共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 17 毫秒
1.
Quantitative differentiation of microbial activity in wheat straw substrate is described after different heat pre-treatments and addition of water during solid-state fermentation. All the 28 tested strains of tropical and sub-tropical edible mushrooms colonized sterile wheat straw. Substrate pre-treated at 25°C was primarily colonized by Coprinus sp. and other competitive microorganisms, and had the highest pH values. With some exceptions, increasing rates of growth occurred with substrate pre-treatment at 60 and 90°C. Best growth and highest speed of colonization were on sterilized straw. Heat pre-treatment of cereal straw at 60 and 90°C should be sufficient for commercial cultivation processes. Thus, a short fermentative pre-treatment could reduce the risk of infection. The strains tested do not differ significantly from those of temperate climates.R. Maziero was with the Instituto de Botânica, CP 4005, 01061-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, and is now at DISTAM Section of Industrial Microbiology, University of Milano, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy. F. Zadrazil is with the Institut für Bodenbiologie, Bundesforchungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft, Bundesallee 50, D 38116 Braunschweig, Germany. 相似文献
2.
【背景】北虫草作为冬虫夏草的代用品,具有与冬虫夏草类似的药理活性,其富含的蛋白质和氨基酸通常作为衡量真菌营养价值的重要指标,从中分离纯化具有潜在临床应用价值的蛋白质或多肽,已成为一个研究热点。【目的】检测沈阳北虫草野生与市售菌株人工培育子实体的蛋白质组成,分析相同培育条件下获得的蛋白种类、数量及其功能的差异,为深入研究鉴定沈阳地区北虫草药用蛋白和针对性驯化提供了蛋白质组学数据基础。【方法】采集沈阳棋盘山野生北虫草菌株,与市售人工栽培北虫草菌株同期分别经组织分离、液体发酵后培育获得子实体,通过蛋白提取、胰酶酶解后,采用非标定量技术液相色谱-质谱联用方法,对野生和市售来源培育的子实体样本进行定量蛋白组的研究。【结果】共鉴定到9 233条特异性肽段和1 923个蛋白,其中含有1 163个可定量蛋白,野生来源培育子实体有214个蛋白表达发生上调,181个蛋白表达发生下调,对这些差异蛋白进行功能富集分析发现,其主要参与能量生产/转换、氨基酸转运/代谢、抗氧化功能。在相同的营养摄取条件下,野生来源培育菌种在各个能量代谢、氨基酸代谢功能中的相关蛋白表达量高于市售来源培育的菌种。野生来源培育菌种的一种抗氧化重要蛋白(Gene Name:ISF_02112)表达量远远高于(Fold Change9)市售来源培育菌种。同时与抗氧化和代谢功能相关的差异蛋白有22个。【结论】沈阳地区北虫草野生菌株经适当人工培育会保留部分优良的生物学特性,2种来源菌株培育的子实体具有丰富及优异抗氧化功能的蛋白,子实体蛋白的抗氧化能力与其整体代谢能力相关。本研究结果为深入研究鉴定北虫草药用蛋白和针对性驯化提供蛋白质组学数据基础。 相似文献
3.
Andriy Synytsya Kateina Mí
kov Alla Synytsya Ivan Jablonský Jií Spv
ek Vladimír Erban Elika Kovíkov Jana opíkov 《Carbohydrate polymers》2009,76(4):548-556
Cultivated oyster mushrooms (genus Pleurotus) are interesting as a source of biologically active glucans. Partially, β-glucan from Pleurotus sp. (pleuran) has been used as food supplements due to its immunosuppressive activity. Like other dietary fibre components, oyster mushroom polysaccharides can stimulate the growth of colon microorganisms (probiotics), i.e. act as prebiotics. Specific glucans were isolated from stems of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii by subsequent boiling water and alkali extraction. Obtained water soluble (L1), alkali soluble (L2) and insoluble (S) fractions were characterised by various analytical methods. Spectroscopic analysis detected glucans in all the fractions: branched 1,3-1,6-β-d-glucan predominated in L1 and S, while linear 1,3-α-d-glucan in L2. Fractions L1 also contained marked amount of proteins partially in complex with glucans; protein content in L2 was insignificant. Effective deproteinisation of L1 and separation of α- and β-glucans in L2 was achieved by the treatment with phenolic reagent. Small amount of chitin was found in S as a component of cell wall chitin–glucan complex. Potential prebiotic activity of extracts L1 and L2 was testing using nine probiotic strains of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus. These probiotics showed different growth characteristics dependently on used extract and strain specificity due to the presence of structurally diverse compounds. The extracts L1 and L2 can be applied to synbiotic construction only for carefully selected probiotic strains. This exploitation of fruit body extracts extends the use of mushrooms P. ostreatus and P. eryngii for human health. 相似文献
4.
