Effects of Metal Phytoextraction Practices on the Indigenous Community of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi at a Metal-Contaminated Landfill

Phytoextraction involves use of plants to remove toxic metals from soil. We examined the effects of phytoextraction practices with three plant species (Silene vulgaris, Thlaspi caerulescens, and Zea mays) and a factorial variation of soil amendments (either an ammonium or nitrate source of nitrogen and the presence or absence of an elemental sulfur supplement) on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomales, Zygomycetes) at a moderately metal-contaminated landfill located in St. Paul, Minn. Specifically, we tested whether the applied treatments affected the density of glomalean spores and AM root colonization in maize. Glomalean fungi from the landfill were grouped into two morphotypes characterized by either light-colored spores (LCS) or dark-colored spores (DCS). Dominant species of the LCS morphotype were Glomus mosseae and an unidentified Glomus sp., whereas the DCS morphotype was dominated by Glomus constrictum. The density of spores of the LCS morphotype from the phytoremediated area was lower than the density of these spores in the untreated landfill soil. Within the experimental area, spore density of the LCS morphotype in the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal maize was significantly higher than in rhizospheres of nonmycorrhizal S. vulgaris or T. caerulescens. Sulfur supplement increased vesicular root colonization in maize and exerted a negative effect on spore density in maize rhizosphere. We conclude that phytoextraction practices, e.g., the choice of plant species and soil amendments, may have a great impact on the quantity and species composition of glomalean propagules as well as on mycorrhiza functioning during long-term metal-remediation treatments.     

龙脑香科植物AM真菌的初步研究

对我国云南和海南龙脑香科植物的天然原始林和人工林AM真菌资源进行了调查,对从46处龙脑香林采回的19种龙脑香科树种的根系和根际土壤样品,分别进行显微观察和分离AM真菌的孢子,发现在所调查的19个树种中,所有树种的根系都有不同程度的AM真菌的侵染,高者可达50%,平均为21%,其中在大多数根样中发现有泡囊生成;对土壤样品的分析,分离到大量的孢子,其孢子密度从7~132个/20ml土样不等,平均为58个。对所分离到的孢子进行鉴定,发现无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属的孢子占大多数,其频度和相对多度分别为33.25和46.89;18.04和30.80。研究结果表明,龙脑香科不仅仅能够形成外生菌根,而且也能象大多数热带林木一样能够广泛的形成丛枝菌根。     

西双版纳热带雨林中丛枝菌根真菌的初步研究*

对西双版纳热带雨林中30个科的42种植物根系的丛枝菌根真菌定居情况进行了调查,并从这些植物的根际土壤中分离鉴定了分属于无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)、球囊霉属(Glomus)和硬囊霉属(Sclerocystis)的25种丛枝菌根真菌。对热带雨林土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度（spore density）、物种丰富度（species richness）以及已鉴定种的出现频率进行统计分析发现：热带雨林土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的孢子密度在每100g土壤116~1560个之间,平均478个;物种丰富度在2~7之间,平均为4.5;无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属真菌是热带雨林土壤中丛枝菌根真菌的优势类群。     

Mycorrhiza of plants in different vegetation types in tropical ecosystems of Xishuangbanna,southwest China

We examined plants growing in four tropical vegetation types (primary forest, secondary forest, limestone forest and a slash and burn field) in Xishuangbanna, southwest China for mycorrhizal associations. Of the 103 plant species examined (belonging to 47 families), 81 had arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations, while three species possessed orchid mycorrhiza. AM colonization levels ranged between 6% and 91% and spore numbers ranged between 1.36 spores and 25.71 spores per 10 g soil. Mean AM colonization level was higher in primary and secondary forest species than in plant species from limestone forests and a slash and burn field. In contrast, mean AM fungal spore numbers of the primary and limestone forest were lower than in the secondary forest or the slash and burn field. AM fungal spores belonging to Glomus and Acaulospora were the most frequent in soils of Xishuangbanna. AM fungal colonization and spore numbers were significantly correlated to each other and were significantly influenced by vegetation type.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizas in cycads of southern India

Root and soil samples of three potted or ground-grown cycads ( Cycas circinalis, C. revoluta, Zamiasp.) were collected between November 1999 and June 2000 and surveyed for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and spore populations. AM fungi were associated with all root systems and rhizosphere samples examined. Root colonization was of a typical Arum type and AM colonization levels differed significantly between species and between potted and ground-grown cycads. Mycorrhizal colonization levels were inversely related to root hair number and length. Spores of nine morphotypes belonging to three genera ( Acaulospora, Glomus, Scutellospora) were extracted from soil. The percentage root length colonized by AM fungi was not related to soil factors, but total AM fungal spore numbers in the rhizosphere soil were inversely related to soil nitrogen and phosphorus levels. AM fungal spore numbers in the soil were linearly related to root length colonized. The co-occurrence of septate non-mycorrhizal fungi was recorded for the first time in cycads. These observations and the relationship between plant mycorrhizal status and soil nutrients are discussed.     

