泥河湾发现的板齿犀肢骨化石(英文)

板齿犀属(Elasmotherium)由Fischer(1808)根据在西伯利亚发现的材料建立,模式种为西伯利亚板齿犀(E.sibiricum)。板齿犀是一种很特别的犀牛,以其巨大的体型和强壮的额角为特征。目前板齿犀有两个有效种,即E.sibiricum和高加索板齿犀(E.caucasicum)。板齿犀的地理分布范围包括俄罗斯、阿塞拜疆、乌兹别克斯坦、蒙古和中国,时代为更新世。在中国,德日进等曾报道了在泥河湾发现的板齿犀的一块牙齿碎片和几件肢骨,但未进行详细的描述和深入的讨论(TeilharddeChardinandPiveteau,1930)。后来周明镇(1958)又根据山西的零星材料建立了板齿犀的两个新种。不过,中国的这些板齿犀材料最近都被Antoine(2002,2003)归入到E.caucasicum中。在俄罗斯的西伯利亚南部曾发现过相当丰富的E.sibiricum的化石材料,其中包括不少完整的头骨(Fischer,1808,1809)。另一方面,最早发现于亚速海南岸地区的E.caucasicum材料不多,主要是一些孤立的牙齿和齿列,肢骨特别少(Borissiak,1914)。在天津自然博物馆收藏的泥河湾化石标本中有一些桑志华采集的板齿犀的肢骨材料,以远端肢骨为主。此前在中国的板齿犀类方面只有对通古尔的西班牙犀(Hispanotherium)部分肢骨的研究发表(Cerdeo,1996)。本文描述和讨论了泥河湾的板齿犀肢骨材料,包括1件桡尺骨(THP20355)、3件腕舟骨(THP20325,20326,20336)、2件月骨(THP20328,20337)、1件三角骨(THP20338)、2件小多角骨(THP20330,20341)、4件钩骨(THP20333,20327,20329,20339)、3件第三掌骨(THP20342,20343,20332)、2件第四掌骨(THP20318,20319)、3件距骨(THP20303,20308,20310)、1件跟骨(THP20311)、2件跗舟骨(THP20305,20322)、2件骰骨(THP20304,20306)、2件第二骨(THP20316,20317)。早更新世早期的泥河湾动物群中已知包括云簇犀(Dicerorhinusyunchuensis)、泥河湾披毛犀(Coelodontanihowanensis)和E.caucasicum三种犀牛,但前两种犀牛的体型远小于板齿犀,所以仅从肢骨的尺寸上就可以很好地区别它们。泥河湾的这批材料增加了我们对E.caucasicum的了解,它与E.sibiricum在肢骨方面有很多相似性状,如桡骨上容纳腕伸肌的沟宽深,第三掌骨前视可见对头状骨关节面,第四掌骨的近端关节面呈三角形,第五掌骨退化,掌骨上附着腕伸肌的止端显著,距骨对腓骨的关节面倾斜、距骨颈低到中等、滑车与远端关节面的夹角轻度倾斜、对蜗突关节面具长大的舌状延伸、对载距突关节面与对跟骨的外下关节面分离,跟骨对胫骨关节面存在、跟结节粗大、附着腓长肌的止端平滑,肢骨细长,掌骨和骨的中央直嵴低平、骨干上附着骨间肌的止端长但无远端后侧结节。另一方面,这两种板齿犀也存在一些差别,如E.caucasicum的尺骨远端没有对桡骨的第二关节面,而E.sibiricum有;E.caucasicum的钩骨未显示有第五掌骨与其关节,而E.sibiricum钩骨上对第五掌骨的关节面还与对三角骨的关节面联合;E.caucasicum距骨上对腓骨的关节面凹陷,而E.sibiricum平坦。对比已知的少量E.caucasicum肢骨,泥河湾标本在性状和尺寸上与其完全一致,进一步证明将这些标本归入E.caucasicum是可信的。从泥河湾材料我们还了解到板齿犀属的一些未知性状,如骰骨近端呈三角形、跗舟骨顶视呈矩形、距骨的宽/高比达1.21、厚/高比达0.74、对骰骨关节面具后侧突起等。此前的支序分析表明Elasmotherium是板齿犀类中最进步的一个属,泥河湾标本所显示的大多数性状确实是进步的,但仍然有一些原始性状。在板齿犀的两个种中,E.caucasicum可能比E.sibiricum更进步,不过这两个种实际上相当接近。板齿犀类不是一个丰富的犀科类群,然而特别的是在中国有较多的发现,包括几个大型的属,如Elasmotherium、中华板齿犀(Sinotherium)、副板齿犀(Parelasmotherium)、宁夏犀(Ningxiatherium)和伊朗犀(Iranotherium),但都很少有肢骨化石发现。将泥河湾的材料与已知的少量Parelasmotherium和Iranotherium的肢骨相比,显示后两个属不比Elasmotherium进步,这与对它们系统关系的分析结果吻合。E.caucasicum细长的远端肢骨与其高冠和釉质褶皱丰富的颊齿相一致,指示它是干旷草原的硬草取食者。     