A. J. Edwards 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1981,29(3):339-344
The susceptibility of adult male American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.), to topical applications of the insecticides lindane and methyl parathion was compared under varying conditions. The use of carbon dioxide anaesthesia to facilitate handling during treatment did not significantly affect the insects susceptibility to the insecticides. However, the susceptibility of the cockroaches to the insecticides, when confined in batches after treatments, was significantly greater than that of cockroaches isolated after treatment. These results indicate that if, as is frequently the case, poisoned insects are not isolated from each other after treatment, the interactions of poisoned individuals may lead to greater mortality than would otherwise occur.
Zusammenfassung Die Empfindlichkeit erwachsener männlicher Küchenschaben, Periplaneta americana (L.), gegen topical appliziertes Lindan und Methylparathion wurde unter verschiedenen Bedingungen verglichen. Kohlendioxyd, welches als Betäubungsmittel zur Erleichterung der Manipulation der Schaben verwendet wurde, hatte keinen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Insektizidempfindlichkeit. Wurden die Schaben jedoch nach der Behandlung in Gruppen gehalten; so war ihre Empfindlichkeit bedeutend grösser als wenn sie nach der Behandlung isoliert wurden. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die gegenseitige Beeinflussung vergifteter Tiere, wie sie oft vorkommen kann, die Todesrate erhöht.相似文献
5.
【目的】为了研究不同磷、硫及二氧化碳浓度对标志链带藻(Desmodesmus insignis)生长与碳水化合物积累的影响,本实验以改良BG11培养基为基础,设计了8种不同初始K_2HPO_4浓度、8种不同初始MgSO_4浓度及4种二氧化碳浓度培养标志链带藻。【方法】采用干重法和苯酚-硫酸法分别测定其生物质浓度与总碳水化合物的含量。【结果】实验结果显示,在高磷浓度(0.460 mmol/L)下生物量达到最高为6.37 g/L,磷浓度为0.230 mmol/L (对照组)时总碳水化合物含量及单位体积产率达到最高,分别为45.40%(%干重)和0.20 g/(L·d)。不同初始MgSO_4浓度实验结果显示,高硫浓度有利于标志链带藻生长及碳水化合物的积累,生物量、总碳水化合物含量及单位体积产率分别在硫浓度为1.217 mmol/L、0.609 mmol/L和1.824 mmol/L时达到最高,分别为7.02 g/L、51.6%(%干重)及0.26 g/(L·d)。当二氧化碳浓度为3%(V/V)时,标志链带藻生物量、总碳水化合物含量及单位体积产率均达到最高,分别为6.81 g/L、44.03%和0.20 g/(L·d)。【结论】因此,磷浓度为0.230 mmol/L、硫浓度为1.824 mmol/L和二氧化碳浓度为3%时最有利于标志链带藻生长及碳水化合物的积累。 相似文献
6.
Rui L. Mendes Helena L. Fernandes José A.P Coelho Joaquim M.S Cabral António M. F. Palavra Júlio M. Novais 《Journal of applied phycology》1994,6(3):289-293
Samples of the microalgaBotryococcus braunii were submitted to supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide at 40 °C and pressures of 12.5, 20.0 and 30.0 MPa. The extraction yield and the fraction of the hydrocarbons in the extracts both increased with pressure and at 30 MPa these compounds were obtained rapidly. This behaviour is associated with the localization of the hydrocarbons outside the cell wall. In the extracts, which are fluid, golden and limpid, chlorophyll and phospholipids were not detected.Author for correspondence 相似文献
7.
