O2血清型肺炎克雷伯氏菌多糖结合疫苗的生物合成

本研究旨在利用微生物体内合成肺炎克雷伯氏菌 (Klebsiella pneumoniae,Kp) 多糖结合疫苗并研究其保护效果。通过敲除Kp O抗原连接酶基因waaL阻断其LPS合成,再向缺失株中导入糖基工程载体,使细菌能够在体内合成糖蛋白,并将该糖蛋白免疫小鼠后评价其保护效果。结果表明,在构建的 Kp waaL缺失株中导入糖基工程载体后,底物蛋白重组霍乱毒素B亚单位rCTB (Recombinant cholera toxin B subunit) 能够被O糖化,从而得到糖蛋白;动物实验结果显示该疫苗能刺激小鼠产生较高的抗体效价,试验组小鼠攻毒后一周存活率可达75%。这种生物合成方法制备的多糖结合疫苗有望成为针对肺炎克雷伯氏菌的新型候选疫苗。     

霍乱O139血清群多糖结合疫苗的生物合成研究

目的:霍乱是由霍乱弧菌引起的一种烈性传染病,其防治已成为一个全球性的公共卫生问题。其中1992年出现的O139血清群是除O1外另一种病原体,发病数日益增多。因此,有必要寻找一种安全有效适用于各种人群的疫苗。方法:敲除霍乱弧菌O139血清群93-3株脂多糖合成途径中O抗原连接酶基因waa L,在周间质产生游离的多糖,之后转入包含来自脑膜炎奈瑟球菌的糖基转移酶和霍乱毒素B亚单位(CTB)编码序列的共表达载体,经IPTG诱导后制备全菌蛋白样品,利用抗His抗体检测糖蛋白的表达,利用Ni柱和离子交换柱对糖蛋白进行纯化,并对其进行糖定量和蛋白定量。结果:以未糖基化、相对分子质量约为14×103的底物蛋白CTB为对照,当共表达CTB和糖基转移酶Pgl L时,通过Western印迹可检测到相对分子质量约为20×103的糖基化蛋白,经Ni柱及阳离子交换柱纯化,得到纯度较高的O139群霍乱O抗原多糖结合蛋白,其纯度约为84.2%,并计算得其糖-蛋白比为0.103∶1。结论:通过生物法合成了一种霍乱O139血清群的多糖结合疫苗,为后续进行动物评价打下了基础。     

病原菌多糖基因簇在大肠杆菌中的克隆

目的:构建稳定的外源病原菌多糖基因簇克隆载体,为在糖基工程大肠杆菌中利用外源性多糖O-糖基化修饰靶标蛋白奠定基础。方法:PCR扩增大肠杆菌O157、甲型副伤寒沙门菌CMCC50973和铜绿假单胞杆菌CMCC10110的O-多糖合成基因簇,将多糖基因簇与细菌人工染色体p CC1BAC连接后,分别转化O-多糖合成缺陷的大肠杆菌W3110,并用相应多糖抗血清ELISA检测重组大肠杆菌是否利用外源O-多糖生成脂多糖(LPS),从而验证外源多糖基因簇克隆载体在大肠杆菌内是否能够生成相应的O-多糖;在此基础上,将构建的3种外源多糖基因簇克隆载体分别转化表达O-寡糖转移酶和蛋白底物菌毛蛋白Pil E的糖基工程大肠杆菌,用相应的抗血清进行Western印迹检测,以验证克隆的O-多糖能否修饰蛋白底物Pil E。结果:与阴性对照菌相比,带有大肠杆菌O157的O-多糖合成基因簇克隆载体和带有甲型副伤寒沙门菌CMCC50973的O-多糖合成基因簇克隆载体的重组菌ELISA呈阳性,提示大肠杆菌O157和甲型副伤寒沙门菌CMCC50973的O-多糖合成基因簇在大肠杆菌中被利用生成了相应的LPS;而带有铜绿假单胞杆菌CMCC10110的O-多糖合成基因簇克隆载体的重组菌W3110/BAC-10110则ELISA呈阴性。West-ern印迹结果显示,只有带有O157型大肠杆菌O-多糖合成基因簇克隆载体的糖基工程大肠杆菌CLM24/p MMB66EH-pil E-his/p ETtac28-pgl L/BAC-O157在相对分子质量40×103~58×103处出现了特异条带,表明菌毛蛋白Pil E被大肠杆菌O157型O-多糖O-糖基化修饰。结论:建立了大肠杆菌O157、甲型副伤寒沙门菌CMCC50973的O-多糖合成基因簇大片段的克隆载体,克隆的O157型O-多糖合成基因簇可实现O157型多糖对菌毛蛋白Pil E的修饰,从而为在大肠杆菌中建立稳定的利用外源病原菌多糖修饰靶标蛋白的糖基工程大肠杆菌提供了技术基础。     