山西历山珍稀药用植物AM真菌资源与土壤因子的关系

以山西历山自然保护区暴马丁香、连香树、南方红豆杉和领春木4种珍稀药用植物为材料,研究其根际土壤中丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)的菌根结构类型和种属分布,同时分析土壤因子与其侵染率和孢子密度的关系。结果表明:(1)暴马丁香菌根类型为中间型(I-型),连香树和领春木为重楼型(P-型),南方红豆杉为疆南星型(A-型);4种植物根际共鉴定AMF 27种,分别隶属于球囊霉属(Glomus)、无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)、盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellos-pora)、多孢囊霉属(Diversispora)和原囊霉属(Archaeospora)5属,其中Glomus为优势属。(2)pH与暴马丁香和领春木的侵染率和孢子密度呈正相关,但与连香树和南方红豆杉呈负相关;速效磷与暴马丁香、南方红豆杉和领春木的侵染率和孢子密度呈正相关,但与连香树呈负相关;碱解氮、有机质与暴马丁香、连香树和领春木的侵染率和孢子密度呈正相关,但与南方红豆杉呈负相关。(3)4种药用植物的菌根侵染率主要受其根际土壤碱解氮的影响,而根际AMF孢子密度主要受根际土壤pH制约。可见,历山自然保护区内AMF资源丰富,多样性程度也较高;宿主植物不同,土壤因子对其侵染率和孢子密度的影响也不同。     

西藏高原针茅草地土壤因子对丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性的影响

在对西藏高原北部针茅草地根围土壤中的丛枝菌根(AM)真菌种类分离鉴定基础上,研究了藏北针茅草地的土壤质地、pH、有机质和有效磷含量对AM真菌孢子密度、分离频度、相对多度、重要值、物种多样性指数和均匀度的影响.结果表明: 针茅草地根围土壤中共分离鉴定出AM真菌3属15种,其中,球囊霉属9种、无梗囊霉属6种、盾巨孢囊霉属1种.球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属为藏北针茅草地AM真菌的优势属;近明球囊霉和光壁无梗囊霉为藏北高寒草原针茅属植物根围AM真菌的优势种.不同质地土壤中AM真菌孢子密度、分离频度、相对多度和重要值均表现出球囊霉属＞无梗囊霉属＞盾巨孢囊霉属的趋势;土壤pH值对AM真菌种群组成无明显影响,球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属真菌分离频度、相对多度和重要值随土壤pH升高而增加,盾巨孢囊霉属则呈现相反趋势;不同土壤有机质含量范围内,AM真菌孢子密度等各项指标均呈球囊霉属＞无梗囊霉属＞盾巨孢囊霉属,而AM真菌属的分布没有明显规律;土壤有效磷含量对AM真菌种丰度和孢子密度影响较小.研究区域内AM真菌物种多样性指数和均匀度随着土壤有效磷含量升高而增加.     

Effect of edaphic factors and seasonal variation on spore density and root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sugarcane fields

Sugarcane fields in 14 different study sites were analyzed for the presence of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spores. A total of 23 AMF species representing four genera were identified, among which Glomus fasciculatum and G. mosseae were the dominant species. The mean spore density in the root-zone soils of sugarcane plants varied from 119 to 583 per 100 g of soil, and the mean percentage root colonization varied from 60 to 89 %. A study of the effect of edaphic factors on AM spore density and percentage root colonization revealed a positive correlation between pH and AMF spore density and root colonization and a negative correlation between electrical conductivity, nitrogen, and phosphorus. A positive correlation was observed between AMF spore density and root colonization. Season was also found to play a vital role in determining AMF spore density and percentage root colonization, with high spore density and root colonization observed during the summer season and lower spore densities and root colonization during the winter season.     

