小桐子果壳提取物杀虫活性的生物测定

以水、乙醇、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、氯仿和石油醚为溶剂,采用冷浸法对小桐子果壳进行粗提,并分别测定各粗提物对豌豆长管蚜和菜青虫的毒力,从中筛选出毒力最强的粗提物进一步对菜青虫进行作用方式的测定.6种溶剂粗提物对豌豆长管蚜和菜青虫的毒力测试结果表明:三氯甲烷提取物和乙醇提取物的活性显著高于其它溶剂提取物,且两种提取物对豌豆长管...     

杀虫威对棉铃虫、烟青虫、菜青虫的防治效果

田间试验表明 ,新氨基甲酸酯杀虫剂杀虫威对鳞翅目害虫棉铃虫、菜青虫、烟青虫防治效果优良。杀虫威 2 0 %EC在河南防治 2代棉铃虫使用剂量 1 0g (a.i.) 667m2 药后 2～ 7d ,校正防效为90 65 %～ 97 72 % ,在山东药后 3～ 5d ,防效为 85 1 7%～ 91 2 3 % ,7 5g (a .i.) 667m2 相应药效两地分别为 88 41 %～ 95 2 7%和 81 40 %～ 85 61 % ;防治 3代棉铃虫使用剂量 2 0g (a.i.) 667m2 药后 2～ 5d ,防效两地分别为 83 93 %～ 86 1 5 %和 85 5 3 %～ 88 2 9% ,1 5g (a .i.) 667m2 相应药效分别为 77 66%～80 2 3 %和 78 5 0 %～ 83 75 %。防治烟青虫使用剂量 1 0g (a.i.) 667m2 药后 3～ 7d校正防效为 85 5 7%～ 88 2 9% ,7 5g (a .i.) 667m2 相应药效为 81 5 1 %～ 86 1 1 %。防治菜青虫使用剂量 7 5～ 1 0g (a .i.) 667m2 药后 3～ 7d防效为 87 5 0 %～ 96 1 1 %。     

胶陀螺的光敏活性组分

用石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯和丙酮对胶陀螺子实体进行梯度提取,得到的粗提物做光敏活性药理试验,结果表明:胶陀螺的氯仿和乙酸乙酯粗提取物有明显的光敏活性。将氯仿和乙酸乙酯的粗提物分别用不同比例的氯仿—甲醇进行反复柱层析,同时配合光敏活性药理试验,得到6个有光敏活性的组分,分别为c2、c3、c4、c5、c6和c11。将6个组分合并后继续分离,最终得到1个有橙黄色荧光点的成分,对其进行光敏活性药理试验,结果证明其为胶陀螺的光敏活性成分。     

小桐子提取物除草活性的生物测定

为全面了解小桐子(Jatropha curcas L. )提取物的除草活性,以萝卜(Raphanus sativus L. )、苋(Amaranthus tricolor L. )、苏丹草[Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf]和黑麦草(Lolium perenne L. )为实验材料,对小桐子果壳和枝叶的水、乙醇(体积分数95%)、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、氯仿和石油醚粗提物的除草活性进行了生物测定,并从中筛选出抑制作用最强的水粗提物进行进一步的活性组分分离及其除草活性的生物测定.测定结果显示,小桐子果壳和枝叶的6种溶剂提取物(10 g·L~(-1))对供试的4种植物幼苗的根长和茎高均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中水粗提物和乙醇(体积分数95%)粗提物的抑制作用较强,且水粗提物对供试的4种植物幼苗的根长和茎高的抑制作用均在75%以上,显著高于其他溶剂粗提物(P<0.05);石油醚粗提物的抑制作用最小,均在10%以下.小桐子果壳和枝叶水粗提物的石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水萃取物(10 g·L~(-1))对萝卜和苏丹草幼苗的根长和茎高均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中水、正丁醇和乙酸乙酯萃取物的抑制作用显著高于氯仿和石油醚萃取物,抑制率均在70%以上;水萃取物的抑制作用最强,抑制率均在80%以上;石油醚萃取物的抑制作用最小,抑制率均在10%以下.研究结果表明,小桐子果壳和枝叶的水粗提物具有一定的除草活性,其有效成分为极性较大的组分.     