生物法合成伤寒O-糖蛋白结合疫苗及其免疫原性评估

伤寒由伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella Typhi)引发,至今在发展中国家仍是备受关注的重要公共卫生问题。文章通过敲除伤寒菌脂多糖合成途径中O-抗原连接酶基因,转入含脑膜炎奈瑟球菌(Neisseria meningitidis)蛋白糖基化途径中糖基转移酶的表达载体,以及改构的重组铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas Aeruginosa)外毒素A(rEPA_N29)的表达载体,使细胞内能够诱导合成以伤寒O特异性多糖(O-specific polysaccharides, OPS)为目标抗原、以rEPA_N29为载体蛋白的伤寒OPS-rEPA_N29糖蛋白复合物,并对纯化所得复合物进行了免疫原性评价。ELISA测定血清抗体滴度表明,rEPA_N29作为载体蛋白能有效增加糖链的免疫原性,糖蛋白比单独的多糖能诱导产生更好的免疫应答;3次免疫、间隔3周比间隔2周IgG滴度稍有提高;而免疫过量的糖蛋白,抗O-多糖的血清抗体效价并无提升。文章为生物法制备多糖-蛋白结合疫苗提供了新思路,理论上也适用于其他革兰氏阴性菌的疫苗研发。     

肠道沙门氏菌O-抗原多糖的研究进展

O-抗原是由多糖重复单元组成的多聚糖,表达于细菌的外膜,具有多样性,是划分沙门菌血清型的重要依据。O-抗原多糖由多基因协同作用而合成,这些基因在沙门菌基因组上成簇存在,形成O-抗原基因簇。O-抗原多糖也是重要的毒力因子,在沙门菌入侵宿主、体内存活、定殖等致病过程中均发挥着重要的作用。此外,O-抗原还是沙门菌主要的保护性抗原,能激发宿主产生高水平抗体并发挥免疫保护作用,成为疫苗研究的靶点。本文综述O-抗原多糖的基因结构和合成、生物学功能及其在疫苗研制中的应用与前景。     

工程菌种子制备方法对rEPA表达量影响的研究

由重组E.colirPE553D所表达的基因缺失突变脱毒的重组铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A(rEPA),目前大量以载体蛋白用于多种细菌多糖蛋白结合疫苗研究。rEPA的表达量受众多因素的影响,种子的制备方式就是重要因素之一。本文用长期冷冻保存的和新鲜提取的质粒分别转化宿主菌E.coliBL21(λDE3)后制备种子,并将它们和冻干保存的E.colirPE553D在相同条件下培养和诱导,经SDS-PAGE分析表明长期保存的质粒转化宿主后的重组工程菌生长速度较慢,但rEPA的表达量和新鲜质粒转化制备的工程菌基本相同,而冻干保存的工程菌E.colirPE553D几乎丧失了表达rEPA的能力。     