Effects of carbon concentration and carbon to nitrogen ratio on the growth and sporulation of several biocontrol fungi 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Effects of carbon concentration and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio on six biocontrol fungal strains are reported in this paper. All fungal strains had extensive growth on the media supplemented with 6–12 g l−1 carbon and C:N ratios from 10:1 to 80:1, and differed in nutrient requirements for sporulation. Except for the two strains of Paecilomyces lilacinus, all selected fungi attained the highest spore yields at a C:N ratio of 160:1 when the carbon concentration was 12 g l−1 for Metarhizium anisopliae SQZ-1-21, 6 g l−1 for M. anisopliae RS-4-1 and Trichoderma viride TV-1, and 8 g l−1 for Lecanicillium lecanii CA-1-G. The optimal conditions for P. lilacinus sporulation were 8 g l−1 carbon with a C:N ratio of 10:1 for M-14 and 12 g l−1 carbon with a C:N ratio of 20:1 for IPC-P, respectively. The results indicated that the influence of carbon concentration and C:N ratio on fungal growth and sporulation is strain dependent; therefore, consideration for the complexity of nutrient requirements is essential for improving yields of fungal biocontrol agents. 相似文献
8.
Akiyama H Okuhata H Onizuka T Kanai S Hirano M Tanaka S Sasaki K Miyasaka H 《Bioresource technology》2011,102(23):11039-11042
A practical antibiotics-free plasmid expression system in cyanobacteria was developed by using the complementation of cyanobacterial recA null mutation with the EscherichiacolirecA gene on the plasmid. This system was applied to the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), a biodegradable plastic, and the transgenic cyanobacteria stably maintained the pha genes for PHA production in the antibiotics-free medium, and accumulated up to 52% cell dry weight of PHA. 相似文献
9.
The responses of adult Amblyomma variegatum ticks released from various distances to different doses of the synthetic attraction-aggregation-attachment pheromone (AAAP) (made up of ortho-nitrophenol, methyl salicylate and nonanoic acid in paraffin oil), dispensed from the center of circular field plots, were studied in the presence or absence of elevated levels of CO2. Up to 90% of the ticks released were attracted to the pheromone source in the presence of CO2 within 3h. CO2 alone was unattractive, similar to previous findings in Zimbabwe, but unlike results from a Caribbean A. variegatum population, which was significantly attracted to this signal. In the absence of CO2, smaller but significant proportions of the released ticks were attracted to the pheromone, albeit more slowly, suggesting another variation in the responses of this bont tick to inter- and intra-specific signals. Our results are interpreted in the light of a study undertaken elsewhere demonstrating relatively high heterozygosity among tick populations. Possible directions of further research to explore the use of the pheromone in off-host control of the tick are also highlighted. 相似文献
10.
11.
Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) was germinated and grown at ambient CO2 level and 650 ppmv CO2 in the presence and absence of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata for a total of 6 month under nutrient non-limiting conditions. Mycorrhization and elevated atmospheric CO2 each supported the growth of the trees. Stem height, stem diameter, and dry matter accumulation of pedunculate oak were increased by mycorrhization. Elevated atmospheric CO2 enhanced stem height, stem diameter, fresh weight and dry weight, as well as lateral root formation of the trees. In combination, mycorrhization and elevated atmospheric CO2 had a more than additive, positive effect on tree height and biomass accumulation, and further improved lateral root formation of the trees. From these findings it is suggested that the efficiency of the roots in supporting the growth of the shoot is increased in mycorrhized oak trees at elevated atmospheric CO2.Abbreviations DW
dry weight
- FW
fresh weight
- RWC
relative water content 相似文献
12.
13.
The effects of aeration of the N-free rooting medium with elevated CO2 on (a) acetylene reduction by perlite-grown plants and (b) N2-fixation and long-term growth of nutrient solution-grown plants were determined for nodulatedAlnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. In the former experiments, roots of intact plants were incubated in acetylene in air in darkened glass jars for 3 hr, followed by a further 3 hr incubation period in air enriched with CO2 (0–5%). During incubation, the CO2 content of the jars increased by 0.17% per hour due to respiration of the root system, so that the CO2 content at 3 hr was 0.5%. Additional enrichment of the rooting medium gas-phase with CO2 equivalent to 1.1% and 1.75% CO2 of the gas volume significantly increased nitrogenase activity (ethylene production) by 55% and 50% respectively, while enrichment with greater than 2.5% CO2 decreased activity. In contrast, ethylene production by control plants, where CO2 was not added to the assay jars, decreased by 8% over the assay period. In long-term growth experiments, nodulated roots of intactAlnus glutinosa plants were sealed into jars containing N-free nutrient solution (pH 6.3) and aerated with air, or air containing elevated levels of CO2 (1.5% and 5%). Comparison of the appearance of CO2-treated with air treated plants suggested that 1.5% CO2 stimulated plant growth. However, at harvest after 5 or 6 weeks variability between plants masked the significance of differences in plant dry weight. A significant increase of 33% in total nitrogen of plants aerated with 1.5% CO2, compared with air-treated plants, was demonstrated, broadly in line with the short-term increase in acetylene reducing activity observed following incubations with similar CO2 concentrations. Shoot dry weight was not affected significantly by long-term exposure to 5% CO2, the main effect on growth being a 20% reduction in dry weight of the root system, possibly through inhibition of root system respiration. However, in contrast to the inhibitory effects of high CO2 on acetylene reduction there was no significant effect on the amounts of N2 fixed. 相似文献
14.