钦州湾红树林丛枝菌根初步研究

海漆 (Excoecaria agallocha)、桐花树 (Aegiceras corniculatum)、秋茄 (Kandlia candel)、白骨壤 (Avi-cennia marina)是钦州湾分布广、生长量大的 4种红树植物 ,该项研究初步调查了丛枝菌根真菌在这四种植物根系的定居情况。在这四种植物的根际土壤均分离到丛枝菌根真菌孢子 ,其孢子密度以海漆根际的最高 ,其次为桐花树、秋茄、白骨壤。同时 ,海漆根系的侵染率和物种丰富度也最高 ,但在所取的白骨壤根样中没有观察到丛枝菌根的侵染。菌根侵染主要是以根内菌丝、胞内菌丝膨大扭曲、泡囊等形态出现。海水和土壤质地是影响菌根侵染率的主要因素。在所采土样中仅发现球囊霉属 (Glomus)、无梗囊霉属 (Acaulospora)丛枝菌根真菌 ,计有 1 7种和多个未确定种。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal dynamics in a chronosequence of Caragana korshinskii plantations

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in a chronosequence of 5–42-year-old Caragana korshinskii plantations in the semi-arid Loess Plateau region of northwestern China were investigated. AM fungi colonization, spore diversity and PCR-denatured gradient gel electrophoresis-based AM fungal SSU rRNA gene sequences were analyzed. AM fungi colonization [measured as the percent of root length (%RLC), vesicular (%VC) and arbuscular (%AC) colonization] and spore density were significantly correlated with sampling month, but not with plant age, except for %RLC. The percent of vesicular colonization was negatively correlated with soil total nitrogen and organic carbon, and spore density was negatively correlated with soil moisture and available phosphorus. Ten distinguishable AM fungal spore morphotypes, nine Glomus and one Scutellospora species, were found. Nine AM fungal Glomus phylotypes were identified by sequencing, but at each sampling time only four to six AM fungal phylotypes were detected. The AM fungal community was significantly seasonal, whereas the AM fungal species richness did not increase with plantation age. A significant change in AM fungal colonization and community composition over an annual cycle was observed in this study, and our results suggest that the changes of AM are the product of the interaction between host phenology, soil characteristics and habitat. Understanding these interactions is essential if habitat restoration is to be effective.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizas in a valley-type savanna in southwest China

The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) status of 67 plant species in a savanna community in the hot, dry valley of Jinsha River, southwest China was surveyed. It was found that about 95% of the plant species formed AM and 5% possibly formed AM. The composition of AM fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere soils was also investigated. The AMF spore density ranged from 5 to 6,400 per 100 g soil, with an average of 1,530, and these spores/sporocarps were identified as belonging to six genera. Fungi belonging to the genera Glomus and Acaulospora were the dominant AMF. High densities of AMF spores in the rhizosphere soils, and the intensive colonization of the plant roots, indicated that plants grown in this valley-type savanna may be highly dependent on AM.     

龙脑香科植物对丛枝菌根真菌的影响

在天然林地和温室盆栽条件下,比较研究了龙脑香科植物对丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizas,AM)真菌孢子密度、相对多度、频度、属的组成、丰度和侵染状况等方面的影响.结果表明,用坡垒作盆栽寄主加富培养后,菌根侵染率、泡囊、丛枝和侵入点都低于原采样植物,以原坡垒土壤中栽植苗木的侵染率为最高,可达20.3%;而以望天树根围土壤栽植的苗木为最低,仅为10.6%;坡垒还不同程度地改变了原采样植物根围土壤中AM真菌孢子的密度、相对多度、频度、属的组成、丰度等.在4种土壤中,栽植坡垒苗木后,AM真菌的孢子密度都有不同程度的增长.采用与原采样相同种类的植物作为AM真菌加富培养的寄主更有利于促进AM真菌的生长发育、保持AM的多样性.     

不同品种牡丹对丛枝菌根真菌群落结构的影响

对山东菏泽赵楼牡丹园栽培的不同品种牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa)根围丛枝菌根(ar-buscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌孢子密度、种属构成、种丰度、分布频度、物种多样性指数及其物种组成相似性等进行了研究.结果表明:不同品种牡丹根围AM真菌的种属构成、种丰度和分布频度等均不相同,其中,从‘凤丹'和‘赵粉'根围中各分离到10种AM真菌,从‘乌龙捧盛'和‘洛阳红'根围中分离到9种,从‘胡红'根围中分离到8种;‘凤丹'根围AM真菌孢子密度最高,为59个·50 g-1土,‘胡红'最低,为47个·(50 g)-1土;‘赵粉'的物种多样性指数最高(1.89),‘胡红'最低(1.71).‘凤丹'和‘胡红'的菌根侵染率最高,为63.6%,‘乌龙捧盛'最低,为52.7%.不同牡丹品种之间AM真菌种类组成的相似性系数在0.71～0.95,其中‘乌龙捧盛'和‘凤丹'的相似性系数最高(0.95),而‘胡红'与‘洛阳红'的相似性系数最低(0.71).牡丹基因型能改变AM真菌群落结构特征.     