肠炎沙门菌lpfC基因缺失株的构建及基本生物学特性研究

[目的]为研究与Lpf菌毛合成相关的lpfC基因对肠炎沙门菌致病性的影响。[方法]利用自杀质粒介导的同源重组技术构建肠炎沙门菌C50041株的lpfC基因缺失株C50041ΔlpfC,并进行PCR和测序鉴定。同时,将lpfC基因克隆至质粒pBR322并电转入缺失株中,构建回复株C50041ΔlpfCR。比较野生株C50041、缺失株C50041ΔlpfC及回复株C50041ΔlpfCR的基本生物学特性。[结果]成功构建了缺失株C50041ΔlpfC及回复株C50041ΔlpfCR,且lpfC基因的缺失不影响C50041的生长特性和生化特性。该缺失株具有良好的遗传稳定性,但缺失株对BALB/c小鼠的LD50是野生株的2倍。[结论]lpfC基因的缺失使肠炎沙门菌对BALB/c小鼠的毒力降低,为进一步研究肠炎沙门菌Lpf菌毛的功能奠定了基础。     

肠炎沙门菌肽脯氨酰顺反异构酶SlyD的基因敲除、表达及酶学特征

【目的】以肠炎沙门菌肽脯氨酰顺反异构酶SlyD为对象,构建基因缺失株及表达纯化该蛋白,为研究其在肠炎沙门菌致病性与应激等方面的作用奠定基础。【方法】参考Gen Bank登录的肠炎沙门菌基因组序列设计用于slyD基因敲除及原核表达的特异引物,运用自杀质粒介导的同源重组技术对肠炎沙门菌C50041 slyD基因进行敲除,构建C50041ΔslyD缺失株;原核表达SlyD蛋白,通过α-糜蛋白酶耦联法对其PPIase活性进行测定;利用生物信息学相关软件,分析SlyD蛋白的氨基酸序列及功能域。【结果】PCR鉴定与测序结果证明成功构建了肠炎沙门菌C50041ΔslyD缺失株,其生长特性与野生株基本一致;SDS-PAGE及PPIase活性分析表明,获得了具有生物活性的可溶性SlyD蛋白;生物信息学分析显示SlyD蛋白由FKBP样肽脯氨酰顺反异构酶结构域、分子伴侣功能域和金属结合区域3个功能区域组成。【结论】成功获得了肠炎沙门菌C50041ΔslyD缺失株和具有PPIase活性的重组SlyD蛋白。     

福氏志贺菌O-抗原磷酸乙醇胺修饰研究进展

福氏志贺菌是发展中国家引起痢疾的主要致病菌。福氏志贺菌O-抗原除噬菌体介导的糖基化和(或)乙酰化外,最近发现一种新的修饰方式磷酸乙醇胺修饰,其机制为由质粒携带的opt基因编码磷酸乙醇胺转移酶在O-抗原的鼠李糖II或(和)鼠李糖III上添加磷酸乙醇胺基团,从而形成血清型Xv、4av和Yv福氏志贺菌,并表达MASF IV-1抗原。人工转化携带opt基因的质粒到无MASF IV-1抗原表达的不同血清型福氏志贺菌中,转化菌株都能表达MASF IV-1抗原。在某些血清型福氏志贺菌中,O-抗原的磷酸乙醇胺修饰与糖基化、乙酰化修饰之间相互作用。现对福氏志贺菌的O-抗原磷酸乙醇胺修饰机制及其与糖基化、乙酰化修饰间的相互作用进行了综述。     

