里氏木霉双基因同步缺失菌株的构建与甘露聚糖酶表达研究

在里氏木霉中建立了一个快速的双基因位点同步同源重组新方法,较好解决了里氏木霉基因逐个敲除周期长等问题。研究以里氏木霉自身甘露聚糖酶基因（man5A）为重组表达的报告基因,通过一步转化,将该基因定点整合入纤维二糖水解酶Ⅰ（cbh1）基因位点,同时缺失主要的两个纤维素酶基因（cbh1、cbh2）,得到重组工程菌Man12。将重组工程菌Man12与出发菌株Tu6Δku70进行摇瓶发酵,结果显示,重组菌株的甘露聚糖酶产量比出发菌株提高10倍,而纤维素酶产量降低了60%,胞外总蛋白分泌水平降低了40%。Real-time PCR检测甘露聚糖酶基因（man5A）的转录水平,发现重组菌株较出发菌株提高了25倍。在里氏木霉中首次报道了通过一步转化实现两个基因同步定点整合的方法,对利用基因工程手段构建高效表达重组蛋白的里氏木霉工程菌株具有一定的指导意义。     

里氏木霉细胞表面表达系统的构建

[目的]烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)的AfMp1p是一种通过糖基磷脂酰肌醇( glycosylphosphatidylinositol,GPI)修饰定位于细胞壁上的蛋白,其细胞壁定位信号位于蛋白质的C末端.里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)是一种重要的工业生产菌种.构建里氏木霉的细胞表面表达系统具有十分重要的意义.[方法]我们将AfMp1p的细胞壁定位GPI信号肽和烟曲霉几丁质酶AfChiB1的N端信号肽分别与绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)的C末端和N末端融合并转化里氏木霉.本文首先对木霉遗传转化系统进行了优化;随后通过Real-time PCR和蛋白定量,对GFP融合蛋白在里氏木霉中不同时期的表达情况进行了研究;最后对里氏木霉表达的GFP融合蛋白进行细胞定位研究.[结果]荧光观察结合Western blot的结果表明,在平台期中期和后期,带有GPI信号的GFP融合蛋白定位于细胞壁.[结论]烟曲霉来源的GPI信号可被里氏木霉识别,本论文所构建的表达系统可用于外源蛋白在里氏木霉中的细胞壁定位表达.     

红色荧光蛋白在丝状真菌里氏木霉中的表达

目的:建立红色荧光蛋白在里氏木霉中的表达方法,为深入研究里氏木霉中纤维素酶的合成机理打下基础。方法:采用PCR方法分离了里氏木霉纤维二糖水解酶Ⅰ(CBHⅠ)的启动子(Pcbh1)和终止序列(Tcbh1),将这两个片段与红色荧光蛋白(DsRed)的基因连接,得到Pcbh1-DsRed-Tcbh1表达盒。用此表达盒和质粒pAN7-1对里氏木霉QM9414的原生质体进行共转化,并用含100μg/ml潮霉素B的选择性平板进行筛选。结果:经筛选得到20个抗性转化子,在乳糖的诱导下有5个转化子可以表达红色荧光蛋白。对插入片段进行了扩增和序列测定,结果表明DsRed通过同源重组整合到了转化子的基因组DNA上,并处于cbh1启动子的下游。结论:通过cbh1启动子可以实现红色荧光蛋白在里氏木霉细胞内的稳定表达。     

红色荧光蛋白在丝状真菌里氏木梅中的表达

目的：建立红色荧光蛋白在里氏木霉中的表达方法,为深入研究里氏木霉中纤维素酶的合成机理打下基础。方法：采用PCR方法分离了里氏木霉纤维二糖水解酶Ⅰ（CBHI）的启动子（Pcbh1）和终止序列（Tcbh1）,将这两个片段与红色荧光蛋白（DsRed）的基因连接,得到Pcbh1-DsRed-Tcbh1表达盒。用此表达盒和质粒pAN7—1对里氏木霉QM9414的原生质体进行共转化,并用含100μg/ml潮霉素B的选择性平板进行筛选。结果：经筛选得到20个抗性转化子,在乳糖的诱导下有5个转化子可以表达红色荧光蛋白。对插入片段进行了扩增和序列测定,结果表明DsRed通过同源重组整合到了转化子的基因组DNA上,并处于cbh1启动子的下游。结论：通过cbh1启动子可以实现红色荧光蛋白在里氏木霉细胞内的稳定表达。     

利用红色荧光蛋白分析里氏木霉合成纤维素酶的机理

以红色荧光蛋白作为报告蛋白研究了里氏木霉的纤维素酶合成机理。构建了里氏木霉的表达盒,通过该表达盒使红色荧光蛋白的基因整合到里氏木霉的基因组DNA上,并受纤维二糖水解酶基因启动子的调控,得到重组菌株T.reeseiTR2。在不同的条件下培养T.reeseiTR2,红色荧光蛋白的表达情况可以反映在不同条件下里氏木霉合成纤维素酶的情况。在诱导的情况下,红色荧光蛋白随时间变化的情况与培养液中纤维素酶活性的变化相似,培养至36h后可以观察到荧光,并且不断增强,到菌丝自溶时荧光减弱。另一方面,诱导后里氏木霉菌丝的各个部位均可以观察到荧光,而且分布均匀,表明菌丝的各个部位在纤维素酶合成过程中所起的作用相同。在非诱导的情况下,培养时间较长时也可以观察到较弱的荧光,表明在此条件下里氏木霉仍可以合成少量的纤维素酶,这一结果为解释纤维素诱导里氏木霉合成纤维素酶的机理提供了另一个试验依据。     