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) has generated considerable interest in the response of agricultural crops to [CO2]. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of a wide range of daytime [CO2] on dark respiration of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR-30). Rice plants were grown season-long in naturally sunlit plant growth chambers in subambient (160 and 250), ambient (330), or super-ambient (500, 660 and 900 μmol CO2 mol?1 air) [CO2] treatments. Canopy dark respiration, expressed on a ground area basis (Rd) increased with increasing [CO2] treatment from 160 to 500 μmol mol?1 treatments and was very similar among the superambient treatments. The trends in Rd over time and in response to increasing daytime [CO2] treatment were associated with and similar to trends previously described for photosynthesis. Specific respiration rate (Rdw) decreased with time during the growing season and was higher in the subambient than the ambient and superambient [CO2] treatments. This greater Rdw in the subambient [CO2] treatments was attributed to a higher specific maintenance respiration rate and was associated with higher plant tissue nitrogen concentration. 相似文献
15.
Konjak (Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch) was grown under normal (350 bar) or enriched (700 bar) CO2 partial pressure in glasshouses kept at 33/26 °C. Doubling the CO2 partial pressure resulted in twice the yield of corm because the net CO2 assimilation rate doubled and, due to the simple source-sink relationship, the increased production was partitioned to the corm. The response to CO2 of assimilation by konjak is discussed in relation to its original habitat in the tropics. 相似文献
16.
The circadian rhythm of CO2 assimilation in detached leaves of Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi at 15° C in normal air and continuous illumination is inhibited both by exposure to darkness, and to an atmosphere enriched with 5% CO2. During such exposures substantial fixation of CO2 takes place, and the malate concentration in the cell sap increases from about 20 mM to a constant value of 40–50 mM after 16 h. On transferring the darkened leaves to light, and those exposed to 5% CO2 to normal air, a circadian rhythm of CO2 assimilation begins again. The phase of this rhythm is determined by the time the transfer is made since the first peak occurs about 24 h afterwards. This finding indicates that the circadian oscillator is driven to, and held at, an identical, fixed phase point in its cycle after 16 h exposure to darkness or to 5% CO2, and it is from this phase point that oscillation begins after the inhibiting condition is removed. This fixed phase point is characterised by the leaves having acquired a high malate content. The rhythm therefore begins with a period of malate decarboxylation which lasts for about 8 h, during which time the malate content of the leaf cells must be reduced to a value that allows phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to become active. Inhibition of the rhythm in darkness, and on exposure to 5% CO2 in continuous illumination, appears to be due to the presence of a high concentration of CO2 within the leaf inhibiting malic enzyme which leads to the accumulation of high concentrations of malate in the leaf cells. The malate then allosterically inhibits phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase upon which the rhythm depends. The results give support to the view that malate synthesis and breakdown form an integral part of the circadian oscillator in this tissue.Abbreviations
B.
Bryophyllum
- PEPCase
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase 相似文献
17.