“EB-82灭蚜菌”制剂对老龄菜青虫室内作用研究——拒食方法应用

通过不同农药处理菜青虫 ,对其生长量、取食量及干重进行拒食性分析 ,验证“EB 82灭蚜菌”菌剂作用于老龄菜青虫 (Pierisrapae)幼虫的方式 ,利用拒食方法 ,比较不同处理菜青虫幼虫存活率、取食量、体重干重、粪便干重 ,通过方差分析 ,差异极显著 ,F =6.35～ 70 2 .16>F0 .0 1( 4 ,10 ) =5.994 ;进一步利用最小显著极差法 (LSR)分析 ,“EB 82灭蚜菌”菌剂与敌敌畏、饥饿和对照处理均差异极显著 ,p =5时 ,LSR0 .0 1=7.70 1,相差为 7.7～ 92 .3。     

小桐子枝叶提取物对蚜虫的毒杀活性

以水、乙醇、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、氯仿和石油醚为溶剂,采用冷浸法对小桐子(Jatropha curcas L. )枝叶进行了粗提并采用喷雾法测定了各粗提物对豌豆长管蚜[Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)]和桃蚜[Myzus persicae (Sulzer)]的毒力,从中筛选出毒力最高的粗提物进行进一步的活性组分分离及毒杀活性测定.结果显示,随溶剂极性的减小,小桐子枝叶不同溶剂粗提物的提取率降低,其中水和乙醇粗提物的提取率较高,分别为18.76%和11.94%;6种溶剂粗提物对豌豆长管蚜和桃蚜都具有一定的毒力,其中,乙醇粗提物的毒力显著高于其他溶剂粗提物,LC50分别为2.693 3和2.565 6 g·L-1.乙醇粗提物的水、正丁醇、乙酸乙酯、氯仿和石油醚萃取物均对桃蚜有一定的毒杀活性,其中石油醚萃取物的萃取率最高(74.27%),对桃蚜的毒杀活性均显著高于其他溶剂萃取物,8 g·L-1石油醚萃取物对桃蚜的24 h校正死亡率高达94.5%.研究结果表明,小桐子枝叶的灭蚜活性组分存在于其乙醇粗提物的低极性组分中.根据实验结果初步确定了小桐子枝叶灭蚜活性组分的提取流程.     

杠柳根皮乙醇粗提液对菜青虫的拒食作用及其防治效果

测定了杠柳 (PeriplocasepiumBunge .)其根皮乙醇粗提液对菜青虫Pierisrapae (L .)的拒食活性 ,并进行了乙醇粗取液及其与氯氰菊酯混用防治菜青虫药效试验。生测结果表明 ,乙醇粗提液对菜青虫 4龄和 5龄幼虫具有较强的拒食活性 ,2 4h拒食中浓度分别为 1 3 2 0 8mg L和 1 1 96 3mg L ,且对拒食后试虫生长发育有严重的影响。药效试验结果显示 ,乙醇粗提液 1 0 0倍液及其混配制剂 1 0 0 0倍液对菜青虫具有较好的防治效果。温室处理后 5d ,杠柳乙醇粗提液 1 0 0倍液、混剂 1 0 0 0倍液的防虫效果与 1 0 %氯氰菊酯 1 0 0 0倍液效果相当 ;田间处理后 5d ,杠柳粗提液防虫效果虽然较差 ,但保叶效果仍达 60 %以上 ,而混剂的防虫和保叶效果均与氯氰菊酯效果相当。     

骆驼蓬醇提取物杀虫活性初步研究

骆驼蓬全草醇粗提物分为石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、水溶性5部分,提取得率分别为4.6%、1.7%、0.3%、4.8%、7.6%.分别配成2.0g·L-1至0.1g·L-1一系列梯度浓度,采用浸叶法进行小麦蚜虫的杀灭活性试验,48h后,结果表明,浓度越高,活性越大,其中在2.0g·L-1处理时水部分和氯仿部分活性非常明显,小麦蚜虫校正死亡率可达95.46%、90.83%.另外化学成分系统预试结果表明茎叶含有丰富的生物碱,黄酮,酚性成分等.     

海木提取物对菜青虫幼虫的生物活性

测试了海木提取物对菜青虫幼虫的拒食活性,并对拒食活性高的部分进行了乙酰胆碱酯酶活性、蛋白水解酶活性等测定。海木的氯仿部分表现出明显的拒食活性(拒食率97.7%),同时还能抑制菜青虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,提高蛋白水解酶活性,降低菜青虫体内蛋白质含量。     