里氏木霉纤维二糖水解酶Ⅱ在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

本工作采用巴氏毕赤酵母Pichiapastoris表达系统进行了里氏木霉Trichodermareesei纤维二糖水解酶Ⅱ(CellobiohydrolaseII)的表达。用RT-PCR的方法从经稻草粉诱导的里氏木霉培养物中分离出纤维二糖水解酶Ⅱ的基因,将其插入到巴氏毕赤酵母的表达载体pPICZαA中,并使之处于α-因子信号肽序列的下游,得到重组质粒pPICZαA-cbh2。通过电穿孔的方法用线性化的pPICZαA-cbh2转化巴氏毕赤酵母GS115菌株,经过大量筛选后得到可以高效表达纤维二糖水解酶的毕赤酵母菌株P.pastorisCBHⅡ1。在甲醇诱导的条件下培养P.pastorisCBHⅡ1,培养液中的CMC活性可达到3.82U/mL,SDS-PAGE分析结果表明纤维二糖水解酶在P.pastorisCBHⅡ1中的表达量远远高于里氏木霉。对表达产物进行了LC-MS分析,结果表明所表达的蛋白为里氏木霉的纤维二糖水解酶。     

里氏木霉翻转酶DRS2对木质纤维素降解酶基因表达及分泌的影响

[目的]本研究以工业生产菌株里氏木霉为研究对象,鉴定翻转酶基因drs2对其纤维素酶表达及分泌的影响.[方法]首先通过BLAST序列比对,从里氏木霉中鉴定出翻转酶基因drs2,并通过同源重组的方法在里氏木霉中构建了drs2基因的敲除菌株△drs2.对△drs2菌株及其对照株在不同碳源上的生长发育、蛋白分泌、纤维素酶及半纤...     

沉默里氏木霉组蛋白赖氨酸甲基转移酶基因对纤维素酶表达的影响

【背景】里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)是一种比其他真菌小很多的多细胞真核微生物,在工业上受到广泛应用,而里氏木霉QM9414是目前研究最多基因产纤维素酶丰富的突变菌株。【目的】构建里氏木霉中组蛋白赖氨酸甲基化酶(Histone Lysine Methyltransferase)基因hkmt的siRNA沉默载体和过表达载体来降低或者增强hkmt在里氏木霉QM9414中的表达量,以分析其对里氏木霉纤维素代谢的调控作用。【方法】根据里氏木霉hkmt序列设计siRNA沉默片段并用反转录的方法获得过表达hkmt片段。将沉默片段和过表达片段克隆至里氏木霉组成型表达载体中,构建沉默hkmt的载体和过表达hkmt的载体,并将其转化里氏木霉QM9414。通过荧光显微镜观察重组菌的菌丝生长情况,此外对各重组菌进行纤维素酶的滤纸酶活性(Filter Paper Enzyme Activity,FPA)和羧甲基纤维素钠酶活性(Carboxymethyl Cellulose Enzyme Activity,CMCA)的测试;利用荧光定量PCR的方法检测hkmt、纤维素酶基因cbh1、egl1及木聚糖酶激活因子xyr1的表达量变化。【结果】通过使用荧光显微镜观察,发现沉默、过表达hkmt重组菌的菌丝形态均与出发菌株无明显差异。荧光定量PCR测定结果表明,沉默载体和过表达载体可以分别沉默和促进hkmt的表达。沉默hkmt重组菌株中FPA和CMC酶活力相比出发菌平均升高2.5倍。此外,纤维素酶相关基因和激活因子在沉默hkmt重组菌中的表达量均有所增加,但是在过表达hkmt重组菌株中以上相应指标均呈现相反的趋势。【结论】组蛋白赖氨酸甲基转移酶基因表达产物负调控里氏木霉产纤维素酶基因的表达,这为提高里氏木霉产纤维素酶水平提供了参考,并为里氏木霉产纤维素酶的表观遗传调控研究提供了新的证据。     

基于URA3基因快速构建表达载体及其在里氏木霉的应用

【背景】表达载体是基因工程必不可少的工具,对于真菌如里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)等,由于缺乏商品化的表达载体,使其基因工程蛋白表达既复杂又费时而难以开展。【目的】建立一种利用URA3序列快速构建表达载体的方法,解决真菌研究中难以简单、高效和快速构建表达载体的难题。【方法】基于URA3基因的序列,利用其启动子上游5′端序列和终止子下游3′端序列构建同源重组臂,通过同源重组臂定向同源重组到宿主基因组上,利用强启动子和终止子替换URA3基因,从而实现外源基因的表达。根据此方法构建pTRUC表达载体,将红色荧光蛋白基因mCherry克隆到该表达载体上,转化里氏木霉中并验证m Cherry的表达。【结果】阳性转化子在荧光显微镜下观察到强的红色荧光信号,在基因组PCR中检测到mCherry,Westernblotting结果表明红色荧光蛋白m Cherry能在里氏木霉中表达,以上结果说明该载体构建成功,使外源基因mCherry在里氏木霉中正确表达。【结论】基于URA3基因的快速构建表达载体及其构建方法切实可行,将成为推动真核表达系统表达异源蛋白的有力工具。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.