非编码小RNA(sraB)调控肠炎型沙门菌的抗蛋清抑菌作用

【目的】肠炎型沙门菌是一种食源性人畜共患病病原菌,可在禽蛋中存活并传播。sRNA为新近发现的基因表达调控分子,本实验以sRNA(sraB)为对象,探索sRNA与肠炎型沙门菌在禽蛋中存活的相关性,及研究其在细菌抵抗蛋清抑菌作用中的调控功能。【方法】参考已报道的沙门菌全基因组及sraB序列,设计并扩增sraB突变用基因片段,运用Red重组系统(red recombination system)对肠炎沙门菌野生株(SE2472)sraB基因进行定点敲除,构建出sraB敲除株(SE2472ΔsraB)。分析比较sraB敲除对沙门菌在蛋清中存活的影响;另构建表达sraB的回复表达质粒pHDB3-sraB,将其转入sraB敲除株构建回复株SE2472ΔsraB-comp,以回复表达sraB,分析sraB表达对沙门菌敲除株的回复作用;并分别以野生株、敲除株及回复株研究sraB在抵抗蛋清中几种抑菌因子(如溶菌酶和卵转铁蛋白)作用中可能的调控作用。【结果】敲除株在蛋清中存活率为野生型的61%-70%,回复株相比野生型的存活率比敲除株提高10%-33%;在转铁蛋白抑菌实验中,孵育8h和24h,敲除株的存活率分别为野生型存活率的38%和23%,孵育8h回复株相比野生型的存活率比敲除株提高15%,但孵育24h回复株的存活率未见提高;在溶菌酶抑菌实验中,孵育8h和24h后,敲除株存活率分别为野生型的41%和27%,回复株相比野生型的存活率分别比敲除株提高35%和23%。【结论】通过比较sraB敲除与否,研究肠炎型沙门菌在禽蛋中的存活及对抑菌因子的抵抗作用,结果表明sraB在肠炎沙门菌抵抗蛋清抑菌作用中起着重要调控功能。     

Characterization of Edwardsiella tarda waaL: roles in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, stress adaptation, and virulence toward fish

Edwardsiella tarda is the causative agent of edwardsiellosis in fish. The genome sequence of a virulent strain EIB202 has been determined. According to the genome sequence, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis cluster containing a putative O-antigen ligase gene waaL was identified. Here, the in-frame deletion mutant ΔwaaL was constructed to analyze the function of WaaL in E. tarda EIB202. The ΔwaaL mutant displayed absence in O-antigen side chains in the LPS production. The ΔwaaL mutant exhibited an increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide indicating that the LPS was involved in the endurance to the oxidative stress in hosts during infection. In addition, the resistance of ΔwaaL to serum and polymyxin B decreased remarkably. The ΔwaaL mutant was also attenuated in virulence, showed an impaired ability in internalization of epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells and a comparatively poor ability of proliferation in vivo, which was in line with the increased LD₅₀ value. These results indicated that waaL gene was a functional member of the gene cluster involved in LPS synthesis and highlighted the importance of the O-antigen side chains to stress adaption and virulence in E. tarda, signifying the gene as a potential target for live attenuated vaccine against this bacterium.     

Assembly of cell-wall glycoproteins of Chlamydomonas reinhardii: Oligosaccharides are added in medial and trans Golgi compartments

A series of monoclonal antibodies and a polyclonal antiserum have been used to investigate the localisation and pathway of biosynthesis of the cell-wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein 2BII in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Glyco-protein precursors were detected within the endoplasmic reticulum using a polyclonal antiserum raised to the deglycosylated 2BII. Monoclonal antibodies which are known to recognise different carbohydrate epitopes of 2BII were found to label two distinct regions of the Golgi stack. The immunolabelling results demonstrate that there is compartmentation of protein synthesis and glycosylation steps for these O-glycosidically linked glycoproteins. Newly synthesised glycoproteins are transported from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface via two distinct routes. They then undergo assembly into a cell wall, the inner wall layer being formed first and probably functionaing as a template within which the outer crystalline wall layers are assembled.Abbreviations DGP deglycosylated glycoprotein - ER endoplasmic reticulum - MAC monoclonal antibody centre - M _r relative molecular mass     

LytSR和PdtaSR双组分系统对须糖多孢菌丁烯基多杀菌素生物合成的影响

[目的]须糖多孢菌(Saccharopolyspora pogona)基因组中存在一些双组分系统(two-component system,TCS),包括一个LytR调控因子和一个PdtaR转录抗终止调节因子,我们旨在通过基因工程技术改造分析这两个双组分系统蛋白在须糖多孢菌中的作用.[方法]本研究利用融合PCR和属间接...     

