法,并可为品种的鉴别提供依据。     

陕西省枣疯病的潜在风险分析及管理对策

[目的]枣疯病是我国枣树的一种毁灭性病害。近年来,该病害在陕西枣区发病面积日益扩大,造成枣树成片死亡,对陕西的红枣产业构成严重威胁。本文旨在明确枣疯病在陕西省的风险等级,为枣疯病的管控提供依据。[方法]采用有害生物风险分析程序和方法,从枣疯病发生现状、潜在危害性、寄主的经济重要性、定殖扩散的可能性以及风险管理的难度等5个方面,对枣疯病在陕西省的风险性进行了定性和定量综合评估。[结果]枣疯病在陕西全部枣区适生,在陕西省的风险综合评价值R=2.84,危险等级为Ⅰ级。[结论]枣疯病在陕西属于特别危险有害生物,对陕西红枣产业有很高的风险。根据其危险等级,提出应清除病原和严格检疫、加强枣园管理和防治媒介昆虫等管理对策。     

Cryopreservation for eradication of Jujube witches' broom phytoplasma from Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba)

Here, we report efficient eradication of Jujube witches' broom phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi) from Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) by cryopreservation. Shoot tips (1.0 mm in size) with 5–6 leaf primordia (LPs) excised from diseased in vitro stock shoots were subject to droplet‐vitrification cryopreservation. Shoot tips following cryopreservation were post‐cultured on a recovery medium for survival. Plantlet regeneration was obtained by micrografting of surviving shoot tips upon in vitro rootstocks. With this protocol, 85% of shoot tips survived following cryopreservation, among which 75% regenerated into whole plantlets and all of them were free of phytoplasma, regardless of the sizes used for cryopreservation. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that phytoplasma was absent in the apical dome, and leaf primordia (LPs) 1 and 2, while abundance of phytoplasma was present in the lower parts of shoot tips, leaf primordium 3 and older tissues. Histological observations showed that much more damage was found in cells located in the lower part of apical dome, leaf primordium 3 and older tissues than in those at the upper part of apical dome and in the LPs 1 and 2. These cells were most likely to survive and regenerate into phytoplasma‐free plantlets following cryopreservation and micrografting. Ploidy levels analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) were maintained in plantlets regenerated from cryopreservation followed by micrografting. Results reported here would provide technical support for production of phytoplasma‐free plants and for long‐term storage of germplasm of Chinese jujube.     

Some morphological peculiarities ofMycoplasma bodies occurring in plants infected with potato witches' broom disease

Our paper describes some morphological peculiarities ofMycoplasma bodies located in vascular bundles ofNicotiana glauca Grah. and tomato infected with potato witches' broom disease. The influence of postfixation on the density of bodies and possible development of artifacts was studied in particular. It was found that bodies of adjoining cells may have a different shape. Also elementary bodies, approximately of uniform diameter, may occur in masses in close proximity to the cells containing “adult”Mycoplasma bodies. Deformed large bodies giving in a certain position the impression of “vacuolization” are evidently degenerated saucershaped forms. In addition toMycoplasma some other bodies with different inner structure were observed in the same cells.     

Peanut witches' broom (PnWB) phytoplasma-mediated leafy flower symptoms and abnormal vascular bundles development

The peanut witches'' broom (PnWB) phytoplasma causes virescence symptoms such as phyllody (leafy flower) in infected peanuts. However, the obligate nature of phytoplasma limits the study of host-pathogen interactions, and the detailed anatomy of PnWB-infected plants has yet to be reported. Here, we demonstrate that 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining can be used to track PnWB infection. The DAPI-stained phytoplasma cells were observed in phloem/internal phloem tissues, and changes in vascular bundle morphology, including increasing pith rays and thinner cell walls in the xylem, were found. We also discerned the cell types comprising PnWB in infected sieve tube members. These results suggest that the presence of PnWB in phloem tissue facilitates the transmission of phytoplasma via sap-feeding insect vectors. In addition, PnWB in sieve tube members and changes in vascular bundle morphology might strongly promote the ability of phytoplasmas to assimilate nutrients. These data will help further an understanding of the obligate life cycle and host-pathogen interactions of phytoplasma.     

Isolation and characterization of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter system genes from loofah witches' broom phytoplasma.

A clone containing a 3903 bp EcoRI-restriction fragment was obtained from a lambda(ZAP) genomic library of loofah witches' broom (LfWB) phytoplasma by plaque hybridization using a PCR fragment as a probe. Sequence analysis revealed that this fragment contained three open reading frames (ORFs). The deduced amino acid sequences of ORF 1 and ORF 2 showed a high homology with the ATP-binding proteins of the ABC transporter system genes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and encoded proteins with a molecular mass of 36 and 30 kDa, respectively. Based on amino acid sequence similarity, secondary structure, hydrophilicity and a signal peptide sequence at the N-terminus, we predicted that ORF 3 might encode a specific solute-binding prolipoprotein of the ABC transporter system with a molecular mass of 62 kDa. The cleavage site of this prolipoprotein signal peptide was similar to those of gram-positive bacteria. In addition to nutrient uptake, ABC transporter systems of bacteria also play a role in signal transduction, drug-resistance and perhaps virulence. The possible implications of the system to the survival and the pathogenesis of phytoplasma were discussed.     

Phenylpropanoid amides of serotonin accumulate in witches' broom diseased bamboo

Aciculosporium take (Ascomycota; Clavicipitaceae), causes the witches' broom disease in bamboo, particularly Phyllostachys bambusoides. Since it was observed that endogenous indole-3-acetic acid is reduced in the twigs of the diseased bamboo, the symptoms (bushy appearance) may be induced by reduction in auxin levels. Furthermore, two indolic compounds accumulated in diseased twigs, these being identified as N-p-coumaroylserotonin and N-feruloylserotonin by LC-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic analyses. N-p-Coumaroylserotonin possesses antifungal activity against A. take.     

侵染广西罗汉果的小西葫芦黄花叶病毒的鉴定及抗血清制备

在广西临桂罗汉果花叶畸形病株上获得了一个线状病毒分离物LGL-1,寄主范围、蚜传能力测定、病毒粒子形态和细胞病理特征研究表明,它是马铃薯Y病毒科成员.采用马铃薯Y病毒科特异性简并引物做PCR扩增,并测定了分离物LGL-1的基因组3′-末端序列,序列分析表明它是小西葫芦黄花叶病毒（ZYMV）.系统进化树分析揭示,世界范围内的ZYMV分离物主要可分为3大群体,分离物LGL-1为中国特有群体Group Ⅲ成员.原核表达制备了分离物LGL-1的外壳蛋白抗血清,明确了ZYMV是引起广西罗汉果病害的主要病毒,并且比较了原核表达法和提纯病毒法制备的抗血清,在病样的间接ELISA法检测中结果的差异.