科学家破解长期悬而未决的真板齿犀起源问题

板齿犀属(Elasmotherium)体型巨大,具有一个最长可达2米的额角,是曾经生存在欧亚大陆的犀科动物.虽然板齿犀属被认为与中华板齿犀属(Sinotherium)关系密切,且板齿犀类2000万年以来从鼻角向额角的演化过程已被重建,但板齿犀属,即真板齿犀的起源问题尚未得到圆满的解释.     

中国西北新生代犀牛古生态的稳定同位素证据（英文）

根据牙齿釉质的全样和系列碳、氧同位素分析,重建了甘肃临夏盆地25~2.5Ma期间犀牛的食性和环境。其结果支持先前根据牙齿和头骨-肢骨形态做出的一些推断,并对部分属的古生态提出了新的看法。同位素结果支持如下的推断:晚渐新世的巨犀Paraceratherium生活于森林环境,而与其共生的异角犀Allacerops栖息地相对开阔,食性特化程度低;中中新世的西班牙犀Hispanotherium在开阔领地上取食草本植物,而同时代的奇角犀Alicornops在森林环境中具有更特化的食性;晚中新世的副板齿犀Parelasmotherium在开阔的稀树草原上取食草本植物。与先前认为无鼻角犀Acerorhinus和额鼻角犀Dicerorhinus生活于森林化环境的推断不同,数据指示这两种犀牛也生活于开阔的稀树草原环境。同位素结果未能得出伊朗犀Iranotherium的确切生活环境,但支持先前认为它特化为C3草本植物取食者的推断。研究结果也显示大唇犀Chilotherium在晚中新世的大多数时间内是森林生活者,但其在晚中新世末期占据了更开阔的环境。此外,分析结果与先前的推断一致,即上新世的山西犀Shansirhinus和更新世的披毛犀Coelodonta是开阔生活环境中的食草者。最后,碳同位素数据支持在此项研究中的所有犀牛都是纯C3取食者,确认C4植物不是临夏盆地25~2.5 Ma期间植被的重要成分。     

泥河湾盆地新发现的梅氏犀及裴氏板齿犀化石

在河北省阳原县大黑沟中更新世和岑家湾附近石沟早更新世地层中分别发现了犀牛的下颌骨和股骨化石。其下颌联合部窄长、无下门齿、牙齿釉质层平滑而无褶皱、牙齿表面无垩质充填,股骨较披毛犀的长,故将其归入梅氏犀(Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis)。泥河湾盆地的化石是我国早期梅氏犀化石中材料最可靠,地点层位最明确的记录。山神庙咀和大黑沟出土的板齿犀牙齿及前脚骨化石,是泥河湾盆地发现的最好材料,尤其是大黑沟出土的板齿犀牙齿化石,是迄今在泥河湾盆地首次发现的完整材料;依据冠面结构和测量数据,该批材料可归入裴氏板齿犀(Elasmotherium peii);裴氏板齿犀特征鲜明,是有效名称,我国早更新世的板齿犀均应归入该种。我国第四纪的板齿犀与高加索板齿犀之间存在显著差异,表现在釉质层厚度较大但褶皱不够强烈、下颊齿的下后尖发育、颊齿冠面的前后径多数大于颊舌径、M3比M2小、M3后附尖欠发育,后脊与外脊已完全融合、上颊齿的齿脊更厚。此外,我国的板齿犀与西伯利亚板齿犀也有差异,后者的牙齿齿冠更高、无齿根、釉质层薄且褶皱强烈、上颊齿无后窝。最新地层研究表明,我国含板齿犀属的地层时代不晚于早更新世,且集中出现于下更新统。在晚新生代期间,犀牛在泥河湾盆地十分常见,先后出现过如下属种:大唇犀(Chilotherium sp.)(上新世)、裴氏板齿犀(Elasmotherium peii)(早更新世)、泥河湾披毛犀(Coelodonta nihowanensis)(早更新世)、梅氏犀Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis(早-中更新世)和真披毛犀(Coelodonta antiquitatis)(中-晚更新世)。     

科学家揭开“独角兽”板齿犀的起源之谜

已绝灭的真板齿犀(Elasmotherium)在其额骨上长有一只2米长的角,它一直生存到更新世末期,古人类将其形象绘制在洞穴壁画上,由此被认为是传说中"独角兽"的真实原型.所有其他的板齿犀都有一个或强或弱的鼻角,但真板齿犀似乎失去了其祖先的鼻角而突然获得了一个庞大的额角.板齿犀类从鼻角到额角的过渡一直很难解释,因为在具鼻角的祖先和具额角的后代之间存在着巨大的形态鸿沟.中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所的邓涛研究员等人在5月出版的《科学通报》上报道了他们在甘肃临夏盆地晚中新世红粘土中发现的一具大型的拉氏中华板齿犀(Sinotherium lagrelii)头骨,由此为真板齿犀的起源提供了直接的证据.     