春甘蓝田菜青虫虫情简便监测技术

在湖南 ,春甘蓝的大田生长期一般在 1月下旬至 6月上旬之间 ,这一季节的主要食叶害虫是菜青虫 Pierisrapae L .,其次是灯蛾 ,过去大量发生的小菜蛾近年来一直处于低数量低水平。而甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾此时发生极少。灯蛾的卵呈块产 ,卵粒裸露 ,单层排列 ,低龄幼虫呈集团性分布 ,不难发现。为此 ,我们只针对主要害虫菜青虫作了虫情简便监测技术的研究。1　方法1 .1　于 1 998年 5月 3日至 6月 4日菜青虫主要发生危害期在甘蓝地及其周边共 0 .0 5 km2的固定范围内每日上午 1 0时计数飞舞的成虫(菜粉蝶 )数 ,一般计数 3～ 5次 ,求其平均值 ;并…     

杠柳根皮乙醇提取液对蔬菜害虫小菜蛾的生物活性

采用95%乙醇对杠柳(Periploca sepium Bunge)根皮进行热提取,以叶片浸渍法和点滴法测定了提取液对小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella L.)的杀虫活性及其作用方式.结果显示,杠柳乙醇提取液稀释100倍处理对小菜蛾3龄和4龄幼虫24 h后的非选择性拒食率分别为87.3%和96.3%;100倍液浸叶饲喂处理对小菜蛾2龄幼虫72 h后的校正死亡率为80%,对小菜蛾3龄幼虫24 h和48 h后的生长抑制率为100%.杠柳乙醇提取液对小菜蛾幼虫具有较高的生物活性,其作用方式包括拒食作用、胃毒作用和生长抑制作用.此外,乙醇提取液对小菜蛾幼虫还有一定的触杀和内吸效应,并对小菜蛾成虫产卵有明显的忌避活性,但对小菜蛾卵没有杀伤作用.     

Acaricidal activities of extracts of Kochia scoparia against Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, and Tetranychus viennensis (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Extracts of an annual herbaceous plant, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad (Macrophomina), were bioassayed to determine their acaricidal activities against Tetranychus urticae Koch, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), and Tetranychus viennensis Zacher (Acari: Tetranychidae) in the laboratory. Extracts had both contact and systemic toxicity to these mites. Three solvents were tested for preparing crude extracts: petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol. Methanol was the most effective solvent, extracting 3.11-4.53% of the acaricide. Petroleum ether was the least effective solvent, extracting 1.25-1.54%. However, extracts with chloroform resulted in the highest mite mortality (78.86%), and ultrasound-assisted extraction required the least time (10 min). Concentrated extracts were prepared using chloroform, methyl acetate, or distilled water as a solvent. Mite mortalities from the concentrated extracts by methyl acetate or distilled water were significantly lower than those by chloroform. The mean lethal concentrations (LC50) of the extracts by chloroform, methyl acetate, and distilled water to the mites were 0.71 +/- 0.06, 2.08 +/- 0.16 and 8.75 +/- 0.062 mg/ml, respectively. After liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography, the concentrated extracts by chloroform were separated into seven groups of isolated fractions and tested for acaricidal activity.     

Acaricidal activity of Juglans regia leaf extracts on Tetranychus viennensis and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Leaf extracts of the walnut, Juglans regia L., were evaluated under laboratory conditions to determine their acaricidal activity on the mites Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and Tetranychus viennensis Zacher (Acari: Tetranychidae). Extracts had both contact and systemic toxicity to these mites. The four solvents tested for preparing crude extracts were petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Methanol was the most efficient solvent, with an extraction rate from 17.06 + 0.80 to 20.27 +/- 0.28%. Petroleum ether was the least effective solvent, with extraction rates from 2.30 +/- 0.13 to 2.71 +/- 0.13%. However, the crude extracts with petroleum ether resulted in the highest mite mortality (79.04 +/- 0.52%) in a slide dip bioassay. Mites mortalities from the concentrated extracts prepared by chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, or distilled water were significantly lower than petroleum ether. The mean lethal concentrations (LC50) of the extracts from petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and distilled water to the two mite species were 0.73 +/- 0.04, 1.66 +/- 0.28, 4.96 +/- 0.35, 7.45 +/- 0.67, and 9.91 +/- 0.32 mg/ml, respectively. After liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography, the concentrated extracts of petroleum ether were separated into eight fractions and tested for acaricidal activity. Fraction 6 produced significantly higher mite mortality rates than the other groups, killing approximately 90% of both species.     