崂山茶区茶树根围AM真菌多样性

为调查崂山茶区土壤中丛枝菌根(AM)真菌资源的分布状况, 于2007年9月从青岛崂山茶区12个茶园采集茶树(Camellia sinensis)根围土样, 采用湿筛倾注–蔗糖离心法分离AM真菌, 测定其物种丰度、频度、孢子密度、相对多度、重要值、多样性指数等。共分离到AM真菌3属22种, 无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)出现的频度最高, 其次是球囊霉属(Glomus)。AM真菌孢子密度以晓望村茶园最高, 高家村茶园最低; 种丰度以常家村茶园最高; 常家村茶园和万来客茶园的Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于其他茶园。光壁无梗囊霉(Acaulospora laevis)是北崂茶厂、万里江茶园、樱山春茶园、万里江有机茶园、常家村茶园和桑园村茶园的优势种; 波状无梗囊霉(Acaulospora undulata)为万里江有机茶园和万来客茶园的优势种; 隐球囊霉(Glomus occultum)为樱山春茶园、晓望村茶园和万来客茶园的优势种。应用典型相关分析(CCA)对环境因子与崂山茶区AM真菌群落组成的关系进行了分析, 各因子的影响大小依次为: 土壤速效磷含量＞土壤有机质含量＞种植年限＞土壤碱解氮含量＞土壤pH值＞土壤速效钾含量。     

我国北方农田土壤中AM真菌的多样性

AM真菌是农业生态系中一类重要的土壤微生物,它在农田土壤中的发生和分布受多种环境因素的影响。为深入了解我国北方农田土壤中AM真菌的多样性规律,于2000年在河北、山东的农田土壤中采集有代表性的土样127个。通过进一步扩繁、纯化,从中分离出AM真菌5属22种,鉴定了20个种,包括一个国内新记录种沾屑球囊霉(Glomus spurcum)。分析AM真菌的多样性特点及其影响因素发现,农田土壤中以球囊霉属(Glomus)的频度最高,其次为无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora);优势种类为幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)和摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae).土壤速效磷含量、pH状况主要对孢子密度产生影响,对种群分布影响不大。宿主植物类型对AM真菌的侵染状况和多样性影响较大;比较玉米(Zea mays)、甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)根区AM真菌的种群组成后发现两者有所不同,但优势种一致.     

黄土高原柠条锦鸡儿AM真菌多样性及空间分布

通过对陕西安塞、绥德、横山和榆林等4个不同生态条件下柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）AM真菌多样性和生态分布研究,共分离出4属11种AM真菌,其中球囊霉属（Glomus）5种,无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）3种,巨孢囊霉属（Gigaspom）1种和盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）2种。结果表明,缩球囊霉（G．constrictum）和摩西球囊霉（G．mosseae）是柠条锦鸡儿的优势种;不同AM真菌种类出现的生境不同,如刺无梗囊霉（A．spinosa）和美丽盾巨孢囊霉（S．calospora）只出现在绥德,浅窝无梗囊霉（A．lacunosa）仅出现在横山,而易误巨孢囊霉（Gi．decipiens）和红色盾巨孢囊霉（S．erythropa）仅发生在延安样地。AM真菌定殖率及孢子密度与样地生态条件密切相关,泡囊定殖率和孢子密度在绥德最高,丛枝定殖率在榆林最高。采样深度对AM真菌定殖率和孢子密度有显著影响,最大孢子密度发生在10～20cm土层;而AM真菌定殖率在0～10cm或20～30cm土层有最大值。孢子密度与泡囊定殖率呈正相关,与丛枝定殖率呈负相关。孢子密度与土壤有机质、速效P、速效K和Cl含量呈负相关;泡囊定殖率与土壤pH呈正相关,而与土壤湿度、速效K和Cl^-含量呈负相关。     