中国引入大独角犀的适宜地点在哪里?

正化石记录表明:独角犀亚科(Rhinocerotinae)、双角犀亚科(Dicerotinae)、板齿犀亚科(Elasmotherinae)犀类在第四纪时期曾广泛分布于中国(周明镇,1955)。最后一次冰期之后,中国气候转暖(竺可桢,1972),分布在南方的动物扩散到北方。除板齿犀亚科绝灭于中更新世、披毛犀(Coelodonta antiquitatis)绝灭于晚更新世以外,全新世时中国仍有犀牛分布(刘洪杰,1993)。据文焕然等(1981)、何业恒(1993)考证,大独角     

辽宁安平中更新世动物群中的Dicerorhinus kirchbergensis(Jger,1839)

辽宁安平中更新世动物群中的 Dicerorhinus kirchbergensis、D. choukoutienensis 和 D. mercki 属同种异名.遵循《国际动物命名法规》,应以 Dicerorhinus kirchbergensis (Jger, 1839) 为规范种名;该种与 Coelodonta antiquitatis 在头状骨、掌骨、跟骨、骰骨和蹠骨上的差异显著;从其颊齿形态功能和伴生动物群生态习性分析可知, D. kirchbergensis 是温暖湿润环境中林栖或林缘栖的大型双角犀类,以食柔嫩植物为主;它的地史分布与欧洲同名种的基本一致,即从早更新世晚期到晚更新世晚期,绝对年龄约从130万年前到1万年前.     

内蒙古四子王旗额尔登敖包晚始新世紧齿犀类一新属(英文)

描述了内蒙古四子王旗额尔登敖包晚始新世乌兰戈楚组(?)(中白层)的紧齿犀亚科(Eggysodontinae)一新属种:邱氏原紧齿犀(Proeggysodon qiui),标本为破损的下颌骨。新属种与其他渐新世紧齿犀的区别在于个体较小,具有两对发育的铲形下门齿,下前臼齿没有臼齿化,p4的下斜脊更向舌侧倾斜延伸,下臼齿下斜脊与下次脊连接处呈角状,下臼齿无颊侧齿带。紧齿犀类和柯氏犀类(forstercooperes)可能有较近的系统发育关系,它们具有以下的共近裔性状:短而粗壮的大犬齿,相对短的齿隙(犬齿和前臼齿之间),下颌联合部短而高,从而使门齿趋向直立。新标本的发现填补了早-中始新世柯氏犀类和渐新世紧齿犀类在时代上的空白,也使紧齿犀类成为欧洲始新世/渐新世之交的"大间断"之后哺乳动物群自亚洲迁入欧洲的又一例证。     

周口店第一地点的犀类化石

半个世纪以来,从北京周口店第一地点(‘北京人’化石产地)发掘的八大类哺乳动物化石,目前仅其中的犀类与象类尚未正式研究发表。这个问题受到国内外古生物学者的关注。因为自1928年以来,犀类材料虽未发表,而许多关于周口店第一地点的报道和论文,大都提到这里的化石动物群中有两种犀牛,主要的意见是梅氏犀与披毛犀。如所周知,梅氏犀是生活在温暖的间冰期的林栖犀牛,偶尔出现于草原但不栖息于气候严酷的草     

甘肃东乡晚中新世新发现的副板齿犀(奇蹄目、犀科)化石

副板齿犀 (Ｐａｒｅｌａｓｍｏｔｈｅｒｉｕｍ)是Ｋｉｌｌｇｕｓ( 1 92 3 )根据采自山西的标本建立的 ,属型种为山西副板齿犀 (Ｐ .ｓｃｈａｎｓｉｅｎｓｅ)。邱占祥和谢骏义 ( 1 998)记述了产自甘肃东乡汪集的简饰副板齿犀 (Ｐ .ｓｉｍｐｌｕｍ)化石 ,但其准确的层位不能肯定。最近在汪集西南约 1 1ｋｍ的那勒寺乡有确切层位的晚中新世地层中发现一些新材料 ,它们显然可以归入Ｐａｒｅｌａｓｍｏｔｈｅｒｉｕｍ这个属 ,但与上述已知的两个种都不相同。临夏副板齿犀 (新种 )Ｐａｒｅｌａｓｍｏｔｈｅｒｉｕｍｌｉｎｘｉａｅｎｓｅｓｐ .ｎｏ…     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.