Pilin glycosylation in Neisseria meningitidis occurs by a similar pathway to wzy-dependent O-antigen biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

Pili (type IV fimbriae) of Neisseria meningitidis are glycosylated by the addition of O-linked sugars. Recent work has shown that PglF, a protein with homology to O-antigen 'flippases', is required for the biosynthesis of the pilin-linked glycan and suggests pilin glycosylation occurs in a manner analogous to the wzy-dependent addition of O-antigen to the core-LPS. O-Antigen ligases are crucial in this pathway for the transfer of undecraprenol-linked sugars to the LPS-core in Gram-negative bacteria. An O-antigen ligase homologue, pglL, was identified in N. meningitidis. PglL mutants showed no change in LPS phenotypes but did show loss of pilin glycosylation, confirming PglL is essential for pilin O-linked glycosylation in N. meningitidis.     

Functional characterization of bacterial oligosaccharyltransferases involved in O-linked protein glycosylation

Protein glycosylation is an important posttranslational modification that occurs in all domains of life. Pilins, the structural components of type IV pili, are O glycosylated in Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this work, we characterized the P. aeruginosa 1244 and N. meningitidis MC58 O glycosylation systems in Escherichia coli. In both cases, sugars are transferred en bloc by an oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase) named PglL in N. meningitidis and PilO in P. aeruginosa. We show that, like PilO, PglL has relaxed glycan specificity. Both OTases are sufficient for glycosylation, but they require translocation of the undecaprenol-pyrophosphate-linked oligosaccharide substrates into the periplasm for activity. Whereas PilO activity is restricted to short oligosaccharides, PglL is able to transfer diverse oligo- and polysaccharides. This functional characterization supports the concept that despite their low sequence similarity, PilO and PglL belong to a new family of “O-OTases” that transfer oligosaccharides from lipid carriers to hydroxylated amino acids in proteins. To date, such activity has not been identified for eukaryotes. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing recombinant O glycoproteins synthesized in E. coli.     

油茶果生炭疽菌小分子GTP酶Rab7的功能研究

【目的】炭疽病是油茶的一种重要病害,果生炭疽菌是油茶炭疽病的主要致病菌。本文对果生炭疽菌小分子GTP酶Rab7进行研究,为油茶炭疽病的防控治理提供依据。【方法】构建CfRAB7基因敲除载体,通过PEG介导的原生质体转化、抗性筛选和PCR电泳验证获得果生炭疽菌突变体菌株△Cfrab7和互补菌株△Cfrab7/CfRAB7。进一步分析CfRAB7基因敲除突变体△Cfrab7的生长、产孢、附着孢的形成、胁迫应答、液泡融合和致病力等生物学表型。【结果】在PDA和MM培养基上,突变体△Cfrab7的菌落直径显著减小,产孢量和附着孢形成率显著降低,且不能穿透玻璃纸;在10mmol/LH2O2条件下,△Cfrab7生长受到明显抑制;进一步研究发现突变体△Cfrab7液泡无法正常融合,在油茶有伤和无伤的幼叶上均不发病。【结论】CfRAB7基因参与调控果生炭疽菌生长产孢、附着孢形成、H2O2胁迫应答、液泡融合和致病力。     

Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis genes discriminate between Rubus- and Spiraeoideae-infective genotypes of Erwinia amylovora