薇甘菊五种溶剂提取物对褐稻虱种群的干扰作用

室内测定了薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha）5种溶剂提取物对褐稻虱Nilaparvata lugens Stál种群的干扰作用。结果表明,处理后48h,氯仿提取物和乙醇提取物驱避褐稻虱成虫产卵的作用显著,驱避率分别达86.44%、83.90%;干扰成虫取食效果最好的为乙醇提取物与乙酸乙酯提取物,拒食率分别达74.19%、51.86%;提取物对褐稻虱成虫、若虫具有一定的毒杀活性,其中对1～2龄若虫的活性较强的为乙醇提取物、氯仿提取物和乙醚提取物,对成虫的毒杀活性最强的为乙酸乙酯提取物。综上所述,氯仿提取物和乙醇提取物对褐稻虱实验种群的干扰效果最强,干扰作用控制指数（IIPC）分别达0.0428、0.0515。考虑生物活性、提取效率、溶剂价格与毒性等因素,认为乙醇是一种比较理想的提取杀虫活性成分的有机溶剂。     

银杏叶粗提物对小菜蛾的拒避和生长发育抑制作用

银杏叶不同溶剂的粗提物对小菜蛾幼虫均有较强的拒食作用。其中在选择性取食时,乙醚提取物对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食中浓度（AFC50）最低,即拒食作用最强,其次分别为石油醚和乙醇提取物,氯仿提取物的拒食作用最低;在非选择性条件时,乙醚提取物的拒食作用最强,其次分别为乙醇和石油醚提取物,氯仿提取物的拒食作用最低。各抽取物对小菜蛾幼虫的生长发育具有明显的抑制作用,取食各提取物处理的叶片对小菜蛾幼虫的体重增加显低于对照,但各提取物之间差异明显。各提取物对小菜蛾成虫产卵的拒避作用均不明显。     

Identification, isolation and characterization of the antifeedant constituent of Clausena anisata against Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract  Hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts of Clausena anisata [(Willd.) Hook F. Ex Benth] leaves and roots were evaluated against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) for antifeedant activities. Antifeedant activity was confirmed, and was found to be higher in root extracts than those of the leaf. Chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of the root showed strongest antifeedant activities (DC₅₀s [concentration (C) causing 50% deterrence compared with the control] 0.014% and 0.016% respectively), and root extracts were fractionated using silica gel column chromatography. One fraction of the chloroform and one of the petroleum ether root extracts was active; and on the basis of mass spectroscopy and ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data, the active compounds in the two fractions were confirmed to be identical, and identified as osthol [2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one, 7-methoxy-8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)]. The highest concentration of osthol was found in the chloroform root extract. Antifeedant activities of the root extracts, as measured by DC₅₀ values, were highly correlated with their osthol contents. Approximately 99% of the variation in bioactivity of the root extracts could be accounted for by variation in osthol content; osthol therefore, appeared to be an antifeedant component of C . anisata to H. armigera . This may provide a new approach to managing this pest.     

苦槛蓝提取物对小菜蛾的生物活性

以干扰作用控制指数(IIPC)为评价指标,小菜蛾为试虫,分别对苦槛蓝茎叶的不同溶剂提取物进行了生物活性测定,结果表明,石油醚和氯仿萃取部分具有较强的生物活性,而乙酸乙酯和乙醇萃取部分活性较低．在0．01gDW·ml^-1时,用石油醚和氯仿萃取物对小菜蛾处理1d后的产卵忌避率(ODR)分别为84．69％、79．90％,3d后为76．47％、45．70％,IIPC为0．1565和0．2055．在0．05gDW·ml^-1·L^-1时,1d后为88．52％和72．25％,3d后为87．33％和58．37％,IIPC为0．1125和0．2620．进而对氯仿部分进行了柱层析分离,并鉴定了3种黄酮类化合物,它们分别是5,7-二羟基黄烷酮(Ⅰ)、5,7-二羟基黄酮醇(Ⅱ)、3,4′-二甲氧基-5,7-二羟基黄酮醇(Ⅲ),其中Ⅱ在生测中表现出较好的活性。     

木鳖子提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性

测定了木鳖子提取物对朱砂叶螨的触杀活性。用甲醇、氯仿、石油醚3种不同极性的溶剂提取,石油醚提取率最高为30.79%,且对朱砂叶螨成螨和卵的触杀活性均高于其他两种溶剂的提取物,24 h校正死亡率分别为77.52%和72.04%。用甲醇对石油醚提取物萃取,发现甲醇萃取物活性明显高于石油醚部分,对成螨和卵处理24 h后的校正死亡率分别为89.60%和74.65%,产卵抑制率为62.74%,驱避率为58.23%。柱层析对甲醇萃取物进行分离得到10种组分,组分5活性最高,浓度为2 mg/mL时,24 h校正死亡率为86.15%。用薄层层析和气相色谱质谱联用仪分别检测组分5纯度和主成分,初步确定活性成分为α-菠菜甾醇。