Photosynthesis of cotton plants exposed to elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the field 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
John W. Radin Bruce A. Kimball Donald L. Hendrix Jack R. Mauney 《Photosynthesis research》1987,12(3):191-203
The cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant responds to a doubling of atmospheric CO2 with almost doubled yield. Gas exchange of leaves was monitored to discover the photosynthetic basis of this large response. Plants were grown in the field in open-top chambers with ambient (nominally 350 l/l) or enriched (nominally either 500 or 650 l/l) concentrations of atmospheric CO2. During most of the season, in fully-irrigated plants the relationship between assimilation (A) and intercellular CO2 concentration (ci) was almost linear over an extremely wide range of ci. CO2 enrichment did not alter this relationship or diminish photosynthetic capacity (despite accumulation of starch to very high levels) until very late in the season, when temperature was somewhat lower than at midseason. Stomatal conductance at midseason was very high and insensitive to CO2, leading to estimates of ci above 85% of atmospheric CO2 concentration in both ambient and enriched chambers. Water stress caused A to show a saturation response with respect to ci, and it increased stomatal closure in response to CO2 enrichment. In fully-irrigated plants CO2 enrichment to 650 l/l increased A more than 70%, but in water-stressed plants enrichment increased A only about 52%. The non-saturating response of A to ci, the failure of CO2 enrichment to decrease photosynthetic capacity for most of the season, and the ability of the leaves to maintain very high ci, form in part the basis for the very large response to CO2 enrichment.Abbreviations ca-
atmospheric CO2 concentration
- ci-
intercellular CO2 concentration
- A-
rate of assimilation of CO2
- gs-
stomatal conductance to water vapor
- gb-
boundary layer conductance to water vapor
- gm-
mesophyll conductance to CO2
- VPD-
vapor pressure deficit
- w
leaf water potential
- L-
stomatal limitation to CO2 uptake 相似文献
18.
大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物-昆虫相互关系的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
综述了CO2浓度升高对植物与昆虫相互关系影响的研究结果。大量研究表明,高浓度CO2对植物生理生化活动有显著的影响,植物营养物质的变化对植食性昆虫亦产生不同程度的影响,高浓度CO2条件对咀嚼式口器昆虫的取食、生长发育和生殖有不同程度的不良影响,昆虫为了获得足够的氮素营养而增加取食强度和时间,从而更易于受到天敌的攻击,这些昆虫的生长率、繁殖和生存率有下降的趋势;而对刺吸韧皮部汁液的昆虫来说,多引起种群数量增加或无显著影响。并对研究中存在的问题进行了分析,提出了今后研究的方向。 相似文献
19.
Effects of elevated CO2 and P availability on plant growth of the legume Lotus corniculatus and consequences for the butterfly larvae of Polyommatus icarus feeding on L. corniculatus were investigated in screen-aided CO2 control chambers under natural conditions on a calcareous grassland in the Swiss Jura mountains. Elevated CO2 conditions and P fertilisation increased the biomass production of L. corniculatus plants and affected the plant chemical composition. CO2 enrichment increased the C/N ratio and sugar concentration and decreased the N and P concentrations. C- and N-based allelochemicals (cyanoglycosides, total polyphenols and condensed tannins) were only marginally affected by CO2 enrichment. P fertilisation increased the specific leaf area and concentrations of water, N, sugar and P, while the C/N ratio and the concentration of total polyphenols decreased. Furthermore, P availability marginally enhanced the effect of elevated CO2 on the total dry mass and sugar concentration while the opposite occurred for the total polyphenol concentration. The changes in food-plant chemistry as a result of P fertilisation positively affected larval mass gain and accelerated the development time of P. icarus. Only a marginal negative effect on larval mass gain was found for CO2 enrichment. However, we found genotype-specific responses in the development time of P. icarus to elevated CO2 conditions. Larvae originating from different mothers developed better either under elevated CO2 or under ambient CO2 but some did not react to CO2 elevation. As far as we know this is the first finding of a genotype-specific response of an insect herbivore to elevated CO2 which suggests genetic shifts in insect life history traits in response to elevated CO2. 相似文献
20.
Developmental variants in fruiting ofCoprinus cinereus were induced by mutagenizing oidia of the homokaryotic fruiting strain CopD5-12 with UV light. Through screening of 2,696
isolates, 1,018 strains exhibited defects in fruiting and were classified into 8 groups: (1) knotless variants, which fail
to form hyphal knots, the first visible sign of fruiting; (2) primordiumless variants, which form hyphal knots but fail to
develop fruit-body primordia; (3) maturationless variants, which form fruit-body primordia but do not form mature fruit bodies;
(4) elongationless variants, which form mature fruit bodies with short stipes; (5) expansionless variants, which form mature
fruit bodies with unexpanded pilei; (6) sporeless variants, which fail to produce black basidiospores, resulting in fruit
bodies with white pilei after maturation; (7) compound type, which includes variants exhibiting several of the phenotypes
described above; (8) others, including variants that produce a “dark stipe” even under in light/dark conditions, which is
formed under continuous darkness in the wild-type. Two elongationless variants were characterized histologically. 相似文献