Comparative genomic analysis revealed differences in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis gene cluster between the Rubus‐infecting strain ATCC BAA‐2158 and the Spiraeoideae‐infecting strain CFBP 1430 of Erwinia amylovora. These differences corroborate rpoB‐based phylogenetic clustering of E. amylovora into four different groups and enable the discrimination of Spiraeoideae‐ and Rubus‐infecting strains. The structure of the differences between the two groups supports the hypothesis that adaptation to Rubus spp. took place after species separation of E. amylovora and E. pyrifoliae that contrasts with a recently proposed scenario, based on CRISPR data, in which the shift to domesticated apple would have caused an evolutionary bottleneck in the Spiraeoideae‐infecting strains of E. amylovora which would be a much earlier event. In the core region of the LPS biosynthetic gene cluster, Spiraeoideae‐infecting strains encode three glycosyltransferases and an LPS ligase (Spiraeoideae‐type waaL), whereas Rubus‐infecting strains encode two glycosyltransferases and a different LPS ligase (Rubus‐type waaL). These coding domains share little to no homology at the amino acid level between Rubus‐ and Spiraeoideae‐infecting strains, and this genotypic difference was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis of the associated DNA region in 31 Rubus‐ and Spiraeoideae‐infecting strains. The LPS biosynthesis gene cluster may thus be used as a molecular marker to distinguish between Rubus‐ and Spiraeoideae‐infecting strains of E. amylovora using primers designed in this study.     

嗜水气单胞菌zntR调控的生理功能及其机制研究

【目的】ZntR是一种金属调控蛋白,可催化锌外排基因的转录激活,防止细胞内二价Zn离子过量,但其对细菌生理功能的影响目前尚不清楚。【方法】本研究构建了嗜水气单胞菌ATCC7966(Aeromonas hydrophila,A.h)的zntR缺失株及补救株,对菌株的生物被膜形成能力、溶血活性、运动能力和响应金属离子胁迫等生理表型进行评估。【结果】敲除zntR基因的菌株对锌和铬离子胁迫敏感、对钴离子胁迫耐受,并且生物被膜形成能力下降、运动能力增强,这些表型在其补救菌株中均能得到恢复。进一步利用DIA定量蛋白质组学技术比较野生株和zntR缺失株的蛋白表达差异,发现ZntR还可能参与双组分系统、细菌的趋化性等代谢通路的调控。【结论】该研究结果可为今后深入探讨zntR转录因子参与细菌生理功能的调控机制提供理论依据。     

Characterization of exogenous bacterial oligosaccharyltransferases in Escherichia coli reveals the potential for O-linked protein glycosylation in Vibrio cholerae and Burkholderia thailandensis

Bacterial protein glycosylation systems from varying species have been functionally reconstituted in Escherichia coli. Both N- and O-linked glycosylation pathways, in which the glycans are first assembled onto lipid carriers and subsequently transferred to acceptor proteins by an oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase), have been documented in bacteria. The identification and characterization of novel OTases with different properties may provide new tools for engineering glycoproteins of biotechnological interest. In the case of OTases involved in O-glycosylation (O-OTases), there is very low sequence homology between those from different bacterial species. The Wzy_C signature domain common to these enzymes is also present in WaaL ligases; enzymes involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Therefore, the identification of O-OTases using solely bioinformatic methods is problematic. The hypothetical proteins BTH_I0650 from Burkholderia thailandensis E264 and VC0393 from Vibrio cholerae N16961 contain the Wzy_C domain. In this work, we demonstrate that both proteins have O-OTase activity and renamed them PglL(Bt) and PglL(Vc), respectively, similar to the Neisseria meningitidis counterpart (PglL(Nm)). In E. coli, PglL(Bt) and PglL(Vc) display relaxed glycan and protein specificity. However, effective glycosylation depends upon a specific combination of the protein acceptor, glycan and O-OTase analyzed. This knowledge has important implications in the design of glycoconjugates and provides novel tools for use in glycoengineering applications. The codification of enzymatically active O-OTase in the genomes of members of the Vibrio and Burkholderia genera suggests the presence of still unknown O-glycoproteins in these organisms, which might have a role in bacterial physiology or pathogenesis.