Selection of appropriate host plants used in trap culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in coalmine spoil, island forest and saline soils were enriched in pot culture with maize (Zea mays L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), white clover (Trifolium repens Linn.) and silverweed cinquefoil (Potentilla anserina L.). Based on spores, there were more species of AM fungi in the coalmine spoil (15 species, 3 genera), than in the forest soil (11 species, 4 genera) and the saline soil (5 species, 2 genera). In the trap cultures, the total of 28 species in Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, and Sclerocystis detected in the original soils were all recovered with at least one of the four trap plants. The highest spore and species numbers were recovered in trap cultures of T. repens inoculated with coalmine spoil. Glomus constrictum and Glomus multicaule were the dominant species associated with N. tabacum grown in saline soil and forest soil. The dominant species of AM fungi on the four hosts was Acaulospora mellea, which had over 90% of the spore incidence in pot trap culture in coalmine spoil. It is suggested that there be selectivity between host plants and AM fungi. The number of species of AM fungi detected was influenced by host plants under certain conditions and white clover was generally the optimal host plant to detect diversity of AM fungi.     

AM真菌在煤矿废弃物中生态适应性的初步研究

以粉煤灰、草炭、蛭石、河沙为培养基质,分别对4种不同AM真菌:Glomus mosseae,G.diaphanum,G.intraradices和G.versiforme的生态适应性进行研究。结果表明,菌根的侵染率、孢子密度和菌丝长度分别与菌根真菌种类、培养基质状况及寄主植物种类有关。4种基质的扩繁效果顺序为:河沙>粉煤灰>草炭>蛭石。G.mosseae和G.diaphanum在基质中的产孢量和菌丝长度优于G.intraradices和G.versiforme,可作为优势菌株。4种菌根真菌在粉煤灰中对寄主的侵染率均达到60%以上,粉煤灰作为菌根真菌培养基质具有更大潜力和实际应用价值。     

绢蒿荒漠放牧草地丛枝菌根真菌数量特征的时空变化

以绢蒿荒漠草地的优势种绢蒿、羊茅(针茅)、苔草为研究材料,探究其根际AM真菌和根系侵染率及季节性动态变化对放牧的响应。结果表明:随放牧压力的增大,AM真菌孢子密度、物种丰富度和根系侵染率显著降低(P<0.05),多样性指数在过度放牧的条件下显著(P<0.05)降低;在同一放牧条件下,0～10 cm土壤层的孢子密度、物种丰富度和根系侵染率均显著(P<0.05)高于10～20 cm和20～30 cm土壤层,多样性指数随土壤深度的增大差异性不显著(P>0.05);不同的宿主植物对AM真菌的依赖性不同,即侵染率高低依次为绢蒿>羊茅>苔草; AM真菌孢子密度、物种丰富度和植物根系侵染率随季节的变化表现出一定的变化规律,三者均呈现"双峰"现象,在6月和9月分别达到峰值,与绢蒿荒漠草地植被的生长节律几乎同步;温度对AM真菌孢子密度、丰富度和侵染率的影响不显著,但降雨量对植物根系的侵染率有极显著(P<0.01)的影响,随降雨量的增加侵染率极显著升高。     

荒漠生境油蒿根围AM真菌多样性

为了阐明荒漠生境主要植被油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)根围AM真菌多样性, 2007年8月从毛乌素沙地和腾格里沙漠选取榆林、盐池、研究站和沙坡头4个样地, 按0–10、10–20、20–30、30–40、40–50 cm 5个土层采集油蒿根围土壤样品, 研究了油蒿根围AM真菌物种多样性和生态分布。在分离的4属28种AM真菌中, 球囊霉属(Glomus)16种, 无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)7种, 盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)4种, 多孢囊霉属(Diversispora)1种。4个样地的共同优势种为摩西球囊霉(G. mosseae), 共同常见种为双网无梗囊霉(A. bireticulata)和网状球囊霉(G. reticulatum), 共同稀有种为缩球囊霉(G. constrictum)。地球囊霉(G. geosporum)仅出现在盐池, 蜜色无梗囊霉(A. mellea)、帚状球囊霉(G. coremioides)、浅窝无梗囊霉(A. lacunosa)和宽柄球囊霉(G. magnicaule)仅出现在研究站, 黑球囊霉(G. melanosporum)仅出现在榆林。盐池与研究站样地AM真菌种类最多, 榆林样地孢子密度最大, 沙坡头样地种类和孢子密度显著偏低。总体上, 孢子密度、分离频度、相对多度和重要值依Glomus >Acaulospora > Scutellospora> Diversispora呈现显著减小趋势。结果表明, 油蒿与AM真菌之间有良好共生性, 这对进一步利用菌根生物技术维护荒漠生态系统结构的完整性具有重要意义。